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Mongoloraphidia xinjiangana sp. nov. (Figs 1–7) Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by males with prominent posteroventral margin of gonocoxite 9, which lacks the posterior process, and the gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) strongly enlarged distally into a heart-shaped plate. Description. Male. Body length 8.5 mm; forewing length 8.3 mm, hind wing length 7.6 mm. Head ovoid, black with clypeus blackish brown. Compound eyes pale brown. Antennal sclerite, scape, and pedicel yellow; flagellum yellow, but gradually becoming yellowish brown on distal 2/3 (from 7th flagellomere). Mouthparts brown, but distal 1/2 of mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi dark brown. Pronotum long, slender, blackish brown, with a median yellowish brown stripe at anterior 1/3; laterally with a pair of narrow hook-like, yellowish brown markings; meso- and metanotum blackish brown, mesonotum anteriorly with a medial subtriangular yellowish brown marking medially, scutellum medially yellow; metanotum with scutellum yellow medially. Legs brown with blackish setae, femur blackish brown, tibia pale brown. Wings hyaline; pterostigma narrow, approximately four times as long as wide, medially crossed by a vein, pale yellowish brown throughout; veins blackish brown; proximal half of C, R and A veins on forewing and bases of most longitudinal veins on hind wing yellow; anterior branch of RP on forewing with two branches, one or two bifurcate to wing margin; anterior branch of RP on hind wing with one simple and one forked vein. Abdomen blackish brown; pregenital segments with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, each tergum with a median and posterior yellowish spot posteriorly and each sternum with a transverse yellowish marking posteriorly. Genital segments blackish brown, but ectoproct yellow. Tergum 9 with anterior margin feebly notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and posteromedially prominent (Figs 2, 5). Gonocoxite 9 (Figs 2, 5) obliquely directed dorsoventrally, ventral part much broader than dorsal part, posteroventrally prominent into an obtuse angle. Gonostylus 9 (Figs 2, 5) short, unguiform, feebly curved. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) (Figs 2, 4, 5, 7) directed posterodorsad, largely enveloped by gonocoxites 9, anteriorly separated as a pair of narrow short beams, remaining part flat and slightly inflated in lateral view, and strongly broadened into a heart-shaped plate in ventral view, laterally with numerous small teeth. Ectoproct slightly longer than tergum 9 (Figs 2, 5), feebly sclerotized, with posterodorsal corner pointed in lateral view. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) reduced. Hypandrium internum trilobate (Figs 3, 6), lateral lobes slightly wider but shorter than median lobe, posterior end strongly narrowed. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂ [preserved in alcohol], CHINA: Xinjiang, Urumqi, Shayibak District [乌ã木λ, 沙ff-克区], Xinjiang Agricultural University, 87°34′11.99″E, 43°48′36″N, 787.21 m, 2021.V.13, Bingchen Li (CAU). Distribution. China (Xinjiang). Etymology. The new species is named after Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region where the holotype was collected. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to Mongoloraphidia alaica H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1997 from Kyrgyzstan in having similar male gonocoxite 9 lacking posteroventral projection and generally flat male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly strongly enlarged. However, it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male gonocoxite 9 posteroventrally produced into an obtuse angle, and the male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly enlarged into a heart-shaped plate. In M. alaica, the male gonocoxite 9 is not produced on posteroventral margin, and the male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) is posteriorly enlarged into a broad, pentagonal plate (see H. Aspöck et al. 1997: figs 26–28)., Published as part of Shen, Rongrong, Li, Bingchen, Ren, Jinlong, Shali, Yasen & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, New snakeflies of the genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968 (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from Xinjiang, China, pp. 575-582 in Zootaxa 5125 (5) on pages 577-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6457437, {"references":["Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1997) Erstnachweis der Ordnung Raphidioptera in Turkmenistan und weitere neue Raphidiiden-Spezies aus Kirgisistan (Insecta: Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 41, 77 - 95."]}

