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Comprehensive characterizations of genetic diversity and demographic models of ethnolinguistically diverse Chinese populations are essential for elucidating their forensic characteristics and evolutionary past. We developed a 114-plex NGS InDel panel to genotype 114 genome-wide markers and investigated the genetic structures of Zhuang, Hui, Miao, Li, Tibetan, Yi, and Mongolian populations, encompassing five language families. This panel demonstrated robust performance, with exceptional potential for forensic individual identification and paternity testing, evidenced by the combined power of discrimination for 77 autosomal InDels (ranged from 1-3.6400 × 10–30 to 1-3.5713 × 10–32) and the combined power of exclusion (ranged from 1-2.1863 × 10–6 to 1-2.1261 × 10–7). The cumulative mean exclusion chance for 32 X-chromosomal InDels varied between 0.99996 and 0.99999 for trios and 0.99760 to 0.99898 for duos. We also analyzed genetic similarities and differences between these populations and 27 global populations, revealing distinct clusters among African, South Asian, East Asian, and European groups, with a close genetic affinity to East Asians. Notably, we identified geography-related genetic substructures: Inner Mongolia Mongolians and Gansu Huis formed a northern branch, Tibetans and Yis from Sichuan constituted a highland branch, and Guangxi Zhuangs exhibited close ties with Hainan Lis and Guangxi Miaos in the southern branch. Additionally, many InDels proved to be ancestry-informative markers for biogeographic ancestry inference. Collectively, these findings underscore the utility of the 114-plex NGS InDel panel as a complementary tool for forensic investigations and as a source of insights into the genetic architecture of ethnolinguistically distinct Chinese populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the issue of how political marriages are closely related to the concept of legitimacy and how they were used as a tool to ensure the legitimacy of political authority and to consolidate their power. Especially in the 13th and 15th centuries, the issue of how the Mongol and Timurid rulers strengthened their legitimacy through political marriages is examined. In this process, the title of güregân was centred on the marriages with the daughters of the descendants of Cengiz Khan. The effects of these marriages on the state administration, the power of the rulers and the reliability of the army are analysed. The relationship of political marriages with the concept of legitimacy and their contribution to the internal and external security of the state in the context of the legitimacy of the rulers are also analysed. Although the issue of marriage in the ancient Turks has been discussed throughout history and the consequences of marriage have been mentioned, the issue of what the title of güregân brings to a state has not been specifically evaluated. In this context, the issue of what a political marriage brings to a society is addressed and how it is done is evaluated in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kerey is one of the prominent Kazakh tribes and has long been a subject of ethnographic scrutiny, with a lack of consensus on its origin and traditional genealogy. Their historical significance, intertwined with the emergence of the empire established by Genghis Khan, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their genetic history. This study focuses on unraveling the genetic heritage of the Kerey tribe. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of Y-chromosome data from genetic genealogy as citizen science and genetic screening of 23 Y-STRs and 37 Y-SNPs on 207 males from the Kerey tribe within academic science. Our results reveal two prevalent phylogenetic lineages within the C2a1a3a-F3796 haplogroup, also known as the C2*-Star Cluster (C2*-ST), which is one of the founding paternal lineages of the ancient Niru'un clan of the Mongols: C2-FT411734 and C2-FT224144, corresponding to the Abak and Ashamaily clans. While indicating a common male ancestry for them, our findings challenge the notion that they are full siblings. Additionally, genetic diversity analysis of the Y-chromosomes in the Kerey tribe and Kazakhs confirms their kinship with the Uissun tribe but refutes the claim of the Abak clan's progenitor originating from this tribe. Furthermore, genetic evidence fails to support popular historical and ethnographic hypotheses regarding the Kerey tribe's kinship with the Uak, Sirgeli, Adai, Törtkara, Karakerey, and Kereyit Kazakh tribes. The absence of a genetic paternal connection with the Kereyt tribe raises doubts about the genealogical link between the Kerey tribe and the stepfather of Genghis Khan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most emphasized topics in medieval historiography, especially in popular historiography, is Genghis Khan and the Great Mongol Empire he founded. The main reason for this is the impact it left over a long period of time and over a wide geography. In terms of its results, this effect is much more evident in the Turkish-Islamic world than in other societies. This effect, which was defined as destruction and disaster in the first products of Islamic influence, was generally evaluated from the same perspective in the Anatolian phase of Turkish history. The "dynasty-centrist" historiography tradition of the Seljuk and Ottoman palace historians also has a share in this. The 19th century, when the Ottoman Empire began to rapidly disintegrate, was a period when the understanding of historiography began to change. In particular, while the "Turkism" movement shaped around Russian Turks left its mark on this century, with the "nation-centrist" understanding of historiography, an attempt was made to establish a closer connection with the Central Asian phase of Turkish history. In this context, the Mongols and Genghis Khan started to be placed at the center of Turkish history, leaving the periphery of history. Although the most important studies on this subject were made by Zeki Velidi Togan, a Russian Turk, it has been observed that opposing views emerged under the influence of different political winds that started to blow in the newly established Republic of Turkey. Chief among these is Mehmed Fuad Koprulu and the historians trained in his school. In this article, after a brief evaluation of the historical dimension of the issue of Genghis Khan and the Mongols, the views and discussions put forward by Togan and Koprulu school will be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: The genetic landscape of sensorineural hearing impairment (SNHI) varies across populations. In Mongolia, previous studies have shown a lower prevalence of GJB2 mutations and a higher frequency of variants in other deafness-related genes. This study aimed to investigate the genetic variants associated with