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Background: The goal of the study was to provide an individual and precise genetic and molecular biological basis for the early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of local FH by analyzing the risk factors for the development of FH in Han and Mongolian patients in the Hulunbuir, comparing the lipid levels of FH patients of the two ethnicities, and assessing differences in mutations to two genes between the two ethnic groups., Methods: Twenty cases each of Han Chinese and Mongolian healthy controls and fifty patients who each met the inclusion criteria from November 2021 to December 2022 in five general hospitals in Hulunbuir were selected. Multifactor logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors associated with the development of FH. We used t-tests to analyze statistical differences in lipid levels between the groups, and Sanger sequencing to detect the dis-tribution of common mutation sites of PCSK9 and APOB in all study subjects. The mutation rates and differences between regions and ethnic groups were summarized and compared., Results: 1) Gender, age, alcohol consumption, dietary status, and a family history of FH were risk factors associated with the development of FH. 2) TC, LDL-C, and APOB were significantly higher in Mongolian cases than Han cases (p < 0.05). sdLDL-C was not statistically different between the two ethnicities (p > 0.05). 3) We detected four (8%) heterozygous mutations at the PCSK9 gene E670G mutation site in the Han case group and a total of nine (18%) mutations at this site in the Mongolian cases, including one (2%) homozygous and eight (16%) heterozygous mutations. One case of a heterozygous mutation was detected in the Mongolian control group. We detected a total of ten (20%) mutations at the APOB gene rs1367117 mutation site in the Han case group, including eight (16%) heterozygous and two (4%) homozygous mutations, 11 cases (22%) of heterozygous mutations in the Mongolian case group, two cases of heterozygous mutations in the Han control group, and one case of a heterozygous mutation in the Mongolian control group. 4) The D374Y and S127R mutation sites of PCSK9 and the R3500Q mutation site of APOB were not detected in any of the study subjects., Conclusions: The mutation sites of the PCSK9 and APOB genes in FH patients in Hulunbuir are different from other regions, and the mutation rate is higher than in other regions. Therefore, we recommend that the mutation sites of the PCSK9 and APOB genes described herein be used as clinical detection indicators to assist the diagnosis of FH in this region.

The insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphism has promising applications in forensic DNA analysis. However, the insufficient forensic efficiencies of the present InDel-based systems restrict their applications in parentage testing, due to the lower genetic polymorphism of the biallelic InDel locus and the limited number of InDel loci in a multiplex amplification system. Here, we introduced an in-house developed system which contained 41 polymorphic Multi-InDel markers (equivalent to 82 InDels in total), to serve as an efficient and reliable tool for different forensic applications in the Manchu and Mongolian groups. We demonstrated that the new system exhibited potential efficiencies for personal identification, parentage testing, two-person DNA mixture interpretation and ancestry inference of intercontinental populations. Meanwhile, we explored the genetic backgrounds of the Manchu and Mongolian groups by conducting a series of population genetic analyses. We showed that the Manchu and Mongolian groups shared closer genetic relationships with East Asian populations, especially Han Chinese populations in northern China. Moreover, more similar genetic compositions were detected between the Manchu group and the northern Han populations in this study, suggesting that the Manchu group had higher genetic affinities with northern Han populations than the Mongolian group. Overall. this study provided the necessary evidence that these Multi-InDel genetic markers could play an important role in forensic applications., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Here, we present a comprehensive data set of 489 complete mitogenomes (211 of which are new) from four Mongolic-speaking populations (Mongols, Barghuts, Khamnigans, and Buryats) to investigate their matrilineal genetic structure, ancestry and relationship with other ethnic groups. We show that along with very high levels of genetic diversity and lack of genetic differentiation, Mongolic-speaking populations exhibit strong genetic resemblance to East Asian populations of Chinese, Japanese, and Uyghurs. Phylogeographic analysis of complete mitogenomes reveals the presence of different components in the gene pools of modern Mongolic-speaking populations-the main East Eurasian component is represented by mtDNA lineages of East Asian, Siberian and autochthonous (the Baikal region/Mongolian) ancestry, whereas the less pronounced West Eurasian component can be ascribed to Europe and West Asia/Caucasus. We also observed that up to one third of the mtDNA subhaplogroups identified in Mongolic-speaking populations can be considered as Mongolic-specific with the coalescence age of most of them not exceeding 1.7 kya. This coincides well with the population size growth which started around 1.1 kya and is detectable only in the Bayesian Skyline Plot constructed based on Mongolic-specific mitogenomes. Our data suggest that the genetic structure established during the Mongol empire is still retained in present-day Mongolic-speaking populations., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Hydatid cysts are caused by an infestation with larval tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus . The disease is endemic in developing countries but has rarely been reported from immigrant workers in Korea. This paper reports a case of hepatic hydatid cyst in a 27-year-old female. She was referred with abdominal pain that had persisted for the past 2 months. The patient was a foreign worker from Mongolia. The physical examination was unremarkable, and blood tests showed peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated liver enzymes. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a well-circumscribed cystic mass with septation in the liver. A surgical resection was performed for complete removal. After uncomplicated postoperative recovery, the patient was discharged with albendazole 400 mg twice daily. The hydatid cyst is an important disease that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions in the liver, particularly in those who have lived in endemic areas. A correct early diagnosis based on the typical image findings is important for early treatment before the rupture of the cyst, which is associated with low morbidity and mortality. A current surgical resection combined albendazole are effective treatments for hepatic hydatid cysts, associated with low recurrence rates.

Background: Mongolian populations are widely distributed geographically, showing abundant ethnic diversity with geographic and tribal differences., Aim: To infer the genetic substructure, admixture and ancient genetic sources of Mongolians together with Kazakhs., Subjects and Methods: We genotyped more than 690,000 genome-wide SNPs from 33 Mongolian and Chinese Kazakh individuals and compared these with both ancient and present-day Eurasian populations using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, Refine -IBD, f statistics, qpWave and qpAdm ., Results: We found genetic substructures within Mongolians corresponding to Ölöd, Chahar, and Inner Mongolian clusters, which was consistent with tribe classifications. Mongolian and Kazakh groups derived about 6-40% of West Eurasian related ancestry, most likely from Bronze Age Steppe populations. The East Asian related ancestry in Mongolian and Kazakh groups was well represented by the Neolithic DevilsCave related nomadic lineage, comprising 42-64% of studied groups. We also detected 10-51% of Han Chinese related ancestry in Mongolian and Kazakh groups, especially in Inner Mongolians. The average admixture times for Inner Mongolian, Mongolian&#95;Chahar, Mongolian&#95;Ölöd and Chinese Kazakh were about 1381, 626, 635 and 632 years ago, respectively, with Han and French as the sources., Conclusion: The DevilsCave related ancestry was once widespread westwards covering a wide geographical range from Far East Russia to the Mongolia Plateau. The formation of present-day Mongolic and Turkic-speaking populations has also received genetic influence from agricultural expansion.