Mongoloraphidia xinjiangana sp. nov. (Figs 1–7) Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by males with prominent posteroventral margin of gonocoxite 9, which lacks the posterior process, and the gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) strongly enlarged distally into a heart-shaped plate. Description. Male. Body length 8.5 mm; forewing length 8.3 mm, hind wing length 7.6 mm. Head ovoid, black with clypeus blackish brown. Compound eyes pale brown. Antennal sclerite, scape, and pedicel yellow; flagellum yellow, but gradually becoming yellowish brown on distal 2/3 (from 7th flagellomere). Mouthparts brown, but distal 1/2 of mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi dark brown. Pronotum long, slender, blackish brown, with a median yellowish brown stripe at anterior 1/3; laterally with a pair of narrow hook-like, yellowish brown markings; meso- and metanotum blackish brown, mesonotum anteriorly with a medial subtriangular yellowish brown marking medially, scutellum medially yellow; metanotum with scutellum yellow medially. Legs brown with blackish setae, femur blackish brown, tibia pale brown. Wings hyaline; pterostigma narrow, approximately four times as long as wide, medially crossed by a vein, pale yellowish brown throughout; veins blackish brown; proximal half of C, R and A veins on forewing and bases of most longitudinal veins on hind wing yellow; anterior branch of RP on forewing with two branches, one or two bifurcate to wing margin; anterior branch of RP on hind wing with one simple and one forked vein. Abdomen blackish brown; pregenital segments with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, each tergum with a median and posterior yellowish spot posteriorly and each sternum with a transverse yellowish marking posteriorly. Genital segments blackish brown, but ectoproct yellow. Tergum 9 with anterior margin feebly notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and posteromedially prominent (Figs 2, 5). Gonocoxite 9 (Figs 2, 5) obliquely directed dorsoventrally, ventral part much broader than dorsal part, posteroventrally prominent into an obtuse angle. Gonostylus 9 (Figs 2, 5) short, unguiform, feebly curved. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) (Figs 2, 4, 5, 7) directed posterodorsad, largely enveloped by gonocoxites 9, anteriorly separated as a pair of narrow short beams, remaining part flat and slightly inflated in lateral view, and strongly broadened into a heart-shaped plate in ventral view, laterally with numerous small teeth. Ectoproct slightly longer than tergum 9 (Figs 2, 5), feebly sclerotized, with posterodorsal corner pointed in lateral view. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) reduced. Hypandrium internum trilobate (Figs 3, 6), lateral lobes slightly wider but shorter than median lobe, posterior end strongly narrowed. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂ [preserved in alcohol], CHINA: Xinjiang, Urumqi, Shayibak District [乌ã木λ, 沙ff-克区], Xinjiang Agricultural University, 87°34′11.99″E, 43°48′36″N, 787.21 m, 2021.V.13, Bingchen Li (CAU). Distribution. China (Xinjiang). Etymology. The new species is named after Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region where the holotype was collected. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to Mongoloraphidia alaica H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1997 from Kyrgyzstan in having similar male gonocoxite 9 lacking posteroventral projection and generally flat male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly strongly enlarged. However, it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male gonocoxite 9 posteroventrally produced into an obtuse angle, and the male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly enlarged into a heart-shaped plate. In M. alaica, the male gonocoxite 9 is not produced on posteroventral margin, and the male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) is posteriorly enlarged into a broad, pentagonal plate (see H. Aspöck et al. 1997: figs 26–28).