idiopathic SNHI in Mongolian patients. Methods: We utilized the next-generation sequencing for investigating the causative mutations in 99 Mongolian patients with SNHI. Results: We identified pathogenic variants in 53 of the 99 SNHI patients (54%), with SLC26A4 being the most frequently mutated gene. The c.919-2A>G variant in SLC26A4 was the most prevalent, accounting for 46.2% of the mutant alleles. In addition, we identified 19 other known and 21 novel mutations in a total of 21 SNHI genes in autosomal recessive or dominant inheritance patterns. Conclusions: Our findings expand the understanding of the genetic landscape of SNHI in Mongolia and highlight the importance of considering population-specific variations in genetic testing and counseling for SNHI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The Xinjiang Mongolians, located along the Silk Road, migrated westward from Northeast Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries. Despite its significance, genetic studies on Xinjiang Mongolians have been limited compared to other Mongolian populations. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the non-recombining region of the Ychromosome in 165 Xinjiang Mongolian males using 108 biallelic markers and 44 STRs. Results and discussion: Our study identified prevalent haplogroups C2a1a3-F1918 (10%), C2a1a2-M48 (8%), N1a1a-M178 (5%), and R1a1a-M17 (10%) in the Xinjiang Mongolians. Additionally, our study suggested a genetic affinity between Xinjiang Mongolians and Inner Mongolia Mongolian populations, as well as other ethnic groups from northwest China, based on the PCA analysis. The Network analysis revealed distinct branching expansion patterns in haplogroups C2a1a3a-F3796, C2a1a2-M48, and N1a1a-M178, with estimated timeframes aligning with Genghis Khan's invasion of Xinjiang in the Yuan Dynasty. Notably, our analysis of the R1a1aM17 Network highlighted the role of Xinjiang Mongolians in the expansion of Turkicspeaking populations in Xinjiang and surrounding regions. The integration of ancient DNA data suggested that the high frequency haplogroups C2a1a3a-F3796, C2a1a2M48, and N1a1a-M178 could be traced back to their origin in Northeast Asia. Furthermore, the estimated TMRCA of haplogroup R1a1a-M17 implied cultural and genetic influences from Turkic populations during the Qagatay Khanate period. Overall, our study provided a genetic explanation for the ethnic origin of Xinjiang Mongolians, highlighting their migration from Northeast Asia and subsequent assimilation with the local populations in Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name of Chinggis Khan and the women who contributed to the rise of his empire have long been associated with barbarism in the West. However, the rediscovery of the Secret History of the Mongols, a medieval Mongolian epic chronicle, in 1866, and its numerous translations circulating since the mid-20th century has led Western scholars to a total revaluation of these figures. This paper analyses the representation of Chinggis Khan and his queens in the literary and cinematic adaptations of the Secret History of the Mongols produced in Europe and the United States, specifically in English, French, and Italian. It critically engages with E. W. Said's works, and with postcolonial and gender studies. The article argues that the portrayal of the Mongols has become increasingly positive in 20th and 21st century remakes of the epic chronicle, highlighting how the West reconsiders its relationship with cultural and gender otherness in an era marked by decolonisation and feminist claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mongolian people possess a unique dietary habit characterized by high consumption of meat and dairy products and fewer vegetables, resulting in the highest obesity rate in East Asia. Although obesity is a known cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D), the T2D rate is moderate in this population; this is known as the "Mongolian paradox." Since the gut microbiota plays a key role in energy and metabolic homeostasis as an interface between food and body, we investigated gut microbial factors involved in the prevention of the co-occurrence of T2D with obesity in Mongolians. We compared the gut microbiome and metabolome of Mongolian adults with obesity with T2D (DO: n = 31) or without T2D (NDO: n = 35). Dysbiotic signatures were found in the gut microbiome of the DO group; lower levels of Faecalibacterium and Anaerostipes which are known as shortchain fatty acid (SCFA) producers and higher levels of Methanobrevibacter, Desulfovibrio, and Solobacterium which are known to be associated with certain diseases. On the other hand, the NDO group exhibited a higher level of fecal SCFA concentration, particularly acetate. This is consistent with the results of the whole shotgun metagenomic analysis, which revealed a higher relative abundance of SCFA biosynthesis-related genes encoded largely by Anaerostipes hadrus in the NDO group. Multiple logistic regression analysis including host demographic parameters indicated that acetate had the highest negative contribution to the onset of T2D. These findings suggest that SCFAs produced by the gut microbial community participate in preventing the development of T2D in obesity in Mongolians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines US military reactions to violence during the Russian Civil War in the Far East (1918 - 1922). Paying close attention to US descriptions of anti-Bolshevik-perpetrated atrocities, it demonstrates that American military officers fell back on stereotypes of Russians and other ethnicities as having an "Asiatic" propensity for barbarism. This reasoning caused some American observers to misunderstand the dynamics of violence in the Far Eastern theatre. By relying on these accounts to describe the violence of the Russian Civil War, historians of the US intervention have at times perpetuated myths and misunderstandings, rather than exploring the relationship between perceptions and violence. This article thus shows how a critical examination of primary sources that also analyses various forms of violence can improve our understanding of the Russian Civil War in the Far East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "NANCY SHATZMAN STEINHARDT, YUAN. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE IN A MONGOL EMPIRE" explores the architectural legacy of the Yuan dynasty in China, focusing on the construction of various buildings, including palaces, observatories, monasteries, and tombs. The text delves into the historical context of the Mongol empire, the organization of society under the Yuan dynasty, and the influence of different ethnic groups on architectural practices. Through detailed analysis of structures and artistic elements, the article sheds light on the blending of Chinese and Mongol architectural traditions during this period. [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of International Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of International Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"A Chinese Rebel beyond the Great Wall: The Cultural Revolution and Ethnic Pogrom in Inner Mongolia" is a scholarly book that examines the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia and the violence inflicted upon the Mongol minority. The authors argue that the violence was a result of the transformation of Inner Mongolia into a Chinese settler colony and the tension between nationalism and communism. They propose that the violence was not genocidal, but rather a case of "politicide" aimed at taming and suppressing the Mongols' political organization. The book provides a detailed exploration of the events in Inner Mongolia and offers insights into ethnopolitics in China. [Extracted from the article]