Background: To screen and analyze differentially expressed genes in pancreatic carcinoma tissues taken from Mongolian and Han patients by Affymetrix Genechip., Methods: Pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma tissues were collected from the Mongolian and Han patients undergoing resection in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from March 2015 to May 2018 and the total RNA was extracted. Differentially expressed genes were selected from the total RNA qualified by Nanodrop 2000 and Agilent 2100 using Affymetrix and a cartogram was drawn; The gene ontology (GO) analysis and Pathway analysis were used for the collection and analysis of biological information of these differentially expressed genes. Finally, some differentially expressed genes were verified by real-time PCR., Results: Through the microarray analysis of gene expression, 970 differentially expressed genes were detected by comparing pancreatic cancer tissue samples between Mongolian and Han patients. A total of 257 genes were significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer tissue samples in Mongolian patients; while a total of 713 genes were down-regulated. In the Gene Ontology database, 815 differentially expressed genes were identified with clear GO classification, and CPB1 gene showed the highest increase in expression level (multiple difference: 31.76). The pathway analysis detected 28 signaling pathways that included these differentially expressed genes, involving a total of 178 genes. Among these pathways, the enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the FAK signaling pathway was the strongest and COL11A1 gene showed the highest multiple difference (multiple difference: 5.02). The expression of differentially expressed genes CPB1, COL11A1、ITGA4、BIRC3、PAK4、CPA1、CLPS、PIK3CG and HLA-DPA1 determined by real-time PCR were consistent with the results of gene microarray analysis., Conclusions: The results of microarray analysis of gene expression profiles showed that there are a large number of differentially expressed genes in pancreatic cancer tissue samples comparing Mongolian and Han population. These genes are closely related to the cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis and multi-drug resistance in pancreatic cancer. They are also involved in the regulation of multiple important signaling pathways in organisms.

Background: To investigate the prevalence of pterygium and associated factors in Han and Mongolian adults at four survey sites in Inner Mongolia, China., Methods: We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study as part of the China National Health Survey (CNHS). By means of a stratified sampling method, we finally included 2651 participants of 30 years of age or older from a total of 3468 eligible residents. Factors associated with pterygium were analysed by a univariate analysis and logistic regression models., Results: The study population included 1910 Han and 741 Mongolian adults. The mean age ± standard deviation of the study cohort was 48.93 ± 11.06 years. The overall prevalence of pterygium was 6.4% (n = 169); 1.4% (n = 38) of the cases were bilateral and 4.8% (n = 128) were unilateral. The most common grade of pterygium was Grade 2. Based on the results of the univariate analysis, eleven factors were included in a multivariate analysis. The results indicated that age (P < 0.001), outdoor occupation (P = 0.026), and time spent in rural areas (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with pterygium. Sex and ethnicity were not identified as risk factors., Conclusions: Our results indicated that outdoor occupation, old age and more time spent in rural areas were risk factors for pterygium in Inner Mongolia. At the same time, town as a survey site (Hohhot and Tsining District) was a protective factor for pterygium. Ethnicity, gender, smoking, diabetes and high blood pressure are not associated with pterygium.

Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are important in the cardiovascular disease susceptibility and drug response. The methylation of cytosine in the promoter of genes could influence expression. The interindividual differences of drug response could only be explained partly by the polymorphisms of drug disposition genes. This study was aimed to investigate the genetic and epigenetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and eNOS in Chinese Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, and Han volunteers. Blood samples were collected from 842 unrelated Chinese healthy subjects (323 Tibetan, 134 Mongolian, 162 Uygur, and 223 Han) for genotyping and part of the DNA samples were subjected to cytosine methylation analysis. Significant genetic and epigenetic interethnic polymorphisms of eNOS and CYP2D6 were found in the four Chinese groups. The 4b-G-T wild-type haplotype of eNOS was the most common in Chinese Tibetan (87.1%), Mongolian (79.9%), Uygur (76.4%), and Han (79.5%), respectively. eNOS T-786C creates a new CpG site and a significantly higher methylation level was found in -786CC than that in -786TC in Chinese Han (P = 0.0485) and total Chinese (P = 0.0104). CYP2D6 A-678 (rs28633410) makes the symmetrical CpG site changed to be an asymmetrical CpA site, and the methylation level of cytosine in the CpG context of G-678A was significantly higher than that in the CpA. The results of the present study could be useful for understanding the interindividual disparity of cardiovascular disease susceptibility and drug response among different Chinese ethnic groups and would provide more evidences for the precise medication of Chinese.

Background: Among foreigners undergoing kidney transplantation (KT) in Korea, Mongolians are the most common, and most of these cases are conducted at our center. We report the immunologic characteristics and clinical outcomes of these patients., Methods: Consecutive Mongolian patients who underwent KT from September 2009 to August 2017 in our center were retrospectively analyzed. Pre- and post-transplant HLA antibody status and clinical data of the Mongolian patients were collected and compared with the Korean patients who underwent living donor KT during the same period., Results: Sixty-two Mongolian and 85 Korean patients received KT and were followed up for 20.9 and 50.8 months (P = .01), respectively. Before transplantation, 17.7% of the Mongolian patients and 7.1% of the Korean patients were highly sensitized (P = .05). The patients were monitored consistently throughout the entire post-transplant period. Follow-up loss occurred in some cases. Of the patients, 32 Mongolian patients and 79 Korean patients were monitored for post-transplant HLA antibodies at any time point. Estimated glomerular filtration rates were comparable between Mongolian and Korean patients at 1 month (77.1 vs 71.5 mL/min/1.73m 2 , P = .21) and 1 year (64.6 vs 68.7 mL/min/1.73m 2 , P = .25) after transplantation but tended to be different at 3 years (57.2 vs 67.3 mL/min/1.73m 2 , P = .06) and 5 years (56.9 vs 73.1 mL/min/1.73m 2 , P = .04) post transplant., Conclusions: Mongolian patients undergoing KT in Korea were often highly sensitized. Mean follow-up time was short and follow-up loss was common in Mongolian patients compared with Korean patients. Cautious follow-up is needed for foreigner transplant recipients, especially for those at high-risk immunologically, to achieve better outcomes., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To date, there are a limited number of reports on inherited gene mutations associated with breast cancer (BC) among Mongoloid indigenous people in Russia. The present study aimed at identifying the BC-associated genes in 26 Russian Mongoloid BC patients (Buryats, Tuvinians and others). The median age of the patients at the time of breast cancer diagnosis was 41 years (range 25-51 years). Genomic DNA isolated from blood samples was used to prepare libraries using a capture-based target enrichment kit (Hereditary Cancer Solution™, SOPHiA GENETICS, Switzerland) covering 27 genes (ATM, APC, BARD1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, EPCAM, FAM175A, MLH1, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, NBN, PALB2, PIK3CA, PMS2, PMS2CL, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, STK11, TP53 and XRCC2). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 System (Illumina, USA). In our study, we found 1 Indel and 11 SNPs that passed filters during variant calling. We identified a highly pathogenic germline rs483353122 (c.8208&#95;8209insAG, p.Leu2737Serfs*2) in the BRCA2 gene in six unrelated Tuvinian Mongol BC patients. We also identified a likely damaging germline rs35352891 in the MUTYH gene (c.1118C>T, p.Ala373Val) in one Buryat Mongol BC patient. Other SNPs were classified as variants of uncertain significance. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the highly pathogenic variant in the BRCA2 gene (rs483353122) and the likely damaging germline variant in the MUTYH gene (rs35352891) in Russian Mongoloid BC patients with young-onset and/or bilateral and/or familial BC. Further studies are therefore necessary to evaluate the contributions of novel sequence variants to hereditary BC.

The Microreader™ 23SP ID System is a novel STR kit, but there are no Mongolian data related to this kit. In this study, allelic frequencies and forensic parameters were obtained from 505 unrelated healthy Mongolians. These samples were amplified using the kit. The dataset successfully passed quality control after being submitted to STRidER (STRidER dataset reference STR000198). A total of 264 alleles were observed, with corresponding allelic frequencies ranged from 0.001 to 0.378. The combined power of discrimination (CPD) and combined probability of exclusion (CPE) of the 22 autosomal STR loci were 0.999999999999999999999999999217318 and 0.999999999776042, respectively. Furthermore, population differentiation comparisons involving previously reported groups were conducted.