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kaszabi (H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967) (Figs 8–12) Agulla kaszabi H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967: 26. Type locality: Mongolia (Mt. Altai). Raphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kaszabi H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968: 115. Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kaszabi H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1985: 39. Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the male gonocoxite 9 with a long posteroventral and digitiform projection, which is distinctly curved dorsad, and the gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) present as a long tongue-shaped sclerite, which is flat, straightly directed posteriad, anteriorly elevated ventrad in lateral view, and anterolaterally produced into a pair of short, acutely tapering projections. Supplementary description of the specimen from Xinjiang. Male. Body length 9.3 mm; forewing length 9.2 mm, hind wing length 7.5 mm. Head ovoid, blackish brown with clypeus brown. Compound eyes grayish black. Antennae blackish brown. Mouthparts brown. Pronotum long, slender, blackish brown, posterior half with three yellowish brown stripes. Legs yellowish brown with blackish setae. Wings hyaline; pterostigma yellowish brown throughout; veins brown, but proximal half of C, R and A veins on forewings and bases of most longitudinal veins on hind wings yellow; anterior branch of RP in both fore- and hind wing with one simple and one bifurcate or trifurcate branch. Abdomen black; each pregenital segment with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, a triangular yellowish marking medially on tergum and a yellowish transverse stripe on posterior margin of sternum. Tergum 9 laterally markedly flexed, anterior margin moderately notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and posteromedially prominent. Gonocoxite 9 (Fig. 9) posteroventrally produced into a long digitiform projection, which is distally curved dorsad. Gonostylus 9 (Figs 9, 10, 12) short, unguiform, strongly curved. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) (Fig. 12) long, straightly directed posteriad and exceeding apex of ectoproct, flatly tongue-shaped, largely paired but distally fused, anteriorly elevated ventrad in lateral view, anterolaterally with a pair of short, acutely tapering projections, laterally with numerous small teeth. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) (Figs 9–10) small, paired, strongly sclerotized. Endophallus (Figs 9–10) broad. Material examined. 1♂ [preserved in alcohol], CHINA: Xinjiang, Buerjin County, Kanas [布尔津县, 喀ṷ ª], 86°59′37.85″E, 48°41′4.62″N, 1470.8 m, 2017.VII.16, Jinlong Ren (CAU). Distribution. China (Xinjiang), Mongolia (Hovd), Russia (Gorno-Altaysk). Remarks. This species was originally described by H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck (1967) based on a single male specimen from Mt. Altai of Mongolia. Here Mongoloraphidia (M.) kaszabi is recorded from China for the first time based on the specimen from Xinjiang. The identification of this additional male specimen as M. (M.) kaszabi can be justified based on its male genital characters that are nearly identical to that of the holotype of this species (see H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck 1967: fig. 1). However, there is another species, namely Mongoloraphidia sajanica H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Martynova, 1968, which is morphologically very similar to M. (M.) kaszabi and has geographically close distribution with the latter species. At present, it is not practical to clearly distinguish them as two independent species, and further investigation based on more specimens and molecular data is necessary to confirm if both are synonyms., Published as part of Shen, Rongrong, Li, Bingchen, Ren, Jinlong, Shali, Yasen & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, New snakeflies of the genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968 (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from Xinjiang, China, pp. 575-582 in Zootaxa 5125 (5) on pages 579-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.5.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6457437, {"references":["Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1967) Agulla kaszabi nov. spec. (Insecta, Raphidiodea) aus der Mongolei. (Vorlaufige Beschreibung). Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Wien, 14, 26 - 27.","Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1985) Zur Kenntnis der Genera Tjederiraphidia n. g. und Mongoloraphidia H. A. & U. A. (Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 37, 37 - 48.","Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Martynova, O. M. (1968) Neue Arten der Gattung Raphidia L. (Insecta, Raphidiodea) aus der Sowjet- Union (Vorlaufige Beschreibung). Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Wien, 15, 86 - 89."]}

Genus Mongoloraphidia H. Asp��ck & U. Asp��ck, 1968 Mongoloraphidia H. Asp��ck & U. Asp��ck, 1968: 59. Type species: Agulla sororcula H. Asp��ck & U. Asp��ck, 1967a: 226., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Oswald, John D., Zia, Ahmed & Liu, Xingyue, 2019, Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review, pp. 497-541 in Zootaxa 4686 (4) on page 501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3496529, {"references":["Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1968) Vorlaufige Mitteilung zur generischen Klassifikation der Raphidiodea (Insecta, Neuroptera). Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, 15, 53 - 64. [BotN ref 1413]","Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1967 a) Raphidiodea und Coniopterygidae (Planipennia) aus den zentralen und westlichen Teilen der Mongolei (Insecta, Neuroptera). Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen seit 1962, Nr. 27. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 43, 225 - 235. [BotN ref 1071] https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 4830430207"]}

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) virgo H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1982 * Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) virgo H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1982: 5. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhawa: Khagan valley, Shogran). Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Khagan Valley, Shogran (Aspöck et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018).

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kashmirica H. Asp��ck, U. Asp��ck & Rausch, 1982 Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kashmirica H. Asp��ck, U. Asp��ck & Rausch, 1982: 3. Type locality: India (Jammu and Kashmir: Tangmarg). Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Kashmir stat., Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Khagan Valley,���India (Asp��ck et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Oswald, John D., Zia, Ahmed & Liu, Xingyue, 2019, Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review, pp. 497-541 in Zootaxa 4686 (4) on page 501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3496529, {"references":["Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1982) Der Gegenwartige Stand Der Erforschung Der Raphidiopteren Von Indien, Pakistan Und Afghanistan (Neuropteroidea). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 34, 2 - 18. [BotN ref 1123]"]}

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) solitaria H. Asp��ck, U. Asp��ck & Rausch, 1982 * Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) solitaria H. Asp��ck, U. Asp��ck & Rausch, 1982: 9. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhawa: Swat, Matiltan). Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Malakand div., Swat dist., Kalam Valley, Matiltan (Asp��ck et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Oswald, John D., Zia, Ahmed & Liu, Xingyue, 2019, Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review, pp. 497-541 in Zootaxa 4686 (4) on page 501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3496529, {"references":["Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1982) Der Gegenwartige Stand Der Erforschung Der Raphidiopteren Von Indien, Pakistan Und Afghanistan (Neuropteroidea). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 34, 2 - 18. [BotN ref 1123]"]}

Genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968 Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968: 59. Type species: Agulla sororcula H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967a: 226.

