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Carbohydrates (CHO) can be classified on the basis of their glycemic index (GI), and the use of this classification has been increasingly supported by science. Because of its impact on blood glucose and insulin responses following the ingestion of CHO foods, the GI has been studied in many fields of medicine, including sport nutrition. As a new tool in sport nutrition, glycemic index manipulation has been evaluated to improve the first and second phases of glycogen recovery, glycogen load, and exercise metabolism, including control of rebound hypoglycemia and, it is interesting to note, stimulation of lipid oxidation for longer availability of glucose sources during endurance exercise. Although attractive, the use of GI in sport nutrition has received only partial support from available experimental evidence. At the biochemical level, consistent evidence has been attained to suggest that GI manipulation can determine variations in adipocyte lipolysis, plasma free fatty acids levels, and lipid and CHO oxidation rates during exercise. However, when the effects of GI manipulation have been assessed at the functional level, the results have been inconsistent, with evidence of improved exercise performance in some studies, but not in many others. The purpose of the current article is to review the effects and limits of GI manipulation in sport nutrition, and to propose an overall strategy for its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Managing metabolism for optimal training, performance, and recovery in medium-to-high-level endurance runners involves enhancing energy systems through strategic nutrient intake. Optimal carbohydrate intake before, during, and after endurance running can enhance glycogen stores and maintain optimal blood glucose levels, influencing various physiological responses and adaptations, including transitory post-endurance inflammation. This randomized trial investigates the impact of a high-dose 2:1 maltodextrin-fructose supplementation to medium-to-high-level endurance runners immediately before, during, and after a 15 km run at 90% VO 2max intensity on post-exercise inflammatory stress., Methods: We evaluated inflammatory biomarkers and lipidomic profiles before the endurance tests and up to 24 h after. We focused on the effects of high-dose 2:1 maltodextrin-fructose supplementation on white blood cell count, neutrophil number, IL-6, cortisol, and CRP levels, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids, ω-3 index, and AA/EPA ratio., Results: This supplementation significantly reduced inflammatory markers and metabolic stress. Additionally, it may enhance the post-activity increase in blood ω-3 fatty acid levels and reduce the increase in ω-6 levels, resulting in a lower trend of AA/EPA ratio at 24 h in the treated arm., Conclusions: Adequate carbohydrate supplementation may acutely mitigate inflammation during a one-hour endurance activity of moderate-to-high intensity. These effects could be beneficial for athletes engaging in frequent, high-intensity activities.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine the association between biomarkers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as omega-3 (ω-3) index and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 ω-6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3) ratio (AA/EPA), and the prevalence of running-related injuries (RRI) in a cohort of recreational runners. We performed a retrospective, observational study of 275 non-elite runners (mean age: 41.20 ± 12.47 years) who were not supplemented with ω-3 fatty acids. The training characteristics and RRI were recorded over a period of 12 months through a self-reported questionnaire. Using whole blood samples collected by finger prick, PUFA were quantified by gas chromatography and ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio measured. A total of 191 RRI cases were reported, with an injury prevalence rate of 50.9% in the overall population. The injured runners ran a significantly greater weekly distance than uninjured subjects (53.54 ± 25.27 km/week; p  = 0.007). In a multivariate regression analysis, the lowest number of RRI was associated with higher values of ω-3 index ( β  = - 0.237; 95% CI - 0.308 to - 0.164; R 2  = 0.172; p  < 0.0001), while a higher AA/EPA ratio was correlated with higher number of RRI ( β  = 0.019; 95% CI 0.007-0.031; R 2  = 0.038; p  = 0.003). This study identifies ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio as potential parameters associated with the risk of RRI. Future research is needed to confirm these results and apply specific nutritional strategies to successfully modify these biochemical variables. Trial registration: ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN12847156..