Mongolians played a pivotal role in shaping the culture and genetic architecture of modern Eurasia through the rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century. While the historical aspects of the Mongolian Empire are well documented, research on the genetic variations among Mongolian populations is still insufficient. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of 70 Torghut Mongols residing in the Ili region of China compared with 88 Jalaid Mongols residing 3000 km away. Over 200 forensically relevant genetic markers, including autosomal short tandem repeats (A-STRs), X chromosomal STRs (X-STRs), Y chromosomal STRs (Y-STRs), identity-informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (iiSNPs), ancestry-informative SNPs (aiSNPs), and phenotype-informative SNPs (piSNPs), were genotyped to uncover the genetic polymorphism of the Torghut Mongols. The STR genotyping results showed that 80 alleles (39 A-STRs, 25 Y-STRs, and 16 X-STRs; 14.4% of 554 alleles) identified in Torghut Mongols were not identified in Jalaid Mongols, while 155 alleles (84 A-STRs, 59 Y-STRs and 12 X-STRs; 24.6% of 630 alleles) identified in Jalaid Mongols were not observed in Torghut Mongols. Calculation of the forensic parameters demonstrated that the STRs and SNPs analyzed here could be employed in forensic applications. Interpopulation comparisons via principal component analysis (PCA), phylogenetic tree, and STRUCTURE analysis showed that the two Mongolian populations were closely related by their genetic background, although genetic differences were also discovered. When both the sequence-based A-STRs and iiSNPs were included in the STRUCTURE analysis, the Torghut population was more similar to the Uyghur population than to Jalaid Mongols, indicating certain population structure differences between the two Mongolian populations. The Y-DNA haplogroup prediction showed that although haplogroup C (C2-M217) was dominant in both Mongolian populations, haplogroup O2-M122 was rarely presented in Torghut Mongols, which differentiated the Torghut Mongols from the other Mongolian populations. This study not only uncovered the genetic features of the two Mongolian tribes, providing valuable frequency data for forensic applications, but the genetic patterns of the two Mongolian populations also provide a genetic evidence that the Torghut Mongols may have developed via the gradual intermixing of nomadic groups of Mongol and Turkic origin, as recorded in historical records. This study also highlighted the importance of building regional reference databases that consider both ethnic and geographic location information, instead of a more universal reference database, for forensic applications., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the combined effects of a high body shape index (ABSI) and a high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level on the incidence of ischemic stroke in a Mongolian population in China., Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted among 2,589 participants from June 2002 to July 2012 in Inner Mongolia, China. The participants were categorized into 4 groups according to their level of ABSI and CRP. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ischemic stroke among all groups., Results: The multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke for high ABSI and high CRP level were 1.46 (0.89-2.39) and 1.63 (0.95-2.79), respectively. Compared with the low ABSI/low CRP level group, the multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke in the low ABSI/high CRP, high ABSI/low CRP, and high ABSI/high CRP groups were 1.04 (0.46-2.35), 1.06 (0.58-1.95) and 2.52 (1.27-5.00), respectively. The HR of ischemic stroke for the high ABSI/high CRP level group was the highest and most statistically significant., Conclusion: We found that participants with simultaneously high ABSI and high CRP levels had the highest risk of ischemic stroke in the Mongolian population. Our findings suggest that the combination of high ABSI and high CRP levels may increase the risk of ischemic stroke., (Copyright © 2019 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

The genetic variation in Northern Asian populations is currently undersampled. To address this, we generated a new genetic variation reference panel by whole-genome sequencing of 175 ethnic Mongolians, representing six tribes. The cataloged variation in the panel shows strong population stratification among these tribes, which correlates with the diverse demographic histories in the region. Incorporating our results with the 1000 Genomes Project panel identifies derived alleles shared between Finns and Mongolians/Siberians, suggesting that substantial gene flow between northern Eurasian populations has occurred in the past. Furthermore, we highlight that North, East, and Southeast Asian populations are more aligned with each other than these groups are with South Asian and Oceanian populations.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the China-PAR equations in predicting the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Inner Mongolians population. A population-based, prospective cohort of 2,589 Mongolians were followed up from 2003 to 2012. Participants were categorized into 4 subgroups according to their 10-year CVD risks calculated using the China-PAR equations: < 5%, 5%-9.9%, 10%-19.9%, and ⪖ 20%. The China-PAR equations discriminated well with good C statistics (range, 0.76-0.86). The adjusted hazard ratios for CVD showed an increasing trend among the 4 subgroups (P for trend < 0.01). However, the China-PAR equations underestimated the 10-year CVD risk in Mongolians, and the calibration was unsatisfactory (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 = 19.98, P < 0.01 for men, χ2 = 46.58, P < 0.001 for women). The performance of the China-PAR equations warrants further validation in other ethnic groups in China., (Copyright © 2018 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

We explored the relationship between acculturation and dietary intake by gender for 500 Mongolians residing in South Korea. The high acculturation (HA) group females consumed more fish and shellfish, vegetables, beans, and rice, and less meats, flours, and oil than the low acculturation (LA) group did. However, there was no statistical difference in food group intake between HA and LA group males. HA group females showed higher intake of carbohydrates, fiber, sodium, potassium, calcium, vitamin A, and folate compared with LA group females. However, only folate and vitamin B2 intake was statistically different between HA and LA group males. Acculturation and gender interactions were found for the consumption of meats, flours, fish and shellfish, beans, and vegetables. The findings from this study have implications for developing customized nutrition intervention programs by gender for immigrants.

Objectives: To assess the clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Han and Mongolian adults with prehypertension or hypertension in Northern China., Methods: We selected 3227 Han and Mongolian participants (20-80 years old) using a multistage cluster sampling method in 2014. The participants were interviewed by standard questionnaires and underwent anthropometric measurement and biochemical testing. Han and Mongolian participants were divided into optimal, prehypertension, and hypertension groups based on blood pressure. A multinomial logit analysis was performed to explore relationships between CVD risk factor clustering and prehypertension or hypertension, and the heterogeneity between Han and Mongolian was evaluated by the Cochran Q test. The differences between the ethnic groups in the proportions of risk factors was tested with the χ 2 test., Results: The clustering of two or three CVD risk factors in the prehypertension or hypertension groups was consistently higher than in the optimal group (Bonferroni, p<0.0167). The odds ratios (ORs) of prehypertension and hypertension increased with the number of CVD risk factors (p trend <0.0001). In multivariate modelling, the adjusted ORs of one, two, and ≥3 CVD risk factors versus no risk factors was, respectively, 1.95, 2.25, and 2.28 in Han prehypertensive participants, and 1.73, 2.83, and 3.69 in Mongolian prehypertensive participants. In addition, the adjusted ORs were 3.15, 4.75, and 6.49 in Han hypertensive participants, and 1.90, 5.29, and 8.13 in Mongolian hypertensive participants (all p<0.05). There was no significant heterogeneity between Han and Mongolian participants in the prehypertension or hypertension groups. The age-standardised prevalence of ≥3 risk factors was 38.30% in Han men and 39.79% in Mongolian men. The rate was significantly lower in Han women than Mongolian women (9.18% vs 14.55%, p=0.002)., Conclusions: These findings showed clustering of CVD risk factors in prehypertensive Han and Mongolian adults, and showed prehypertension may be a useful target for intervention., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Objective: The present study was designed to determine the optimal cut-off values of body fat percentage (BF%) for the detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Mongolian and Han adults., Method: This cross-sectional study involving 3221 Chinese adults (2308 Han and 913 Mongolian) aged 20-80 years was conducted in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, in 2014. Data from a standardised questionnaire, physical examination and blood sample were obtained. The BF% was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Optimal BF% cut-offs were analysed by receiver operating characteristic curves to predict the risk of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the OR of each CVD risk factor according to obesity defined by BF%., Results: Mean BF% levels were lower in men than in women (22.54±5.77 vs 32.95±6.18 in Han, 23.86±5.72 vs 33.98±6.40 in Mongolian population, respectively; p<0.001). In Han population, the area under curve (AUC) values for BF% ranged from 0.589 to 0.699 for men and from 0.711 to 0.763 for women. Compared with men, AUCs for diabetes and clustering of ≥2 risk factors in women were significantly higher (p<0.05). The AUCs for BF% in women (0.685-0.783) were similar with those in men (0.686-0.736) for CVD risk factors in Mongolian population. In Han adults, the optimal BF% cut-off values to detect CVD risk factors varied from 18.7% to 24.2% in men and 32.7% to 35.4% in women. In Mongolian population, the optimal cut-off values of BF% for men and women ranged from 21.0% to 24.6% and from 35.7% to 40.0%, respectively. Subjects with high BF% (≥24% in men, ≥34% in women) had higher risk of CVD risk factors in Han (age-adjusted ORs from 1.479 to 3.680, 2.660 to 4.016, respectively). In Mongolia, adults with high BF% (≥25% in men, ≥35% in women) had higher risk of CVD risk factors (age-adjusted ORs from 2.587 to 3.772, 2.061 to 4.882, respectively)., Conclusions: The optimal BF% cut-offs for obesity for the prediction of CVD risk factors in Chinese men and women were approximately 24% and 34% for Han adults and 25% and 35% for Mongolian population of Inner Mongolia, China, respectively., Competing Interests: Competing interestsNone declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