Research objectives: To clarify the localization and circumstances of the battle that took place in 1223 between the Mongols and the Volga Bulgars. Research materials: Data from the Complete History of Ibn al-Asir, Russian chronicles, archaeological materials of Zolotarevsky settlement are analyzed, hypotheses of Russian historians are considered: A.Kh. Khalikov, L.N. Gumilev, I.L. Izmailov and others. Research results and scientific novelty: The 800 years since the battle of Volga Bulgars with Mongols is celebrated this year. Direct information about the battle is contained only in the work of Ibn al-Asir. Geographical coordinates of the battle are absent; it is only recorded that it took place when the Mongols approached the city of Bulgar. A.Kh. Khalikov suggested that the battle took place in the Volga region, near Samarskaya Luka. L.N. Gumilev believed that the Mongols were defeated at the crossing of the Volga, but this point of view does not agree with the data provided by Ibn al-Asir. I.L. Izmailov came to the conclusion that the battle took place on the, Upper Sura in the vicinity of the Zolotarev settlement where a significant collection of elite Mongol armament was gathered. The settlement was on a trade way from Bulgar to Kiev. Therefore, if the Mongols went from the territory of the Don region, they could hardly pass it. However, according to Chinese and Old Russian sources, the main goal of the Mongols was to defeat the Cumans. In pursuit of them they had to go to Saksin and only from there turn to the north. In the message of Ibn al-Asir there is a figure of 4 thousand Mongol warriors. A number of historians believe that it refers only to the number of troops who retreated to Saksin, but more likely is the assumption that this is the number of those who died in the battle. In this connection, only the vanguard detachment pursuing the Polovtsians was defeated in the battle.

The article deals with the main military operations of the Mongolian troops against the Southern Song Empire, which occurred in 1267–1273 during the reign of Khaan and Emperor, Kublai. An analysis of the information from the sources regarding the participation of Alanian warriors in this campaign formed the novelty of the research. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of the researches that consider the participation of the Alans in specific military operations that formed the Mongol campaigns to conquer the Southern Song Empire. The objective of the research was to present the circumstances of the participation of the Alans in the main operations of the campaign. The relevant information contained in the various sections of the official chronicles of the Chinese imperial Song and Yuan dynasties, as well as the chronicles of Rashid al-din and Marco Polo’s narrative were the materials of the research. As a result, it was ascertained that the “History of Yuan” contains information about five Alanian commanders that took part in the campaign, the main military operations among which were the siege and capture of the strategically important city-fortress Xiangyang, as well as raids deep into the territory of Song. Besides, the presentation of the general course of the campaign events made it possible to eliminate the discrepancies between the information from the “History of Yüan” relating to the description of the participation of the Alanian commanders in the military operations of the campaign, and the translations of this information presented in the scientific tradition. The study allows one to assert that the Alanian commanders and their guards units participated in the most important military operations that made up the Mongolian Southern Song campaign of 1267–1273.

The purpose of the study is to analyze of geographical terms in early variants of the Tale of the Battle on the Kalka River (mainly the Novgorod First and Ipatiev Chronicle with the Laurentian Codex partially), and to identify of mentioned points and build a route of Russian-Polovtsian troops to the battlefield and in the opposite direction. Research materials are the Russian chronicles with the Tale of the Battle on the Kalka River. Methods of the study: Early and late chronicles are compared with each other for detection of the late textual layers. Localization of individual geographical items are checked by archaeological data. Key opinions of historians are considered in every discussed theme. Research results and scientific novelty: As a result, a logical picture of the allied troops route emerges: they joined forces near Zarub town and Varyazhskiy island, then followed down the Dnieper till rapids, crossed the river, and walked along the divide to the Karatysh and Kalchik rivers before they lost the battle and retreated back to Dnieper river. With added chronology data to these observations, the possibility of creating of events´ scientific reconstruction will possibly emerge.

The article presents photo images of coins and reconstructions of matrices from the recently discovered new mint of Ujkend (Uchkend) , which was located in the Middle Volga region. The previous put forward opinion about the possible name of this settlement from the name of the city of Uch in North India, from where the first settlers could have been brought, is not confirmed. The coins of “Sarai” mint are presented, which are close to the first issues of Bolgar and Ujkend. During studying numismatic artifacts and comparing the data obtained with written sources, the author came to the conclusion that the minting of coins in the Ulus of Jochi began much earlier than previously thought. During the reign of Batu Khan, approximately in the 630s – 640s AH. (in the late 1230s – in the 1240s AD) mints of Bolgar, Ujkend and Sarai were created, where coin production was organized by the craftsmen who were brought from the territories recently conquered by the Mongols, which ceded to the Jochids: to Ujkend – from Ghazna, to Sarai – from Central Asia (probably from Khwarazm), to Bolgar – from the Caucasus.