Background: The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities that is accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease. Even if there is full agreement that lifestyle changes to induce weight loss are the first-line approach, the ideal diet for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome remains uncertain., Objective: The objective was to compare the effects of 2 diets on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome., Design: The study was carried out in 100 patients randomly assigned to either a diet relatively rich in carbohydrate [65% of energy as carbohydrate, 13% as protein, and 22% as fat (17% as unsaturated fat)] or a diet that was low in carbohydrate and high in protein and in monounsaturated fat [48% of energy as carbohydrate, 19% as protein, and 33% as fat (24% as unsaturated fat)]., Results: All 100 patients completed the 5-mo study. At the end of the study, all the components of the metabolic syndrome (except HDL, which did not change) decreased significantly in both groups. With the high-carbohydrate diet, a significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol concentrations was also observed. Although the extent of the resolution of the metabolic syndrome was not different between groups, the low-carbohydrate diet was associated with a greater decrease in the prevalence of hypertension (P < 0.05) and of hypertriacylglycerolemia (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Tailoring diet interventions to the specific presentation of the metabolic syndrome may be the best way of reducing the risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Background/aims: Thirty alcoholic patients and 24 teetotaler dyspeptic patients were considered and underwent baseline blood chemical evaluation and the Schilling test., Methodology: During gastroscopy, biopsy samples were taken to assay: routine histology, malonyldialdehyde, vitamin E and glutathione concentration and for testing vitamin B12-Intrinsic Factor binding. Examinations were repeated after 1-week supplementation with Bionormalizer., Results: Plasma malonyldialdehyde level and lipid hydroperoxides concentration as well as either malonyldialdehyde and xanthine oxidase concentration in the gastric mucosa in alcoholics were significantly higher than in controls and despite unchanged alcohol consumption, significantly decreased after Bionormalizer supplementation. Gastric mucosal glutathione was markedly depressed in alcoholics and partly recovered after Bionormalizer supplementation. Although the alcoholics showed a normal intrinsic factor secretion in the gastric juice, they exhibited a markedly depressed intrinsic factor-cobalamin binding on the "ex vivo" study. Moreover, nearly 23% of them had an abnormal Schilling test. Both these impairments reverted to normal after Bio-normalizer supplementation., Conclusions: It can be postulated that the antioxidative action played by Bionormalizer, possibly due to its availability substrates for glutathione synthesis as well as to its effects on local oxidative burst from neutrophil, is able to recover a normal cobalamin absorption.

Objective: After non-response to the initial course of therapy, retreatment with alpha-interferon is not effective. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the administration of N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin E could increase the response rate to retreatment with alpha-interferon., Design: Prospective, multicentre clinical trial., Setting: Twelve hospitals in Lombardy, Italy., Participants: 120 consecutive patients affected by biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C who had been non-responders to a previous course of alpha-interferon, administered at the dosage of 3-6 million units (MU) three times a week (tiw) for 6 months., Interventions: The patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups of treatment: group A, natural interferon-alphaN3, 6 or 9 MU tiw, when the body weight was < 60 kg or > or = 60 kg, respectively; group B, the same dosage of natural interferon-alphaN3 in association with oral administration of N-acetyl cysteine 1200 mg/day and vitamin E 600 mg/day. The period of treatment was 6 months in both groups., Results: Neither end-therapy biochemical response nor sustained biochemical response rates were improved by the combination treatment, and in no case was clearance of the virus from serum observed., Conclusions: In this randomized study carried out on 120 patients with chronic hepatitis C not responsive to alpha-interferon, oral supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin E did not improve the poor efficacy of retreatment with alpha-interferon alone.

Background and Aims: The intramuscular use of beta interferon has been tested in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, but it did not prove effective when the schedule was 3 million units three times a week for six months. Since the lack of effectiveness of this treatment might be due to the low bioavailability of beta interferon when administered intramuscularly, we tested a higher dosage of the drug: 6 million units three times a week for twelve months., Patients and Methods: Ninety-two patients were randomized to receive, intramuscularly, either 3 or 6 million units of natural human fibroblast beta interferon three times a week for 12 months., Results: The short-term biochemical response was significantly more frequent in the group of patients who received the higher dosage of beta interferon: 21% vs 4.5% (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, a sustained biochemical response was obtained in only one patient (2%), who received the higher dosage of beta interferon., Conclusions: Since the better short-term response rate was obtained with the higher dosage of beta interferon, a further increase in the dosage might improve the short-term and, possibly, the long-term response to treatment. However, due to the high cost of beta interferon, this high-dose schedule would probably not be cost-effective in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.