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) virgo H. Asp��ck, U. Asp��ck & Rausch, 1982 * Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) virgo H. Asp��ck, U. Asp��ck & Rausch, 1982: 5. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhawa: Khagan valley, Shogran). Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Khagan Valley, Shogran (Asp��ck et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Oswald, John D., Zia, Ahmed & Liu, Xingyue, 2019, Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review, pp. 497-541 in Zootaxa 4686 (4) on page 501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3496529, {"references":["Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1982) Der Gegenwartige Stand Der Erforschung Der Raphidiopteren Von Indien, Pakistan Und Afghanistan (Neuropteroidea). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 34, 2 - 18. [BotN ref 1123]"]}

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) pakistanica (H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1978) * Raphidia (Mongoloraphidia) pakistanica H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1978: 97. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhawa: Khagan Valley, Shogran). Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Khagan Valley, Shogran (Aspöck et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018)., Published as part of Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Oswald, John D., Zia, Ahmed & Liu, Xingyue, 2019, Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review, pp. 497-541 in Zootaxa 4686 (4) on page 501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3496529, {"references":["Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1978) Raphidia (Mongoloraphidia) pakistanica n. sp. Erstnachweis Der Familie Raphidiidae in Pakistan (Neuropteroidea, Raphidioptera). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 29, 97 - 99. [BotN ref 1108]","Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1982) Der Gegenwartige Stand Der Erforschung Der Raphidiopteren Von Indien, Pakistan Und Afghanistan (Neuropteroidea). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 34, 2 - 18. [BotN ref 1123]"]}

Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968: 59. Type species: Agulla sororcula H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1966: 226 (original designation).

Mongoloraphidia H. Asp��ck & U. Asp��ck Mongoloraphidia H. Asp��ck & U. Asp��ck, 1968: 59. Type species: Agulla sororcula H. Asp��ck & U. Asp��ck, 1966: 226 (original designation)., Published as part of Liu, Xingyue, Lyu, Yanan, Asp��ck, Horst & Asp��ck, Ulrike, 2018, New species of the snakefly genus Mongoloraphidia (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China, pp. 87-96 in Zootaxa 4527 (1) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/2612013, {"references":["Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1968) Neue Subgenera des Genus Raphidia L. (Insecta, Raphidiodea) sowie drei weitere neue Arten dieser Gattung aus der Sowjet-Union (Vorlaufige Beschreibung). Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, 15, 89 - 92.","Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1966) Zwei neue Spezies des Genus Agulla Navas (Insecta, Raphidiodea) aus der Mongolei (Vorlaufige Beschreibung). Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, 13, 90 - 92."]}