In the early fourteenth century, decades before the Ottomans became the sole rulers of Anatolia, the Germiyanid beylik stood as a dominant force among the principalities that had emerged in western Anatolia following the demise of the Seljuks (1307). Nonetheless, to date, the exact origins and ethno-cultural background of the Germiyanids remain unclear. This article re-evaluates previous theories and posits that the embryo of what eventually became the Germiyanids formed between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries in the lowlands between Malatya and Lake Van, and that the name "Germiyan" was of Kurdish origin. It also suggests that an intense proto-Yedizi proselytism took place in eastern Anatolia before the Germiyanids migrated to western Anatolia. Beyond its significance to the history of the Seljuks, the Ottomans, the Mongols, and Byzantium, this paper challenges the prevailing narrative that views the emergence of the beyliks as an exclusively Turkic phenomenon and sheds light on the role played by non-Turkic people, including Kurds and Arabs, in their formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TURKAV Institute of Public Adminsitration Journal of Social Sciences / TÜRKAV Kamu Yönetimi Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of TURKAV Institute of Public Adminsitration Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Background: The goal of the study was to provide an individual and precise genetic and molecular biological basis for the early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of local FH by analyzing the risk factors for the development of FH in Han and Mongolian patients in the Hulunbuir, comparing the lipid levels of FH patients of the two ethnicities, and assessing differences in mutations to two genes between the two ethnic groups. Methods: Twenty cases each of Han Chinese and Mongolian healthy controls and fifty patients who each met the inclusion criteria from November 2021 to December 2022 in five general hospitals in Hulunbuir were selected. Multifactor logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors associated with the development of FH. We used t-tests to analyze statistical differences in lipid levels between the groups, and Sanger sequencing to detect the distribution of common mutation sites of PCSK9 and APOB in all study subjects. The mutation rates and differences between regions and ethnic groups were summarized and compared. Results: 1) Gender, age, alcohol consumption, dietary status, and a family history of FH were risk factors associated with the development of FH. 2) TC, LDL-C, and APOB were significantly higher in Mongolian cases than Han cases (p < 0.05). sdLDL-C was not statistically different between the two ethnicities (p > 0.05). 3) We detected four (8%) heterozygous mutations at the PCSK9 gene E670G mutation site in the Han case group and a total of nine (18%) mutations at this site in the Mongolian cases, including one (2%) homozygous and eight (16%) heterozygous mutations. One case of a heterozygous mutation was detected in the Mongolian control group. We detected a total of ten (20%) mutations at the APOB gene rs1367117 mutation site in the Han case group, including eight (16%) heterozygous and two (4%) homozygous mutations, 11 cases (22%) of heterozygous mutations in the Mongolian case group, two cases of heterozygous mutations in the Han control group, and one case of a heterozygous mutation in the Mongolian control group. 4) The D374Y and S127R mutation sites of PCSK9 and the R3500Q mutation site of APOB were not detected in any of the study subjects. Conclusions: The mutation sites of the PCSK9 and APOB genes in FH patients in Hulunbuir are different from other regions, and the mutation rate is higher than in other regions. Therefore, we recommend that the mutation sites of the PCSK9 and APOB genes described herein be used as clinical detection indicators to assist the diagnosis of FH in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magazine of Historical Studies & Archaeology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A comprehensive compilation of legal rulings about children, one of particular historical utility and yet largely overlooked, is Muhammad al-Asrūshanī's Jāmih ahkām al-highār . It offers a rather holistic view of the legal status of Muslim children and, more importantly, insight into common concepts of childhood and attitudes to children in premodern Muslim societies . Moreover, although drawing on the written heritage of middle-class urban scholars, the normative yet multilayered text of Jāmih provides many precise details on children's lives and their social environment. This article introduces al-Asrūshanī's unique work--its structure, contents, and sources--and offers, as a case study, an analysis of the chapter the author dedicates to enslaved children. While al-Asrūshanī intended some, or even the majority, of instances discussed in this chapter to address theoretical legal debates, others, particularly those drawn from fatwas, mirror the real experiences of enslaved minors, concubines, and enslavers . Together they provide a picture of a moderate form of domestic slavery in the Islamic world, particularly in Central Asia of the Mongol period . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mongolian tribes, following their cultural traditions, have a diverse array of names for people. This was particularly evident during and after the Mongol rule in Iran, where Persian texts from that era often reflect these Mongolian names. Iranian writers and historians sometimes provided insights into the meanings and reasons behind these names, along with related stories and narratives. Despite the significance of Mongol nomenclature in literary and historical texts, comprehensive research on this topic remains scarce, underscoring the need for this study. In these texts, naming patterns varied according to nature, physical conditions, events, and manners. Sometimes, names were altered for various reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the past two decades, there has been an increase of immigrants in Australia. Despite this, the availability of culturally responsive resources and services that cater to their needs remains insufficient. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the resources used and trusted by Mongolian- and Arabic-speaking migrant mothers in Australia for child health information and examine how they navigate and overcome challenges they encounter accessing this information. Design: Semi-structured telephone interview Methods: A theory informed semi-structured 60-min telephone interview was conducted in Arabic and Mongolian with 20 Arabic- and 20 Mongolian-speaking migrant mothers of children younger than 2 years or currently pregnant and living in Australia. Data were analysed thematically using the framework method. Results: The reliance on digital platforms such as google emerged as a common trend among both groups of mothers when seeking child health information. Notably, there were differences in resources selection, with Mongolian mothers showing a preference for Australian-based websites, while Arabic-speaking mothers tended to opt for culturally familiar resources. There were various barriers that hindered their access to health services and resources, including language barriers, cost, and limited knowledge or familiarity with their existence. Negative encounters with healthcare professionals contributed to a perception among many mothers that they were unhelpful. Both groups of mothers employed a cross-checking approach across multiple websites to verify trustworthiness of information. Acculturation was shown only among the Mongolian-speaking mothers who adapted their cultural practices in line with their country of residence. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the importance of addressing the needs of migrant mothers in accessing child health information. Health professionals, government agencies, and researchers have an opportunity to provide culturally responsive support by fostering a culturally inclusive approach to developing and promoting equitable access to services and resources, ultimately enhancing the wellbeing of migrant families. Plain language summary: Barriers and enablers to accessing child health resources and services: Findings from qualitative interviews with Arabic and Mongolian immigrant mothers in Australia Mothers may experience barriers accessing resources and services related to child health behaviours after migration to Australia. Studies have found that parents actively seek health information and have a significant impact on their child's health behaviours, which can have long-term effects. Various factors influence parental decision-making regarding child health, including the socio-cultural environment, life experiences, and access to services and resources. This study reveals that both Arabic- and Mongolian-speaking migrant mothers heavily depend on online sources for accessing health information, primarily due to various barriers they face when accessing in person services, such as language constraints, financial limitations, and challenges in accessing healthcare services. This article also provides recommendations for future research and initiatives to be considered addressing the challenges faced by migrant mothers in accessing healthcare resources and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moğol İstilası Türk ve İslâm coğrafyasında etkisi yüzyıllar süren ve tarihin hafızasında bugün bile canlılığını koruyan büyük bir yıkımdır. Sultan Alâeddin Muhammed’in yanlış savaş stratejilerine rağmen Harezmşahlar Devleti’nin uhdesinde bulunan şehirlerin tamamına yakının Moğolların saldırılarına karşı topyekün bir mücadele sergilemeleri takdire şayandır. İşte bu direniş örneklerinden biri de şüphesiz Seyhun Nehri kıyısında bulunan Hocend şehrinin savunmasıdır. Şehrin emiri Timur Melik’in az sayıda askeri ile yaptığı savunma ve son ana kadar verdiği mücadeleyle çok kısa süreliğine de olsa Moğolları durdurmuştur. Fakat bu durumTürk ve İslâm coğrafyasında meydana gelen ağır tahribatı engellemeye yetmedi. Timur Melik’in gösterdiği kahramanlık ve Hocend şehrini müdafaa etmesi Harezmşahlar Devleti’nin sınırları içerisinde yer alan şehirlerin Moğollara kolay kolay teslim olmadıklarının da açık bir delilidir. Çalışmamızda bu direnişin detayları ve Timur Melik’in hayatı hakkında kaynaklarda yer alan bilgiler ışığında değerlendirmeler yapılacaktır.

Moğol istilasından sonra yeni bir değişim ve dönüşüm dönemine giren Ön Asya coğrafyası ilmi alanlarda farklı bir gelişim çağına girmiştir. Bu bölgede on üçüncü yüzyılın başında savaşın, katliamların ve göçün yıkıcı etkisini yaşayan bilimsel durum, Moğolların Ön Asya’ya hâkim olması ve ardından bir Moğol şube devleti olan İlhanlı devletinin tesis edilmesi ile yeniden canlanmaya başlamıştır. Süreç içerisinde tıp ve eczacılık ilminde değişimin nasıl cereyan ettiği çalışmamızın konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Bu bağlamda süreç boyunca Moğol yönetimlerinin tıp ve eczacılık ilmine oldukça ilgili oldukları bilinmektedir. Özellikle İlhanlılar zamanında Hâce Nasîrüddîn Tûsî ve onun yardımcıları arasında bulunan tabipler, Vezir Sa‘dü’d-Devle, Vezir Reşîduddîn Fazlullah ve dönem içerisinde yetişen diğer âlimler İlhanlı tahakkümünde tıp ve eczacılığın gelişmesine sebep olmuşlardır. Yine bu dönemde açıdan veya yeniden faal hale getirilen hastaneler, tıp ilminin İlhanlı yöneticileri nezdinde değer ve ilgi gördüğünü kanıtlamaktadır. Bu dönemde tıp ve eczacılık eğitimi veren kurumların tesis edildiği bilinmektedir. İlhanlı ülkesinde bu alanda araştırmaların yapıldığı, İlhanlı coğrafyasının dışında yer alan Hint ve Çin diyarlarına tıp ve eczacılık incelemeleri için elçilerin gönderildiği dönemin kaynak eserlerine yansımaktadır. Çalışmamızda bu bilgiler dikkate alınarak İlhanlılar zamanında tıp ve eczacılık ilminin genel durumu, dönemin tıp âlimleri, bu alanda yazılan eserleri, İlhanlı ülkesinin tıp eğitim merkezlerini ve hastanelerini aktarmayı amaçlamaktayız.