In this paper, population continuity and discontinuity in northern China are explored using craniometric analyses from two archaeological sites, Longxian (Warring States) and Qi Li Cun (Han Dynasty). Neither population has been previously studied. Artefactual evidence shows the individuals from Qi Li Cun were Xianbei, descendants from Mongolia. Longxian is from further south in the central plains at an earlier time, thus, we expect to observe variability between these groups. In total, 24 cranial measurements were obtained on 66 crania from these sites. Howells's cranial measurements on Anyang (42 crania) and Hainan (83 crania) Chinese samples were included for comparative purposes. Less variability is expected between Longxian and Howells's Chinese data due to geographic and temporal similarity. With closer geographic and temporal affinity with Anyang, the expectation is for Longxian and Anyang to be similar. Few statistical differences exist between Longxian and Qi Li Cun; this was supported by the similarity found through principal components analysis (PCA). Regardless of sex, canonical discriminant analysis shows clustering of Longxian and Qi Li Cun separate from those of Anyang and Hainan. Their similarity indicates the people from Longxian and Qi Li Cun likely share Mongolian ancestry. Our results, supported by other studies, suggest that despite temporal differences, Mongolians living in China during the Warring States and Han dynasty retained their cultural and genetic Mongolian identity. These data add valuable bioarchaeological information regarding the peopling of northern China during a crucial period of cultural and political change in the Early Bronze Age and Iron Age., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Aims: We aimed to assess the relationship between lipid accumulation product (LAP) and stroke incidence and whether increased LAP would further enlarge the risk of stroke in participants with hypertension in an Inner Mongolian population of China., Methods: Based on the baseline survey conducted in 2002-2003, a prospective cohort study was conducted among 2547 Mongolian people from Inner Mongolia, China. LAP was calculated by waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride (TG) concentration for men and women, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the associations between LAP, hypertension, and stroke incidence., Results: During the follow-up period, a total of 121 stroke events were observed. Participants with higher LAP were associated with higher risk of stroke [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-2.58] than the participants in the lower LAP group. However, no significant dose-response relationship was detected between LAP levels and risk of stroke (P-trend=0.103). The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that hypertensives with high LAP had highest cumulative stroke incidence rate (log-rank P ＜0.001). The multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of stroke for normotensives with high LAP, hypertensives with low LAP, and hypertensives with high LAP were 1.80 (0.84-3.89), 2.94 (1.51-5.74), and 4.23 (2.15-8.34), respectively, compared with normotensives with low LAP., Conclusions: The present study showed that high LAP was associated with an increased risk of future stroke, and hypertensives with high LAP had the highest risk of stroke among Inner Mongolians. These findings indicate that LAP and hypertension may be valuable to predict and prevent stroke incidence.

This study aimed to explore the association between ring finger protein 41 (RNF41) c.-206 T > A variant and susceptibility to congenital heart disease (CHD) in the Chinese Mongolian population. The association between RNF41 gene c.-206 T > A polymorphism and CHD was examined in two independent case-control studies consisting of 219 CHD patients and 208 healthy controls. Genotype was determined by direct sequencing of PCR products. We found that the genotype frequencies of RNF41 c.-206 T > A differ significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05). The TT and TA genotypes in the CHD group were 80.67 and 19.33%, respectively. On the other hand, the frequencies of TT and TA in the control group were 94.44 and 5.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the allelic frequencies of CHD patients (T, 90.34%; A, 9.66%) were significantly different as compared with those of non-CHD controls (T, 97.22%; A, 2.78%; χ2 = 4.031, P = 0.041). Our study demonstrates that the RNF41 c.-206 T > A polymorphism may be a risk factor for congenital heart disease in the Chinese Mongolian population.

In this study, polymorphisms of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related genes A and B (MICA and MICB) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B gene were investigated for 158 unrelated Chinese Mongolian subjects recruited from central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China, by polymerase chain reaction-sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT) and cloning. Collectively, 79 alleles, including 20 MICA, 12 MICB and 47 HLA-B alleles, were identified. MICA*008:01 (21.2%), MICB*005:02 (48.1%) and HLA-B*51:01 (7.91%) were the most common alleles. Significant global linkage disequilibrium (LD) was detected between HLA-B and MICA, HLA-B and MICB, and MICA and MICB loci (all P < 0.000001). The most frequent haplotypes were HLA-B*51:01-MICA*009:01 (7.28%), HLA-B*58:01-MICB*008 (6.96%), MICA*010-MICB*005:02 (13.92%) and HLA-B*58:01-MICA*002:01-MICB*008 (6.96%). HLA-B-MICA haplotypes such as HLA-B*50:01-MICA*009:02 were associated with single MICB allele. Some HLA-B-MICA haplotypes were associated with multiple MICB alleles, including HLA-B*51:01-MICA*009:01. One novel MICB allele, MICB*031, was identified, which has possibly arisen from MICB*002:01 through single mutation event. We also confirmed the existence of a recently recognized MICA allele, MICA*073, whose ethnic origin has not been previously described. Genotype distributions at MICA, MICB and HLA-B were consistent with a neutrality model. Our results provide new insight into MIC genetic polymorphisms in Chinese ethnic groups. Findings shown here are important from an anthropologic perspective and will inform future studies of the potential role of MIC genes in allogeneic organ transplantation and HLA-linked disease association in populations of related ancestry., (© 2016 The Foundation for the Scandinavian Journal of Immunology.)