Mongoloraphidia lini sp. nov. (Figs. 1–6) Diagnosis. Pterostigma distinctly bicolored (proximal half pale brown, distal half pale yellow), about half length of the first poststigmal cell. Body in general black except for dark brown and slightly patterned pronotum; pregenital segments of abdomen with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, each sternum posteriorly with a yellow transverse stripe; male gonocoxite 9 with a claw-like process that is nearly equal in length to gonostylus 9; male gonostylus 9 strongly curved dorsomedially; male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) present as a pair of slenderly elongate lobes. Description. Male. Body length 8.0 mm; forewing length 8.0 mm, hindwing length 7.2 mm. Head ovoid, posteriorly tapering feebly, black, with clypeus reddish brown. Compound eyes grayish black. Antennal sclerite black; antennae yellow, but flagellum blackish brown on distal half. Mouthparts yellow, but distal half of mandibles, maxillary and labial palps dark brown. Pronotum long, slender, dark brown, anterior half medially with a yellowish brown longitudinal stripe that is slightly extended laterally on posterior end, posterior half with three yellowish brown longitudinal stripes; meso- and metathorax black, mesonotum with prescutum and scutellum yellow, metanotum with only scutellum yellow. Legs yellow with blackish brown setae, tarsomeres 3-5 slightly darker. Wings hyaline; pterostigma short, approximately 2.5 times as long as wide, crossed by a veinlet at middle, pale brown on proximal part but pale yellow on distal part; veins blackish brown, proximal half of C and R on forewings and bases of most longitudinal veins on hindwings yellow. Anterior branch of forewing RP with three branches, two or three of them distally forked; anterior branch of hindwing RP with one branch simple and one distally forked. Abdomen black; all pregenital segments with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, each sternum posteriorly with a yellow transverse stripe; genital segments pale yellowish brown except for gonocoxites 9 brown. Tergum 9 laterally markedly flexed, anterior margin slightly notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and broadly concaved posteriad. Gonocoxite 9 obliquely directed dorsoventrally; dorsal part slightly broader than ventral part; ventral part posteriorly with a claw-like process, which is slightly curved medially. Gonostylus 9 slightly longer than process of gonocoxite 9, claw-like, and strongly curved dorsomedially. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) as a pair of slenderly elongate lobes, nearly equal in length to tergum 9 plus ectoproct, slightly curved ventrad at tip; in ventral view anterior parts laterally curved with truncate bases, posterior half slightly widened but narrowed again on apex, dorsal surface bearing membrane. Ectoproct nearly as long as tergum 9, with large portion feebly sclerotized, and with posterodorsal corner pointed in lateral view; a simple row of trichobothria present. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) small, in caudal view ovoid, with strongly sclerotized outer margin and median ridge, which is also strongly sclerotized along internal extension. Endophallus feebly developed. Hypandrium internum trilobate, lateral lobes slightly wider but shorter than median lobe, posterior end strongly narrowed. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype 6, CHINA: Sichuan, Ya-an, Hanyuan, Entrance of Chamagudao, 29.60046°N, 102.619487°E, 1922 m, 9.VI.2015, Yejie Lin (CAU). Distribution. China (Sichuan). Etymology. The name of the new species is in dedication to Mr. Yejie Lin, who collected and kindly provided the type specimen of this new species. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to Mongoloraphidia (Formosoraphidia) caelebs H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1985, from Taiwan in having similar slenderly elongate hypovalva, but it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male gonocoxite 9 with a shorter process, the strongly curved male gonostylus 9, and the hypovalva without long setae. In M. (F.) caelebs the process on male gonocoxite 9 is much longer than gonostylus 9, the gonostylus 9 is only curved at tip, and there are several long setae on hypovalva (see H. Aspöck et al. 1991: figs. 1109, 1110).

Mongoloraphidia triangulata sp. nov. (Figs. 7–16) Diagnosis. Pterostigma pale yellowish brown, almost as long as the first poststigmal cell. Body blackish brown, abdomen dorsally with a distinct yellowish vitta and laterally with a pair of yellowish vittae on pregenital segments. Male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly enlarged into a subtriangular plate. Description. Male. Body length 8.7 mm; forewing length 8.8-9.2 mm, hindwing length 7.7-8.0 mm. Head ovoid, posteriorly tapering feebly, black; vertex with three reddish brown longitudinal stripes medially and laterally; clypeus reddish brown. Compound eyes grayish black. Antennal sclerite yellowish brown; antennae yellow, but flagellum gradually darkened on distal half. Mouthparts yellow, but distal half of mandibles, distal two palpomeres of maxillary palps, and entire labial palps reddish brown. Pronotum long, slender, reddish brown, posterior half with three yellowish brown longitudinal stripes; meso- and metathorax blackish brown, mesonotum with prescutum and scutellum yellow, metanotum with only scutellum yellow. Legs pale yellowish brown with blackish brown setae. Wings hyaline; pterostigma narrow, approximately 4.0 times as long as wide, crossed by a veinlet at distal third, pale yellowish brown; veins blackish brown, proximal half of C and R on forewings and bases of most longitudinal veins on hind wings yellow. Anterior branch of RP in both fore- and hindwing with one simple and one bifurcate or trifurcate branch. Abdomen blackish brown; each pregenital segment with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally and a yellowish vitta medially on tergum, and with a yellowish transverse stripe on posterior margin of sternum. Genital segments blackish brown, but tergum 9 and ectoproct largely yellow. Tergum 9 laterally markedly flexed, anterior margin moderately notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and posteromedially slightly prominent. Gonocoxite 9 dorsoventrally directed; dorsal part small, posteriorly rounded; ventral part broad, posteriorly with a long digitiform process, which is straightly directed posteriad, with apex slightly curved and acutely pointed. Gonostylus 9 slenderly claw-like, directed dorsad. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) very large, slightly longer than length of tergum 9 plus ectoproct, in ventral view anterior half narrow and medially separated, posterior half distinctly enlarged, subtriangular, medially separated, laterally slightly inflated and bearing numerous small teeth. Ectoproct nearly rectangular, with obtuse posteroventral corners; trichobothria arranged in a group. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) small, in caudal view subtriangular. Endophallus short, not protruding beyond gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva). Hypandrium internum trilobate, lateral lobes slightly wider but shorter than median lobe, posterior end strongly narrowed. Female. Body length with ovipositor 16.7-17.0 mm, body length without ovipositor 10.8-11.3 mm; forewing length 10.7-11.1 mm, hindwing length 9.2-9.7 mm. Sternum 7 longer than tergum 7, posteriorly convex. Tergum 8 laterally with slightly protruded anterior margin. Intersegmental S7/8 reach to midlength of sternum 7. No subgenitale discernible. Atrium bursae richly pleated, compact, slightly sclerotized laterally, and inflated dorsad, with narrow transition into the sacculus bursae which extends into segment 7; sclerotized ledge long, acutely tapering anteriorly, reach to midlength of sternum 7. Ductus receptaculi originating from anterior region of sacculus. Receptaculum seminis distally broad and ovoid, proximally strongly narrowed. Glandulae receptaculi slenderly tubular. Type materials. Holotype 6, CHINA: Henan, Lushi, Dakuaidi, 1400 m, 29.V.2000, Meicai Wei (CAU). Paratypes: 1 6, same data as holotype, Yihai Zhong (CAU); 2♀, same data as holotype (CAU); 1♀, same data as holotype, Mingli Chen (CAU). Distribution. China (Henan). Etymology. The specific epithet “ triangulata ” refers to the subtriangular male hypovalva of the new species. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to Mongoloraphidia duomilia (Yang, 1998) in having similar male gonocoxite 9 with very long process and slender claw-like male gonostylus 9, but it can be distinguished from the latter species by the abdomen dorsally with a yellowish median vitta and the gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) strongly enlarged distally into a subtriangular plate. In M. duomilia the abdomen bears a series of yellowish spots on posteromedian portion of terga, and the hypovalva is slightly widened distally into a relatively small, heart-shaped plate. Yang (1998) has erected the subgenus Yuraphidia (of Raphidia L.) for Mongoloraphidia duomilia, confirmation of the validity of which must await the future study mentioned above.