In this article, the author presents his research into the history of ancient Oirat-Turkic communities, analysis of toponyms and basic concepts found in the text of “THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS” translated by S.A. Kozin, completed in 1941. The new perception of the text of the monument is due to the fact that , according to the author, for completely objective reasons, the study of S.A. Kozin could have been influenced by the policies of the Stalinist leadership, which actively interfered with the scientific activities of scientists and set political guidelines in historical science. The unceremonious interference of party bodies in science led to the distortion of scientific truth; it impeded the study of the social system of the state created by Genghis Khan. The author of the article emphasizes that the history of Genghis Khan’s empire is still not only extremely insufficiently studied, but is also considered in the limited space of translations published in the 18th-20th centuries. during the Stalinist period, when ideological censorship dominated scientists. In line with the above, the author aims to give his analysis of the Russian-language text of “THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS” published in 1941, and also compares and uses translations of Kazakh authors from Mongolia and the achievements of historical science in recent years. At the same time, the author of the article notes the enormous work and brilliant translation of S.A. Kozin

A rising China has upended the academia in many fronts. One of the challenges has been the reinvented ideal of Tianxia All-Under-Heaven, which first appeared in the eighth century BCE and has been offered by China as the alternative to the Westphalia system of nation-states on the basis that it will bring peace and harmony to the war-ridden international world. Nevertheless, ongoing international controversies regarding the "forced Sinicization" of the Uyghurs, the Tibetans, and the Mongols under its rule has given rise to the questions of the nature of both Tianxia and Sinicization. Analyzing a famous Vietnamese literary trope of the "principal graduates of the two kingdoms" that emerged no later than the 15th century, this essay proposes a concept of civilization envy to discuss the nuances of Sinicization. Civilization envy is a competitive mentality that desires to prove one's civilizational parity with or even superiority over China, the center of Tianxia. This mentality of civilization envy continues to modern era, and the "principal graduates of the two kingdoms" have been promoted to national heroes to show that Vietnam is a "Domain of Literature." The evolution of the trope shows that China and Vietnam had different understanding of civilizing missions. For China, it involved transforming mores and customs of the peoples under its direct control. For Vietnam, when dealing with China, it involved acquiring literary competence, especially the skills in mastering Sinitic script and poetry composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The horse has been the best friend of nomads since ancient times. During ancient nomadism, the horse was a tool that would take people to wherever they wanted, and it was a sacred animal that gave strength and spirit to its owner. For this reason, all nomadic peoples especially respect horses. Mongolian people also treat horses with special respect. They also attach great importance to the care, condition, and health of their racehorses. Horse branding is a long-standing tradition among Mongolian peoples. Branding a horse with iron was not only to mark the owner of the horse but also to protect it from various evils and calamities (trouble), according to Mongolian beliefs. The horse was generally marked by the time it was foal. Special traditional events and festivities were held during the process of branding horses. Apart from a few books and some articles written in Mongolian, there is little research in other languages about the Mongolian horse branding tradition. No specific scientific study has been conducted. In our article, we aim to discuss the subject in more detail by making use of some sources and scientific research on the Mongolian horse branding traditions. In addition, the Mongolian respect for horses, their traditions, and beliefs are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity is undergoing a second Axial Age. The first, as described by Karl Jaspers, brought transcendence into the vision and self-understanding of humans and the world. The rise of secularism and "Death of God" is dissolving and fragmenting that transcendence -- a vital subsystem of the civilization system. Economy, knowledge and government comprise three additional subsystems and have coalesced to form the modern sovereign state, diminishing the traditional place of religion, art and philosophy in civilizations. An example of a state lacking common institutions of transcendence was the Mongol empire. Ruling Russia for a quarter millennium, its state form was a template for the Bolshevik regime. The relative success of the Communist state became a template for the Chinese Communists. While the U.S. was excluded from eastern Eurasian politics until the late nineteenth century, secularization and the growth of three material subsystems are signs of movement towards a dominant state system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Historical Studies (1818-0345) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present study, we tested the applicability of multi-sensor satellite data to account for key natural factors of annual livestock number changes in county-level soum districts of Mongolia. A schematic model of nomadic landscapes was developed and used to select potential drivers retrievable from multi-sensor satellite data. Three alternative methods (principal component analysis, PCA; stepwise multiple regression, SMR; and random forest machine learning model, RF) were used to determine the key drivers for livestock changes and Dzud outbreaks. The countrywide Dzud in 2010 was well-characterized by the PCA as cold with a snowy winter and low summer foraging biomass. The RF estimated the annual livestock change with high accuracy (R2 > 0.9 in most soums). The SMR was less accurate but provided better intuitive insights on the regionality of the key factors and its relationships with local climate and Dzud characteristics. Summer and winter variables appeared to be almost equally important in both models. The primary factors of livestock change and Dzud showed regional patterns: dryness in the south, temperature in the north, and foraging resource in the central and western regions. This study demonstrates a synergistic potential of models and satellite data to understand climate–vegetation–livestock interactions in Mongolian nomadic pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of cleft lip with/without palate (CL/P) in the Mongolian population is approximately 1 in 1314 live births. This research aims to disseminate information about this congenital disability to the public to better understand CL/P, and people's fissures, and review administrative measures, as there is a lack of research in this area. A questionnaire survey was conducted using Google Forms, with 1000 Mongolian participants. Most participants (86.7%) said they had knowledge of the word, whereas 86.2% said they had knowledge of the condition. Most participants' answers were question‐related disadvantages of CL/P patients, including statements such as "It's uncomfortable in human relationships" and "It makes an uncomfortable impression on the person you meet the first time." The results of this study revealed that most Mongolians were aware of CL/P and are concerned