Mongolian immigration into South Korea has increased rapidly over the last decade. It is important to better understand dietary patterns of immigrants because these patterns are associated with health risk. This study aimed to characterize dietary patterns of Mongolian immigrants in South Korea. Dietary intakes of 500 Mongolian adults living in South Korea were assessed using the interviewer-administered 24-h dietary recall method. By cluster analysis, three dietary patterns were identified: "Mongolian" (26%), "Transitional" (43%) and "Korean" (31%). The "Korean" pattern had a favorable food intake profile, with higher intakes of healthy foods, while the other patterns had features of an unhealthy diet. There were significant differences between the dietary patterns that were related to risk for chronic diseases. Overall, subjects following the "Korean" dietary pattern showed high adherence to World Health Organization recommendations for preventing diet-related chronic diseases, whereas the "Mongolian" and "Transitional" patterns showed low compliance. The results suggest the need for education programs targeting Mongolian immigrants who retain traditional dietary habits, to enhance their healthy food choices.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypertension and alcohol drinking on stroke incidence and whether alcohol drinking would increase the risk of stroke in hypertension participants among Inner Mongolians., Methods: A prospective cohort study from June 2003 to July 2012 was conducted among 2535 people aged 20 years and older from Inner Mongolia, China. We categorized the participants into four subgroups according to blood pressure and drinking status. The cumulative risks of stroke among the four subgroups were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier curves and compared by log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to evaluate the association between hypertension, alcohol drinking and stroke incidence., Results: A total of 120 stroke patients were observed during the follow-up period. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidential intervals) of stroke for nonhypertension/drinkers, hypertension/nondrinkers and hypertension/drinkers were 1.03 (0.48-2.22), 2.64 (1.45-4.81) and 2.89 (1.55-5.39), respectively, compared with nonhypertension/nondrinkers. The area under ROC curve (AUC) for a model containing hypertension and drinking status along with conventional factors (AUC = 0.684) was significantly (P = 0.005) larger than one containing only conventional factors (AUC = 0.660)., Conclusion: These findings suggest that hypertension is an independent risk factor of stroke in Inner Mongolians. Drinkers with hypertension seem to be more susceptible to stroke; larger-sample prospective cohort studies are still required to examine the cumulative effect of drinking and hypertension on stroke incidence.

Objective: This study aims to examine the association between inflammatory biomarkers and dyslipidemia and its components among Mongolians in China., Methods: Data were obtained from 2544 Mongolians via standard questionnaires and blood samples in Inner Mongolia, China. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) as well as blood lipids were examined., Results: Individuals with dyslipidemia had higher levels of hsCRP, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin than those without dyslipidemia (all P values<0.001). Compared to the lowest quartile of inflammatory biomarkers, individuals with the highest quartile were more likely to have dyslipidemia (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 3.215, 2.551-4.116 for hsCRP; 1.575, 1.253-1.980 for sICAM-1; 1.495, 1.193-1.873 for sE-selectin). Moreover, hsCRP was associated with all the components of dyslipidemia, whereas, sICAM-1 was not related to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) or triglycerides (TAG). Additionally, sE-selectin was just associated with TAG., Conclusion: Our study indicated that elevated plasma levels of hsCRP, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin were positively and significantly associated with increased risk of dyslipidemia among Mongolians. However, the associations were not identical for different inflammatory biomarkers with the components of dyslipidemia.

Modern genetic data combined with appropriate statistical methods have the potential to contribute substantially to our understanding of human history. We have developed an approach that exploits the genomic structure of admixed populations to date and characterize historical mixture events at fine scales. We used this to produce an atlas of worldwide human admixture history, constructed by using genetic data alone and encompassing over 100 events occurring over the past 4000 years. We identified events whose dates and participants suggest they describe genetic impacts of the Mongol empire, Arab slave trade, Bantu expansion, first millennium CE migrations in Eastern Europe, and European colonialism, as well as unrecorded events, revealing admixture to be an almost universal force shaping human populations.

Background: This study was conducted to examine the differences in the incidence of hypertension and associated risk factors between Mongolian and Han populations in northeast China., Methods: A population-based sample of 4753 Mongolian subjects and 20,247 Han subjects aged ≥ 35 years and free from hypertension at baseline were followed from 2004-2006 to 2010. Incident hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or current use of antihypertensive medication., Results: During mean 4.3 years follow-up, a total of 8779 individuals developed hypertension. The age-adjusted incidence of hypertension for Mongolian subjects was 12.64 per 100 person-years, for Han subjects was 9.77 per 100 person-years (P<0.05). The incidence of hypertension was positively correlated with age, physical activity, drinking, body mass index (BMI), family of hypertension and prehypertension in the Han population. In the Mongolian population, hypertension was positively correlated with age, physical activity, education level, drinking, BMI, prehypertension and family history of hypertension. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension for newly developed cases among both Han and Mongolian populations were low. (36.5% vs. 42.3%, 13.1% vs. 18.2%, 0.7% vs. 1.3%, P<0.05, respectively)., Conclusions: The incidence rate of hypertension is higher in the Mongolian populations than that in the Han populations, and hypertension in both ethnic populations was associated with similar risk factors. Our results suggest that most newly-diagnosed cases of hypertension are not adequately treated. Improvements in hypertension prevention and control programs in rural China are urgently needed.

Human cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11) plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure through the conversion of arachidonic acid into 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). We therefore investigated the association between a CYP4A11 polymorphism (rs9333025) with hypertension in the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups. We studied 514 Mongolians in a pastoral area, including 201 hypertension patients and 313 normotensive controls, and 524 Han individuals in an urban area, including 215 hypertension patients and 309 normotensive controls. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Genotype, allele, and dominant inheritance differed significantly between the Mongolian and Han populations (P = 0.006, P = 0.002, and P = 0.003, respectively). Significant differences were also observed in these factors when considering only males (P = 0.001, P = 0.003, and P = 0.001, respectively). For the Han population, recessive inheritance differed significantly between hypertension patients and controls and between male patients and controls (P = 0.005 and P = 0.049, respectively). The genotypic, allelic, and dominant frequencies differed significantly between hypertension patients in both populations (P = 0.019, P = 0.035, and P = 0.024, respectively). The genotypic frequency in Mongolian male patients was significantly different from that in Han male patients (P = 0.009). Higher body mass index, triglycerides, and lower high-density lipoprotein were associated with increased risk of developing hypertension in the Han population. The GG genotype was in higher frequency in the Mongolian population, indicating that it is a high risk factor for hypertension. Mongolian men were at higher risk of developing hypertension.

Objectives: This article discusses methods of examining subjective social status (SSS), which is based on the concept of social determinants of health described by Wilkinson and Marmot in 1998., Methods: SSS research was conducted with Cooperation from the Scientific and Technical Research (COST) program, with financial support from the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. This study is part of a project entitled the "Health and Social Status of Immigrants and Asylum Seekers in the Czech Republic" (registration number OC 10031), which was started in 2010 and concluded in May 2011. The study included 246 respondents of which: 69 (28.1%) had emigrated from Vietnam; 93 (37.8%) from the Ukraine; and 84 (34.1%) from Mongolia. In terms of qualitative strategies, 13 individual immigrants and asylum seekers were personally interviewed. This research was thus conceived as being both quantitative-qualitative, which included the use of the appropriate technical tools (i.e., questionnaires and interviews with select immigrants and asylum seekers). SSS was determined using the Pearson's chi-square test, as well as through correspondence and cluster analyzes. Sign schemes were used to detect select significant relationships in contingency tables. The minimum significance level chosen was α ≤ 0.05., Results: When examining the SSS of select nationalities, differences were observed in the perception of subjective social status. The correspondence analysis results clearly show that Ukrainians best perceived their social status (within the selected parameters). One measure of subjectively perceived social status related to Czech language proficiency (i.e., one criterion was the comprehension of spoken Czech; e.g., whether the respondent could read or speak Czech, or how they assessed their own Czech proficiency)., Conclusion: The SSS study clearly revealed typical links among select nationalities living in the Czech Republic, and highlighted risks related to the degree of integration (and its relationship to social exclusion). This study served as a pilot project for follow-up research conducted by the second COST project entitled: "Social Determinants of Health and their Impact on the Health of Immigrants Living in the Czech Republic" (registration number LD 13044 COST). The follow-up study included 1 000 respondents of Slovak, Vietnamese, Ukrainian, Russian and Polish nationality and is currently underway at the Faculty of Health and Social Studies at the University of South Bohemia in the Czech Republic. The methodological tools used were taken from the COST pilot project (which is the topic of this article) and were adjusted as needed (i.e., both objective and subjective criteria were used for examining social status).