Mongoloraphidia triangulata sp. nov. (Figs. 7���16) Diagnosis. Pterostigma pale yellowish brown, almost as long as the first poststigmal cell. Body blackish brown, abdomen dorsally with a distinct yellowish vitta and laterally with a pair of yellowish vittae on pregenital segments. Male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) posteriorly enlarged into a subtriangular plate. Description. Male. Body length 8.7 mm; forewing length 8.8-9.2 mm, hindwing length 7.7-8.0 mm. Head ovoid, posteriorly tapering feebly, black; vertex with three reddish brown longitudinal stripes medially and laterally; clypeus reddish brown. Compound eyes grayish black. Antennal sclerite yellowish brown; antennae yellow, but flagellum gradually darkened on distal half. Mouthparts yellow, but distal half of mandibles, distal two palpomeres of maxillary palps, and entire labial palps reddish brown. Pronotum long, slender, reddish brown, posterior half with three yellowish brown longitudinal stripes; meso- and metathorax blackish brown, mesonotum with prescutum and scutellum yellow, metanotum with only scutellum yellow. Legs pale yellowish brown with blackish brown setae. Wings hyaline; pterostigma narrow, approximately 4.0 times as long as wide, crossed by a veinlet at distal third, pale yellowish brown; veins blackish brown, proximal half of C and R on forewings and bases of most longitudinal veins on hind wings yellow. Anterior branch of RP in both fore- and hindwing with one simple and one bifurcate or trifurcate branch. Abdomen blackish brown; each pregenital segment with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally and a yellowish vitta medially on tergum, and with a yellowish transverse stripe on posterior margin of sternum. Genital segments blackish brown, but tergum 9 and ectoproct largely yellow. Tergum 9 laterally markedly flexed, anterior margin moderately notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and posteromedially slightly prominent. Gonocoxite 9 dorsoventrally directed; dorsal part small, posteriorly rounded; ventral part broad, posteriorly with a long digitiform process, which is straightly directed posteriad, with apex slightly curved and acutely pointed. Gonostylus 9 slenderly claw-like, directed dorsad. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) very large, slightly longer than length of tergum 9 plus ectoproct, in ventral view anterior half narrow and medially separated, posterior half distinctly enlarged, subtriangular, medially separated, laterally slightly inflated and bearing numerous small teeth. Ectoproct nearly rectangular, with obtuse posteroventral corners; trichobothria arranged in a group. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) small, in caudal view subtriangular. Endophallus short, not protruding beyond gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva). Hypandrium internum trilobate, lateral lobes slightly wider but shorter than median lobe, posterior end strongly narrowed. Female. Body length with ovipositor 16.7-17.0 mm, body length without ovipositor 10.8-11.3 mm; forewing length 10.7-11.1 mm, hindwing length 9.2-9.7 mm. Sternum 7 longer than tergum 7, posteriorly convex. Tergum 8 laterally with slightly protruded anterior margin. Intersegmental S7/8 reach to midlength of sternum 7. No subgenitale discernible. Atrium bursae richly pleated, compact, slightly sclerotized laterally, and inflated dorsad, with narrow transition into the sacculus bursae which extends into segment 7; sclerotized ledge long, acutely tapering anteriorly, reach to midlength of sternum 7. Ductus receptaculi originating from anterior region of sacculus. Receptaculum seminis distally broad and ovoid, proximally strongly narrowed. Glandulae receptaculi slenderly tubular. Type materials. Holotype 6, CHINA: Henan, Lushi, Dakuaidi, 1400 m, 29.V.2000, Meicai Wei (CAU). Paratypes: 1 6, same data as holotype, Yihai Zhong (CAU); 2♀, same data as holotype (CAU); 1♀, same data as holotype, Mingli Chen (CAU). Distribution. China (Henan). Etymology. The specific epithet ��� triangulata ��� refers to the subtriangular male hypovalva of the new species. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to Mongoloraphidia duomilia (Yang, 1998) in having similar male gonocoxite 9 with very long process and slender claw-like male gonostylus 9, but it can be distinguished from the latter species by the abdomen dorsally with a yellowish median vitta and the gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) strongly enlarged distally into a subtriangular plate. In M. duomilia the abdomen bears a series of yellowish spots on posteromedian portion of terga, and the hypovalva is slightly widened distally into a relatively small, heart-shaped plate. Yang (1998) has erected the subgenus Yuraphidia (of Raphidia L.) for Mongoloraphidia duomilia, confirmation of the validity of which must await the future study mentioned above., Published as part of Liu, Xingyue, Lyu, Yanan, Asp��ck, Horst & Asp��ck, Ulrike, 2018, New species of the snakefly genus Mongoloraphidia (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China, pp. 87-96 in Zootaxa 4527 (1) on pages 90-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/2612013, {"references":["Yang, C. K. (1998) Descriptions of new species: Raphidia (Yuraphidia) duomilia and a new subgenus of this genus (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). In: Shen, X. C. & Shi, Z. Y. (Eds.), Fauna and Taxonomy of Insects in Henan. Vol. 2. China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing: pp. 59 - 61."]}