about patients. However, the causes of CL/P in the general population remain unknown, and further research is needed in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the performative textual strategies of Saʿd al-Dīn Ḥamūya (d. 1252), a Mongol-era Sufi whose arcane treatises both bewildered and inspired future generations of occultists, mystics, and messiahs. Framing Ḥamūya's work as avant-garde Sufism or Sufi free jazz, the article demonstrates how the shaykh self-consciously deconstructed medieval Sufi genre conventions to engage readers in an active process of meaning making. The training manuals penned by Ḥamūya's teachers and colleagues bound abstract metaphysical frameworks to the embodied and affective dimensions of Sufi praxis, teaching readers to negotiate multiple levels of reality through careful scrutiny of their own subjective experiences. With a deft use of structural allusion and ritual cues, Ḥamūya placed his own idiosyncratic formulations in conversation with these manuals while simultaneously deconstructing the very conventions through which they became meaningful. In so doing, the shaykh forced advanced Sufi readers to continually remap constellations of theory, practice, and experience without a stable hermeneutical center, thus leaving his work radically open to play and interpretation. While his colleagues claimed spiritual authority by subsuming a diversity of embodied practices and metaphysical frames within a single authorial vision, Ḥamūya parochialized their universalizing pretensions by recruiting readers to imagine and expand the endless possibilities of reality for him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Statement of the problem: This research aims to discern the thematic elements within Safi al-Din alHilli’s poem “Glory to He Who Takes Risks.” It delves into unravelling the introductory framework and its influence on the reader. Findings of the study highlight the impact of the stylistic structure on the compositional layers and rhythmic dimensions, elucidating how these elements contribute to the poet’s fervent and provocative intentions. Objectives: The research explored thematic techniques utilized by Safi al-Din al-Hilli in his poem. The study revealed how the compositional interplay of negation and imperative contributed to connotation of incitement. The investigation delved into the nuanced connotations of revenge against Mongols and the pride associated with the House of Artaq. Methods: Employing a stylistic analytical approach, this research illuminated the thematic intricacies of the poem, unveiling the stylistic features operating at structural and rhythmic dimensions. The study elucidated the interplay of stylistic elements within the realms of praise, revenge, and pride, highlighting their significance in the multifaceted expression of the poem. Results: Findings crystallized the stylistic layers employed by the poet in his composition. The study underscored the poet’s skill in utilizing a poetic linguistic structure that resonates rhythmically and semantically, effectively urging the righteous king to pursue vengeance. The poet’s ability to mobilize resolve and confront adversaries was manifest through this intricately harmonized stylistic approach. Conclusions (Recommendations and contributions): The researcher advocates for a meticulous exploration of the panegyric compositions by Safi al-Din al-Hilli and other poets from the Mamluk era, emphasizing the dearth of analytical studies on their works in this particular domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although global prevalence of autism has grown substantially, researchers still report inequity in access to evidence-based interventions in many low-resource settings where majority of world's children live. Capacity building of diverse stakeholders in low-resource settings has been suggested to be a potential way to mitigate low levels of access to resources; however, little is known about what these stakeholders consider as helpful strategies in capacity building. In this qualitative research, we conducted five focus groups with 30 Mongolian caregivers of children with autism and 15 individual interviews with professionals in Mongolia. Three themes emerged from this study, including (a) partnership, (b) advocacy, and (c) empowerment. Each theme also contained several categories. For example, partnerships included enhancing collaboration among stakeholders and collaboration with international development agencies; advocacy included parental and legislative advocacy; and empowerment included training for diverse stakeholders, including caregivers and professionals. Implications and directions for future research are also suggested. Prevalence of autism is increasing all around the globe, but there is still great inequity in accessing evidence-based interventions. Although the field of autism research has made great strides in identifying and establishing evidence-based interventions, dissemination and implementation of these interventions have been reported as inequitable. This inequity is especially highlighted in many low-resource settings, such as Mongolia. As a field, there is still much to be learned about what strategies are used by stakeholders in low-resource settings to build capacity and to mitigate the hardships. To gain a deeper understanding of strategies for capacity building within a low-resource setting, we conducted five focus groups with 30 Mongolian caregivers of children with autism and 15 individual interviews with various professionals who work in Mongolia. These stakeholders reported three main strategies, including (a) partnership, (b) advocacy, and (c) empowerment, which included several strategies and implications on capacity-building practices. Furthermore, the findings from this study may suggest important implications for future intervention research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mongol Invasion was a great destruction that lasted for centuries in the Turkish and Islamic geography and remains alive in the memory of history even today. The Otrar Incident, which took place in 1218, caused the relations between the Khwarezmshahs and the Mongols to deteriorate and the parties to come face to face. In addition, Sultan Alaeddin Muhammad's (1200-1220) wrong war strategies against the Mongols led to the end of the Khwarazmian State, which was in its heyday. It is admirable that, with the beginning of the Mongol attacks, almost all of the cities under the control of the Khwarezmshahs put up an all-out fight against these attacks. One of these examples of resistance is undoubtedly the defense of the city of Hocend, located on the banks of the Seyhun River. Timur Melik, the emir of the city, stopped the Mongols, albeit for a very short time, with his defense with a small number of soldiers and his fight until the last moment. However, this situation was not enough to prevent the heavy destruction that occurred in the Turkish and Islamic geography. The heroism shown by Timur Melik and his defense of the city of Hocend is a clear evidence that the cities within the borders of the Khwarezmshah State did not surrender to the Mongols easily. In our study, evaluations will be made in the light of the details of this resistance and the information in the sources about Timur Melik's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Near East geography, which entered a new period of change and transformation after the Mongol invasion, entered a different era of development in scientific fields. The scientific situation in this region, which experienced the devastating effects of war, massacres and migration at the beginning of the thirteenth century, began to revive with the Mongols' domination of Asia Minor and the