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the root and canal morphology of the mandibular first molars in a Korean population of Mongolian origin by retrospective analysis of a large number of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images., Methods: A total of 976 subjects with bilateral mandibular first molars were examined by using in vivo CBCT methods. The number and configuration of roots, the number of root canals, and the canal configuration based on Vertucci's classification were determined., Results: Overall, 25.82% of examined molars had 3 roots, 73.51% had 2 roots, and 0.67% had 1 root. The incidence of fourth canal was 50.36%. A right-sided predominance was noted for extra distal roots (P < .001), whereas a left-sided predominance was observed for extra distal canals (P < .001). No significant sex-related differences were shown for their prevalence. The bilateral prevalence rate was 69.13% for extra distal roots and 78.08% for extra distolingual (DL) canals. In the mesial roots, type IV canal was the most frequent (76.86% for 2-rooted molars and 72.96% for 3-rooted molars). In the distal roots, type l was the most common (66.62% for 2-rooted molars and 99.40%-100% for 3-rooted molars). The incidence of 2 canals in distobuccal roots, first reported in this study, was 0.15%., Conclusions: Among mandibular first molars, there is a high prevalence of a separate DL root and/or a separate DL canal, and such molars commonly have 4 canals in the Korean population. CBCT is a useful tool for determining root and canal morphology., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Conclusion: In the northwest of China, the prevalence of mutations of the three prominent deafness-related genes, GJB2, SLC26A4, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 12S rRNA, among Tibetan, Tu nationality, and Mongolian subjects is high, at 19%, 28.57%, and 21.05%, respectively. Molecular genetic screening for these mutations and genetic counseling are effective methods to prevent the occurrence of hereditary hearing loss., Objective: To analyze the prevalence of the three common deafness genes GJB2, mtDNA, and SLC26A4 gene mutations in Tibetan, Tu nationality, and Mongolian patients with nonsyndromic hearing impairment in the Northwest region of China., Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from a total of 189 Tibetan, Tu nationality, and Mongolian probands from the northwest of China. PCR and direct sequencing were used to analyze the coding region of GJB2, mtDNA, and SLC26A4 genes., Results: The mutant allele rate of GJB2 gene was 6.2% in Tibetan and 11.22% in Tu nationality patients, c.235delC was the most prevalent mutation, accounting for 75% of the mutant GJB2 alleles. Mutant allele frequency of SLC26A4 in Tibetan, Tu nationality, and Mongolian subjects was 4.54%, 6.12%, and 15.79% respectively; p.IVS7-2A>G was the most common form. Mongolian cases were significantly higher than Tibetan cases (χ² = 7.281, p = 0.007 and p < 0.05). mtDNA A1555G mutation was detected in six Tibetan, five Tu nationality, and one Mongolian subject; one Tibetan patient carried the C1494T mutation.

This case report describes an interesting incidental finding on an orthopantomogram: bilateral radio-opaque objects in the mandibular rami region. The origin of the objects remains unidentified; however, the authors have tentatively identified these as being susuk by a process of exclusion of other possibilities.

Objective: The aim of our study is to elucidate the association between leptin and obesity in Mongolian women., Method: Total 181 women participated in the study including 118 Mongolians and 63 Han. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by weight (kg) divided by square height (m²). Percent body fat (%fat) was detected by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Fasting serum leptin was determined by ELISA., Result: The average BMI and %fat of Mongolian and Han women was 25.14 ± 4.48 kg/m², 24.30 ± 3.62 kg/m² and 36.10 ± 6.23%, 33.84 ± 5.98%, respectively. Fasting serum leptin level in obese women (BMI ≥ 25) was remarkably higher than in normal weight women (18.5 < BMI < 25) in Mongolian and Han ethnic groups (all P < 0.001). Fasting serum leptin level in Mongolian women had borderline significance compared with it in Han women (P = 0.049). Multiple linear regression models revealed that ethnicity, %fat and BMI were associated with serum leptin concentrations independent of age., Conclusion: In Mongolian and Han women, fasting serum leptin level was positively associated with BMI and %fat (all P < 0.001)., (© 2013 Asian Oceanian Association for the Study of Obesity . Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and to examine factors related to HBV screening and vaccination among various Asian and Latino populations in Alameda County, CA. A cross-sectional study was conducted on Asian and Latino residents who registered with an HBV screening program from June 2009-February 2011. All participants completed a sociodemographic survey and were offered free HBV blood testing for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (HBsAb). The 3-shot vaccination series was provided for free to unprotected participants. Among the 792 registered participants, 84.4% (n = 669) received a blood test. Of the 669 tested participants, 7.9% (n = 53) tested HBV positive (HBsAg+, HBsAb -), 46.2% (n = 309) were protected (HBsAg -, HBsAb +), and 45.9% (n = 307) were susceptible to HBV infection (HBsAg -, HBsAb -). Among those unprotected, 60% completed the vaccine series. Multivariate analysis showed that being Vietnamese (OR = 5.53, 95% CI 1.54, 19.85), living in the US >10 years (OR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.13, 3.97), and having at least a college education (OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.28, 5.07) were important predictors of vaccine completion. Given the various HBsAg + prevalence, screening, and vaccine completion rates among the different ethnic groups in this study, it is clear that different approaches in screening and vaccinating individual ethnic groups for hepatitis B are warranted.

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are expressed on natural killer cells and as such regulate their response against infection and malignancy. KIR genes are variable in gene content and type, which results in different KIR haplotypes, and can be used to discriminate individuals and populations from different regions or ethnic groups. In the present study, we represent the first report on the KIR gene frequency and content diversities of 14 KIR genes (KIR2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL3, 2DL4, 2DL5, 2DS1, 2DS2, 2DS3, 2DS4, 2DS5, 3DL1, 3DL2, 3DL3, 3DS1) and 2 pseudogenes (KIR3DP1 and 2DP1) in the Chinese Mongolian population. The 16 detected KIR genes were all observed. All the individuals were typed positive for the four framework genes KIR3DL3, 3DL2, 2DL4 and the pseudogene KIR3DP1, as well as for the pseudogene KIR2DP1. The observed carrier gene frequencies (OF) of the other KIR genes ranged from 16% at the KIR2DL2 locus to 93% at the KIR3DL1 locus. Over all, 48 different gene profiles were found in the study population and the most commonly observed KIR gene profile with a frequency of 14% consisted of KIR2DL4, 3DL2, 3DL3, 2DP1, 3DP1, 2DL1, 2DL3 and 3DL1 which belongs to the AA genotype. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the dendrogram illustrated the genetic distances between our study population and previously published populations from other ethnic groups or regions. The results of the present study show that the KIR gene family is highly polymorphic and can be a valuable tool for enriching the Chinese ethnical gene information resources, for anthropological studies, as well as for KIR gene related disease research., (Copyright © 2012 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Chinese Uygur, Kazakh, Mongolian and Han populations represent >90% of the total population of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and their genetic backgrounds, customs, culture, and food consumption are different. The effect of ethnic differences on cardiovascular disease risk factors (CRFs; hypertension, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking) can be striking but is rarely studied. We report here the findings of the relationship among these ethnic groups and their CRFs across the four largest ethnic groups of Xinjiang., Methods: A cross-sectional survey of representative samples was conducted 2002-2008 in Chinese Uygur, Kazakh, Mongolian and Han populations (age >30 years; 4,421 Kazakh, 3884 Han, 3,218 Uygur, and 892 Mongolian individuals) in Xinjiang., Results: A total of 90.4% of Kazakh, 91.9% of Uygur, 90.4% of Mongolian, 85.1% of Han individuals had at least one CRF. Clustering of ≥2 or ≥3 of these risk factors was noted in 65.2% or 32.1% of Kazakh, 64.8% or 33.0% of Uygur, 66.9% or 36.5% of Mongolian as well as 62.0% or 28.3% of Han subjects, respectively. Compared with the Han population, the adjusted odds ratios of ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 CRFs for Kazakh, Uygur and Mongolian populations were higher (all P<0.001). The age-standardized prevalence of the clustering of ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 CRFs in Kazakh, Uygur, Mongolian, and Han populations was lower than their counterparts in the NHANES Ш study (USA) but higher than in the InterASIA Study (China)., Conclusions: Ethnic groups living in Xinjiang had striking differences in CRFs. Ethnic-specific strategies should be developed to prevent cardiovascular disease in different ethnic groups.