Objective: Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) provides effective treatment in some patients with chronic hepatitis C. Since this drug is costly and causes potentially severe side effects, there is a need for clarification of the optimal dose regimen and treatment duration and of the predictive factors of long-term response to this therapy., Design: Prospective, randomized study in patients with chronic hepatitis C., Setting: 'Crespi' Division of Medicine and Centre for Liver Diseases, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy., Patients and Methods: One hundred and forty-two patients with chronic hepatitis C were randomized to receive IFN-alpha at a dosage of 2-4 mega units/square metre of body surface area thrice weekly for 6-12 months. Eleven baseline variables that might predict sustained response to IFN-alpha were evaluated in this series. Sustained response was defined as normalization of transaminase levels observed by the fourth month of therapy and lasting for at least 6 months after treatment withdrawal., Results: According to univariate analysis, variables significantly associated with sustained response to treatment were: hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype, treatment duration, serum HCV-RNA level and duration of hepatitis. On multivariate analysis only two of these variables were found to be independently associated with sustained response to IFN-alpha: HCV genotype (P < 0.0001) and treatment duration (P = 0.0015). In the patients infected with genotype 1b, IFN-alpha was effective only when administered at the higher dosage and for the longer period., Conclusion: Viral genotype and treatment duration are independently related to sustained response to IFN-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The patients infected with HCV genotype 1b should receive IFN-alpha at the higher dosage and for the longer period.

Paired sera and liver biopsies from 105 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (34 HBeAg positive and 71 anti-HBe positive) were studied to investigate the relation between the degree of histological activity and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV-DNA) or IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc) levels. ALT levels were significantly higher in patients with piecemeal necrosis (155 +/- 124 vs 75 +/- 42, p = 0.0017), but there were no differences in the ALT values of patients with or without intralobular necrosis. ALT values were within normal range in 29% of 31 patients without versus 15% of 65 with piecemeal necrosis (p = 0.19). Serum HBV-DNA levels were not related to the grade of lobular or portal/periportal activity in HBeAg-positive patients. Anti-HBe-positive subjects with piecemeal necrosis had higher HBV-DNA levels (34 +/- 93 vs 4 +/- 6, p = 0.01). IgM anti-HBc indexes were significantly higher in patients with intralobular necrosis (0.635 +/- 0.600 vs 0.356 +/- 0.367, p = 0.0005) or piecemeal necrosis (0.671 +/- 0.633 vs 0.321 +/- 0.219, p = 0.0002). In summary, since serum IgM anti-HBc-IMx indexes can reflect the grade of histological activity, the quantitative assessment of this antibody could be useful for non-invasive monitoring of hepatocellular damage in chronic hepatitis B.

Efficacy and safety of therapy with lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha alone or combined with deflazacort has been investigated in 38 HBsAg-HBeAg+ patients with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis. Group I received 5 MU/m2 interferon thrice a week for 26 weeks; group II took interferon for 26 weeks simultaneously with a 6-week course of deflazacort. Follow-up was 18-72 months (median 42). After 12 months, responses were achieved in 3 (18%) out of 17 patients on interferon alone vs 5 (26%, p > 0.05) out of 19 on combined therapy. Blind histological assessment revealed no improvement in either group or in patients who responded to therapy within the first year of follow-up ("early responders"). "Delayed" responses were observed in 4 (29%) patients who took interferon alone vs 5 (36%, p > 0.05) who took the combined therapy. Serum HBV DNA levels decreased significantly during treatment and remained low up to 24 and 36 months of follow-up in both groups. One early responder developed hepatocellular carcinoma, another had exacerbation of liver disease in long-term follow-up. No non-responders developed liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. These results indicate that lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha inhibits HBV replication and corticosteroids have no synergistic effect in treatment of HBsAg-HBeAg+ chronic hepatitis.

Inflammatory pseudotumour is a rare pathologic lesion, of unknown aetiology, rarely involving the liver. Resection seems to be the treatment of choice and it is generally associated with a good prognosis. Histologically, these processes appear to be benign, nevertheless, aggressive courses or recurrences of inflammatory pseudotumour with tumor-like deaths have been reported. The cases of two patients are described who underwent hepatic lobectomy for a liver mass that was diagnosed as liver inflammatory pseudotumour at the initial histopathological assessment: albeit a malignant course followed and both the patients died cachectic. One patient, a 39-year-old man, had an unusually aggressive clinical course and recurrence of the disease with multiple hepatic masses and extension into the thorax six years later. In the other case, in a 28-year-old woman, the hepatic lesion was identified as a low-grade hepatic sarcoma only seven years after surgery.