Mongoloraphidia lini sp. nov. (Figs. 1���6) Diagnosis. Pterostigma distinctly bicolored (proximal half pale brown, distal half pale yellow), about half length of the first poststigmal cell. Body in general black except for dark brown and slightly patterned pronotum; pregenital segments of abdomen with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, each sternum posteriorly with a yellow transverse stripe; male gonocoxite 9 with a claw-like process that is nearly equal in length to gonostylus 9; male gonostylus 9 strongly curved dorsomedially; male gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) present as a pair of slenderly elongate lobes. Description. Male. Body length 8.0 mm; forewing length 8.0 mm, hindwing length 7.2 mm. Head ovoid, posteriorly tapering feebly, black, with clypeus reddish brown. Compound eyes grayish black. Antennal sclerite black; antennae yellow, but flagellum blackish brown on distal half. Mouthparts yellow, but distal half of mandibles, maxillary and labial palps dark brown. Pronotum long, slender, dark brown, anterior half medially with a yellowish brown longitudinal stripe that is slightly extended laterally on posterior end, posterior half with three yellowish brown longitudinal stripes; meso- and metathorax black, mesonotum with prescutum and scutellum yellow, metanotum with only scutellum yellow. Legs yellow with blackish brown setae, tarsomeres 3-5 slightly darker. Wings hyaline; pterostigma short, approximately 2.5 times as long as wide, crossed by a veinlet at middle, pale brown on proximal part but pale yellow on distal part; veins blackish brown, proximal half of C and R on forewings and bases of most longitudinal veins on hindwings yellow. Anterior branch of forewing RP with three branches, two or three of them distally forked; anterior branch of hindwing RP with one branch simple and one distally forked. Abdomen black; all pregenital segments with a pair of yellowish vittae laterally, each sternum posteriorly with a yellow transverse stripe; genital segments pale yellowish brown except for gonocoxites 9 brown. Tergum 9 laterally markedly flexed, anterior margin slightly notched. Sternum 9 arcuate, rather narrow, and broadly concaved posteriad. Gonocoxite 9 obliquely directed dorsoventrally; dorsal part slightly broader than ventral part; ventral part posteriorly with a claw-like process, which is slightly curved medially. Gonostylus 9 slightly longer than process of gonocoxite 9, claw-like, and strongly curved dorsomedially. Gonapophyses 9 (hypovalva) as a pair of slenderly elongate lobes, nearly equal in length to tergum 9 plus ectoproct, slightly curved ventrad at tip; in ventral view anterior parts laterally curved with truncate bases, posterior half slightly widened but narrowed again on apex, dorsal surface bearing membrane. Ectoproct nearly as long as tergum 9, with large portion feebly sclerotized, and with posterodorsal corner pointed in lateral view; a simple row of trichobothria present. Fused gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) small, in caudal view ovoid, with strongly sclerotized outer margin and median ridge, which is also strongly sclerotized along internal extension. Endophallus feebly developed. Hypandrium internum trilobate, lateral lobes slightly wider but shorter than median lobe, posterior end strongly narrowed. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype 6, CHINA: Sichuan, Ya-an, Hanyuan, Entrance of Chamagudao, 29.60046��N, 102.619487��E, 1922 m, 9.VI.2015, Yejie Lin (CAU). Distribution. China (Sichuan). Etymology. The name of the new species is in dedication to Mr. Yejie Lin, who collected and kindly provided the type specimen of this new species. Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to Mongoloraphidia (Formosoraphidia) caelebs H. Asp��ck, U. Asp��ck & Rausch, 1985, from Taiwan in having similar slenderly elongate hypovalva, but it can be distinguished from the latter species by the male gonocoxite 9 with a shorter process, the strongly curved male gonostylus 9, and the hypovalva without long setae. In M. (F.) caelebs the process on male gonocoxite 9 is much longer than gonostylus 9, the gonostylus 9 is only curved at tip, and there are several long setae on hypovalva (see H. Asp��ck et al. 1991: figs. 1109, 1110)., Published as part of Liu, Xingyue, Lyu, Yanan, Asp��ck, Horst & Asp��ck, Ulrike, 2018, New species of the snakefly genus Mongoloraphidia (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae) from China, pp. 87-96 in Zootaxa 4527 (1) on pages 88-90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/2612013, {"references":["Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1985) Zur Kenntnis der Genera Tjederiraphidia n. g. und Mongoloraphidia H. A. & U. A. (Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 37, 37 - 48."]}