Increasing evidence shows that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations in microRNAs (miRNAs) sequence may affect the processing and function of miRNAs and participate in the occurrence of diseases. Although many SNPs of miRNAs were found, their functions in the pathological process of nerve cells were only just emerging. In the present study, the effect of the SNP of one neuronal miRNA, miR-124, on miRNA biogenesis and human genetic disease was investigated using in vitro cell line model and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Mongolian population. Bioinformatics prediction showed that a common G/C polymorphism designated rs531564 was found in the pri-miR-124 and the G allele changed the formation of a ring-shaped structure in the predicted secondary structure of the pri-miRNA for miR-124-1. Northern blot and real-time PCR analysis showed that the amount of mature miR-124 from the C/G heterozygosity of rs531564 was increased compared with the CC or GG homozygosity of rs531564. The expression of mature miR-124 from GG homozygosity was also higher than that from CC homozygosity. But in an association study of AD patients and controls, neither genotype nor allele distribution difference was found in AD patients compared with controls. Collectively, the present study is the first to evaluate the relationship between miR-124 and AD in the Mongolian population. SNP rs531564 of miR-124 may not represent a risk factor in the development of AD among Mongolian population., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recent studies suggest that central obesity is an important predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in addition to overall obesity. Both inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are associated with increased risk of CVD. We examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with plasma concentrations of biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2589 lean, moderately active participants aged 20 years and older in Inner Mongolia, China. Overnight fasting blood samples were obtained to measure the biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and angiotensin II. Height, body weight, and WC were measured by trained staff and BMI was calculated (kg/m(2))., Results: In univariate analysis, CRP, sICAM-1, and sE-selectin were all significantly higher among individuals with a higher BMI and WC. In multivariate analysis, each standard deviation (SD) increase in WC (9.6 cm) was associated with about 46% higher risk (odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-1.76) of elevated CRP but a 1 SD increase in BMI (3.5 kg/m(2)) was not associated with the risk of elevated CRP (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.80-1.16). However, each SD increase in BMI was associated with about 30% higher risk of having elevated E-selectin (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08-1.55)., Conclusions: WC is a stronger predictor of inflammation while BMI is a stronger predictor for endothelial dysfunction. These results suggest measuring both BMI and WC will help to assess the risk of CVD in the Chinese population., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The present study aimed to explore gene-gene and gene-environment interactions among three candidate genes and several environmental risk factors, and their impacts on hypertension in Chinese Mongolian population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2003-2004 among 1,575 Mongolian people in Tongliao City of Inner Mongolia, China. Epidemiologic and clinical data and blood samples were obtained from subjects. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) and logistic regression were used to analyze gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. The MDR model indicated a significant interactions among the CYP11B2 gene C(-344)T polymorphism, body mass index, age, and alcohol consumption on the risk of hypertension, with a cross-validation consistency of 10 of 10 and a prediction error of 34% (P < 0.001). Logistic regression suggested alcohol consumption (≥200 g/d) was associated with an OR of 2.4 (95% CI, 1.6-3.5) for hypertension. When stratified by the CYP11B2 genotype, the estimated OR was 1.2 (95% CI, 0.5-3.0) on hypertension for the CC genotype group, but was 3.0 (95% CI, 1.5-5.7) and 2.9 (95% CI, 1.4-5.7) for the TC and TT genotype groups, respectively. A significant interaction between the CYP11B2 genotype and alcohol consumption was also found by the logistic models (P (crude) = 0.035, P (adjusted) = 0.048). This study demonstrates a significant interaction between the CYP11B2 genotype and alcohol consumption on the risk of hypertension in Chinese Mongolian population.

Modafinil is being used as a novel wake-promoting psychostimulant. To develop rational dosing schemes, given that China has 56 ethnicities that may have various response to modafinil, it is essential to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of modafinil in some selected ethnicities. One- and two-compartment models were used to fit the plasma concentration time data of 49 Chinese healthy volunteers, including the ethnicities of Han, Mongolian, Korean, Uygur, and Hui, using the nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach. The data were best described using a two-compartment model with linear elimination. The influences of ethnicity, sex, height, body weight, and body mass index on modafinil pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated. The estimated population parameters of modafinil were as follows: clearance of central compartment was 3.51 L/h and clearance of intercompartment was 7.41 L/h; the volume of the central compartment was 3.85 L and the volume of the peripheral compartment was 45.8 L. The interindividual variability in clearance of central compartment and clearance of intercompartment were 23.2% and 22.1%, and in volume of the central compartment and volume of the peripheral compartment were 90.9% and 16.6%, respectively. A population pharmacokinetic model was established and validated, which adequately described the population pharmacokinetics of modafinil in Chinese healthy volunteers. The results indicated that sex has a significant effect on the metabolism of modafinil, whereas ethnicity has a significant effect on the volume of the central compartment. A good fit was achieved from the population pharmacokinetic analysis that could assist in establishing appropriate modafinil dose regimens.

Background: Ethnic differences in the prevalence of obesity are known to exist. However, little is known about obesity in different ethnic rural Chinese. This study was designed to investigate the epidemiologic features of overweight and obesity in Han and Mongolian rural Chinese., Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during 2004-2006, which made use of a multistage cluster sampling method to select a representative sample in Fuxin county, Liaoning province, China. 36,154 Han people and 9236 Mongolian people aged > or =35 years were examined. At baseline, lifestyle and other factors were obtained. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization classification and Chinese criteria, respectively., Results: Using WHO criteria, 21.3% of the Han people and 26.1% of the Mongolians had overweight or obesity (P < 0.001). The corresponding figure was 33.4% of the Han people and 40.3% of the Mongolians by Chinese criteria (P < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in Mongolian people than Han people (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that female gender, high levels of education and current drinking status were the common risk factors for Han and Mongolian overweight or obese participants, while age > or =65 years and current smoking status were the common protective factors. Below the age of 65 years, a positive association was observed between age and overweight or obesity in Han people, but not in the Mongolian people. High levels of physical activity as a protective factor and diabetes as a risk factor were shown in Han but not in Mongolian people., Conclusions: There were ethnic differences in overweight and obesity between Han and Mongolian rural Chinese. These differences might be due to different factors between these two ethnicities such as age, physical activity and diabetes.