Introduction: Alpha interferon (alpha IFN) treatment normalizes serum ALT levels in at least half of all patients affected by chronic hepatitis C, but a reactivation of the disease is frequently observed after the end of therapy. Different regimens of alpha IFN therapy have been proposed but the optimal schedule is still controversial. Recently at least 6 different types of HCV have been identified and the HCV genotype has been proposed as an important factor influencing the response to alpha IFN therapy., Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different regimens of alpha IFN in chronic hepatitis C, and to study the relationship between the response to treatment and HCV genotypes., Methods: 160 consecutive patients affected by biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C were randomly treated with different doses of lymphoblastoid alpha IFN [adjusted to the body surface area (m2)] and different durations of therapy, as follows: 2 MU/m2/t.i.w. for 6 or 12 months or 4 MU/m2/t.i.w. for 6 or 12 months. Biochemical and virological responses were studied: ALT levels were monitored monthly during and for at least 6 months after the end of treatment, and serum HCV RNA was assessed before and at the end of therapy, using nested RT-PCR. Biochemical responses were defined in advance as follows: non-response as maintenance of abnormal ALT levels during treatment; complete response as the normalization of ALT by the 4th month and lasting until the end of treatment; sustained response as a complete response lasting for at least 6 months after the end of therapy. The clearance of serum HCV RNA at the end of therapy was considered a virological response. In pre-treatment sera stored at-80 degrees, HCV genotyping was performed according to the method of Okamoto. The Chi square test and multiple stepwise logistic regression were used for the statistical analysis., Results: A sustained biochemical response was significantly more frequent in patients treated for 12 than in patients treated for 6 months, independently of the dosage (45% vs 24% in patients treated with 2 MU/m2/tiw, and 55.5% vs 30% in those treated with 4 MU/m2/tiw). The distribution of HCV genotypes (according to the classification of Okamoto) was 9.8% type I, 45.5% type II, 37.1% type III and 7.6% type V. Both the biochemical and virological responses were significantly correlated to the HCV genotype, being significantly more frequent in patients infected with type III or V (71-60% biochemical and 48-50% virological response, respectively) than in patients with type I or II (15% biochemical and 18-21% virological response, respectively)., Conclusions: 12 months of alpha IFN treatment seemed to be significantly more efficacious than 6 months of therapy, and a significant relationship between the HCV genotype and the biochemical and virological response to alpha IFN was found.

A total of 84 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis were analyzed retrospectively to investigate prognostic factors. All patients received transarterial oily chemoembolization as the only anticancer therapy. The follow-up range was 1 to 39 mo (median, 9.5 mo). The overall actuarial survival rates at 12, 24 and 30 mo were 62%, 31% and 24%, respectively. According to univariate analysis, variables significantly associated with survival were age, Child-Pugh grade, total serum bilirubin, Okuda stage, tumor size, degree of labeling of the tumor with Lipiodol, gelatin foam use, changes with treatment in tumor size and changes with treatment in alpha-fetoprotein concentration. Two multivariate analyses were performed. When pretreatment and treatment variables were considered, parameters with independent prognostic value were age, Child-Pugh grade, total serum bilirubin, tumor size and degree of Lipiodol labeling of the tumor. When follow-up variables were also considered, we (a) confirmed the prognostic significance of all these parameters (age, Child-Pugh grade, total serum bilirubin, tumor size) and (b) found the independent prognostic value of the change in tumor size (or change in alpha-fetoprotein concentration). Both models yielded different risk coefficients for each class of each variable. Two simple prognostic indexes, based on these coefficients, are proposed: an "initial" index (including pretreatment and treatment variables) and a "follow-up" index (also including follow-up variables). According to the two indexes, the patients were classified into three groups with different prognoses: good (93% and 100% actuarial survival at 1 yr for the initial and follow-up indexes, respectively), intermediate (65% and 53%, respectively) and poor (27% for both indexes).