subsequent establishment of the Ilkhanid state, a Mongolian branch state. How the change takes place in the science of medicine and pharmacy in the process constitutes the subject of our study. In this context, it is known that the Mongolian administrations were very interested in medicine and pharmacy throughout the process. Especially during the Ilkhanid period, the physicians among Hâce Nasîrüddîn Tûsî and his assistants, Vizier Sa'dü'd-Devle, Vizier Reşîduddîn Fazlullah and other scholars who grew up during the period caused the development of medicine and pharmacy under the Ilkhanid rule. Again, the hospitals that were rebuilt or reactivated during this period prove that medical science was valued and interested by the Ilkhanid administrators. It is known that institutions providing medical and pharmacy education were established during this period. It is reflected in the source works of the period when research in this field was carried out in the Ilkhanid country and ambassadors were sent to the Indian and Chinese lands outside the Ilkhanid geography to study medicine and pharmacy. Taking this information into consideration in our study, we aim to convey the general situation of medicine and pharmacy during the Ilkhanid period, the medical scholars of the period, the works written in this field, the medical education centers and hospitals of the Ilkhanid country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mongols began to make a name for themselves in world history during the leadership of Chinggis Khan. They entered the Iranian geography as a result of their struggle with their biggest rival in the west, the Khwarazmshah. The apparent reason that motivated the Mongols was the Utrar incident. The Mongols, led by Chinggis Khan, confronted the Khwarazmshah as revenge for the murder of their ambassadors, or at least used this as an excuse. The Mongols’ struggle with the Khwarazmshah in Khorasan brought tremendous destruction to the region, with Herat being one of the Khorasani cities affected by this destruction. Although the Mongol invasion destroyed the city, this situation was limited to the Chinggis Khan period. Chinggis’ successors did not adopt their father’s policy in an administrative sense. Therefore, this situation is considered the beginning of a new process in Khorasani cities and was seen to affect many areas. Ögedei replaced Chinggis as Khan, and Ögedei Khan’s attitude toward the construction of cities was a turning point not just for Herat but for all Khorasan cities. In this way, Herat entered a period of recovery and development in terms of construction through Ögedei Khan. The construction activities carried out under the management of Ögedei Khan were essential for the redevelopment and improvement of the region. In order to elucidate all of these, the study is mainly based on Persian sources of the period. However, the study also applies Turkish and English sources where necessary. In this context, the study touches upon the destruction experienced in Herat due to the Mongol invasion and covers the construction activities carried out in the region during the reign of Ögedei Khan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defeat of the Türkiye Saldjūḳ State (The State of Rūm/Anatolian Saldjūḳs) by the Mongols at Köse Dagh mobilised some elements such as Türkmens and Armenians, who were under the Saldjūḳs, and led to independence activities. After the death of Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kaykh̲usraw II, three inexperienced maliks and statesmen who used them for their own political ambitions remained. The period of Sultan Rukn al-Dīn Ḳilidj Arslan IV's joint and independent rule, which is the subject of this article, covers the period when many political events took place and the Türkiye Saldjūḳ State entered the process of collapse. As a matter of fact, various Türkmen uprisings occurred during this period. One of the reasons for the political, military, economic and social uprisings of the Türkmens, who came to the Saldjūḳ lands in large masses and played an important role in the formation of the state, was the relations of the aforementioned sultan with the statesmen, Mongols and Ilkhāns. Furthermore, the influence of Iranian statesmen in the administration, the struggle for dominance among the sultans and the polarisation forced Türkmens to take sides. The Türkmens, who mostly sided against Rukn al-Dīn Ḳilidj Arslan IV in the fight for the throne, caused bloody clashes and large-scale casualties during the decline of the Türkiye Saldjūḳ State. It was not possible to suppress these uprisings without the support of various nationalities and Mongol troops. The administrative weakness of the state naturally spread to its army as well. This article will analyse and evaluate the Türkmen revolts during the independent and joint reign of the Sultan Rukn al-Dīn Ḳilidj Arslan IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade routes made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. The kingdom of Georgia’s territorial expansion towards Arran, Shirvan, and Armenia in the 11th-13th centuries was largely driven by economic and trade reasons, namely the desire to control the regional trade routes which criss-crossed Dvin, Barda, Ganja, Tbilisi, Ani, Trebizond, Ahlat, Tabriz and many other major cities along Georgia’s southern borders. The present article will also pay attention to the changes to the trade routes in the Caucasus region caused by the Mongols and how their invasions changed the kingdom of Georgia’s position in the regional commerce. By mid-13th century new major trade corridors connecting Asia with the Middle East and the Black Sea were geographically distanced from Georgia harming the latter’s geopolitical position in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Nitric oxide (NO) is present in various cell types in the central nervous system and plays a crucial role in the control of various cellular functions. The diurnal Mongolian gerbil is a member of the rodent family Muridae that exhibits unique physiological, anatomical, and behavioral differences from the nocturnal rat and mouse, which render it a useful model for studying the visual system. The purpose of this study was to confirm the distribution and morphology of neurons that contain nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and their pattern of co-expressing NOS with neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SST), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the visual cortex of Mongolian gerbils. Materials and methods. Mongolian gerbils were used in the study. We confirmed the localization of NOS in the visual cortex of Mongolian gerbils using horseradish peroxidase immunocytochemistry, fluorescent immunocytochemistry, and conventional confocal microscopy. Results. NOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were present in all layers of the visual cortex of the Mongolian gerbil, with the exception of layer I, with the highest density observed in layer V (50.00%). The predominant type of NOS-IR neurons was multipolar round/oval cells (60.96%). Two-color immunofluorescence revealed that 100% NOS-IR neurons were co-labeled with NPY and SST and 34.55% were co-labeled with GABA. Conclusions. Our findings of the laminar distribution and morphological characteristics of NOS-IR neurons, as well as the colocalization patterns of NOS-IR neurons with NPY, SST, and GABA, indicated the presence of species-specific differences, suggesting the functional diversity of NO in the visual cortex. This study provides valuable data on the anatomical organization of NOS-IR neurons and, consequently, a better understanding of the functional aspects of NO and species diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]