Two new snakefly species of the family Raphidiidae are described from China: Mongoloraphidia lini sp. nov. and Mongoloraphidia triangulata sp. nov. Biogeographical considerations on secondary refugial centers of the large Sino-Tibetan primary center are presented.

Two species of the snakefly genus Mongoloraphidia Aspock & Aspock, 1968 from Japan and Taiwan are described as new to science: Mongoloraphidia (Japanoraphidia) occidentalis sp. nov. and Mongoloraphidia (Formosoraphidia) curvata sp. nov. A key to the species of Mongoloraphidia from Eastern Asia is provided. Phylogenetic and biogeographical aspects on the Raphidiidae from Eastern Asia are discussed.

A review on the Raphidiidae of Eastern Asia is presented. The following nine species have been recorded from the region: Xanthostigma xanthostigma (Schummel) (Far East of Russia), X. gobicola U. Aspock & H. Aspock (China), Mongoloraphidia (Japanoraphidia) harmandi (Navas) (Japan: Honshu), M. (Formosoraphidia) formosana (Okamoto) (Taiwan), M. (F.) taiwanica U. Aspock & H. Aspock (Taiwan). M. (F.) caelebs H. Aspock & U. Aspock & Rausch (Taiwan). Mongoloraphidia pudica H. Aspock & U. Aspock & Rausch (Far East of Russia, South Korea), Mongoloraphidia xiyue (Yang & Chou) (China: Shaanxi Province), and Mongoloraphidia choui n. sp. (China: Shaanxi Province). The male of M. pudica, both sexes of M. xiyue, both sexes of M. choui and the female of M. caelebs are described and illustrated. The systematic positions of M. pudica and M. xiyue, hitherto unresolved, are clarified. They are closely related to each other and possibly comprise the sister taxon of M. (J.) harmandi. There are also clear relationships between these species and the three Taiwanese species, and to Mongoloraphidia choui. It is suggested that these 7 species form a monophyletic group that may have to be removed from Mongoloraphidia H. Aspock & U. Aspock. Eastern Asia certainly harbours more species of the family. The whole region and China, in particular, remains largely unexplored with respect to snakeflies.