Aims: To determine the prevalence and identify associated risk factors for pterygium in an elderly Mongolian population at high altitude in Henan County, China., Methods: A population-based survey was conducted from June 2006 to September 2006. A stratified, clustered, random sampling procedure was used to select 2486 Mongolian people aged 40 years and older. Pterygium was diagnosed and graded clinically as grade 1 (transparent), 2 (intermediate), and 3 (opaque). Risk factors associated with pterygium were evaluated with logistic regression models., Results: From 2486 eligible subjects, 2112 (84.9%) were examined. There were 378 people with either unilateral (n=228) or bilateral (n=150) pterygia, equivalent to an overall prevalence of 17.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.3, 19.5). The prevalence increased with older age (chi (2)-test of trend P<0.001). Visual acuity decreased with higher group of pterygium (chi (2)=97.759, P<0.0001). Pterygium was independently associated with Schirmer's test (< or =5 mm) (odds ratio (OR) 2.4; 95% CI, 1.9, 3.1), tear breakup time (< or =10 s) (OR 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8, 2.9), lower education level (<3 years) (OR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4, 3.2), increasing age (OR 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4, 2.8) for persons 70-79, compared with 40-49, and other risk factors., Conclusions: The prevalence of pterygium in an older Mongolian population at high altitude is high, primarily because of ocular sun exposure and the other effects of the unique plateau climate, and representing an important health problem. People should be strongly encouraged to wear a wide-brimmed hat and/or sunglasses whenever they are outside.

Background: There is little knowledge on comparisons of cardiovascular risk factors between prehypertension and hypertension in Mongolian populations, Inner Mongolia, China., Methods and Results: A total of 2,589 Mongolians aged 20 years and over were recruited as study participants. Demographic data, lifestyle factors, family history of hypertension, blood pressure measurements, physical examination and blood samples were obtained and analyzed for all individuals. Prehypertensives and hypertensives accounted for 38.39% and 37.39%, respectively, in all participants. Multivariate logistic regression using proportional odds model showed that hypertension was significantly associated with age (odds ratio was 5.79, 8.84, 30.05 and 32.28 for age 40-, 50-, 60- and 70-, respectively), family history of hypertension (7.12), alcohol drinking (2.03), overweight (4.69) and hyperlipidemia (3.49), and prehypertension significantly associated with age (3.65 for age 70-84), hyperlipidemia (1.80) in males. In females, hypertension was significantly associated with age (8.58, 14.40, 33.00, 63.67 for age 40-, 50-, 60- and 70-, respectively), family history of hypertension (5.65), overweight (3.16) and high C-reactive protein (> or = 10.356 mg/L), and prehypertension significantly associated with age (1.72, 2.00, 2.74 and 6.67 for age 40-, 50-, 60- and 70-, respectively) and overweight (1.68)., Conclusions: Prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors and number of risk factors in hypertensives were higher than that in prehypertensives.

Background: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of prehypertension, hypertension, and associated risk factors between Mongolian and Han populations in Northeast China., Methods: The study was conducted in 2004-2006, and used a multistage cluster sampling method to select a representative sample. A total of 9236 Mongolian people and 36,154 Han people in the same area, age 35 years or older, were examined. The survey on blood pressure and associated risk factors was carried out., Results: Overall, the prevalence of prehypertension for Mongolian people was 43.6%, for Han people was 44.3%. The prevalence of hypertension in Mongolian was higher than in Han (42% vs 36.7%, p<0.05). The prevalence of hypertension was positively correlated with age, smoking, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), lipid disorder, diabetes, salt intake and family history of hypertension in Mongolian, whereas it was positively correlated with age, female, smoking, drinking, BMI, WC, lipid disorder, diabetes, salt intake and family history of hypertension in Han. The rates of awareness, treatment and control in Mongolian and Han were very low (29.7% vs 29.2%, 23.6% vs 23.5%, 0.7% vs 1.2%)., Conclusions: Hypertension and prehypertension were common in Mongolian and Han populations in Northeast China, and it were associated with many risk factors. The percentages of hypertensives who were aware, treated, and controlled were unacceptably low. These results place great emphasis on the urgent need for a public health program to improve the detection, prevention and treatment of hypertension in the rural area of Northeast of China.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlative risk factors of isolated untreated systolic hypertension and other hypertension subtypes among Mongolians and Han rural adults of China., Methods and Results: The study was conducted in 2004-2006 and used a multistage cluster sampling method to select a representative sample. A total of 41,356 people who did not take antihypertensive drugs during the last 2 weeks and aged 35 years or older were examined. A survey on blood pressure and associated risk factors was carried out. Overall, 10.2% of rural adults had isolated systolic hypertension, 6.3% had isolated diastolic hypertension and 15.3% had systolo-diastolic hypertension (Han: 9.8%, 6.2%, 14.7%; Mongolians: 11.6%, 6.4%, 17.6%, respectively). The prevalence of ISH and SDH increased with age. Mongolians had a higher prevalence of ISH and SDH than Han people. Age, gender, BMI, and salt intake were risk factors of ISH and SDH both for Han people and Mongolians., Conclusions: Hypertension was very common in rural people of China, and it was associated with many risk factors. These results place great emphasis on the urgent need for a public health programme to improve the detection, prevention and treatment of hypertension in the rural population of China.

Objective: To evaluate whether the clustering of risk factors, both environmental and genetic, increases the risk of essential hypertension (EH) and the accumulation of risk factors influences the blood pressure level in normotensives., Methods: On the basis of a prevalence survey, 501 subjects of Mongolian ethnicity (243 hypertensives and 258 normotensives) who were not related to each other were selected to conduct a case-control study. All subjects were interviewed with questionnaires and their blood specimens were collected. Renin gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, a new genetic marker, was genotyped with PCR and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis., Results: Overweight, alcohol consumption, and renin gene I/D polymorphism were significant risk factors of EH (P<0.05). The odds ratios (OR) for the number of risk factors were 2.39 (95%CI: 0.98-6.74) for one risk factor, 5.03 (95%CI: 2.06-14.18) for two, and 6.09 (95%CI: 1.85-22.38) for three respectively after adjusting for age and sex. In normotensives, age- and sex-adjusted mean blood pressures increased with more accumulation of risk factors. However, there were no significant differences among the different blood pressure levels according to the number of risk factors (P>0.05)., Conclusion: Overweight, alcohol consumption, and renin gene I/D polymorphism are risk factors of EH in the Mongolian ethnic population of China. The accumulation of the risk factors causes a sharp increase of the risk of EH.

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) plays an important role in metabolizing drugs and xenobiotics, and is a possible participant in the development of several human diseases. Recent studies have shown that genetic polymorphism of -163 C > A single nucleotide mutation of CYP1A2 increases the risk of myocardial infarction and modulates CYP1A2 activity. In this study, we investigated the frequency of the -163 C > A mutation in Ovambos (n = 177), Koreans (n = 250) and Mongolians (n = 153) and compared our results with other studies. Detection of this single nucleotide polymorphism was by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP). The frequencies of mutation (CYP1A2*-163A) in the Ovambos, Koreans and Mongolians were 0.46, 0.32 and 0.21, respectively. Ovambos showed a relatively higher frequency of mutation, similar to that of Tanzanians, while the Mongolians showed the lowest frequency of all study groups, including those from previous studies. This study is the first to investigate the distribution of the CYP1A2 (-163 C > A single nucleotide polymorphism) mutant allele in Ovambo, Korean and Mongolian populations.