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Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional problems in the world, especially in developing countries. Infants aged between 4 and 24 months are among the population groups that are most affected by iron deficiency (ID). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ID and IDA in infants aged 12-15 months, living in Ahwaz, southwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-six infants participated in the study. The mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin and hematocrit levels were measured. Anemia was defined when Hb < 11g/dL and ID when ferritin < 12µg/mL. Results: The prevalence of ID and IDA was 31.7 and 26.2%, respectively. The tendency to have IDA in infants fed with cow′s milk and infants who did not receive ferrous sulfate was higher than in the other subjects. Conclusion: ID and IDA are common among infants aged 12-15 months living in Ahwaz, Iran. Maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding up to the 4-6th month of life and iron supplementation for the target group is needed.

Peri-implantitis (PI) is an inflammatory disease that affects supportive tissues around dental implants, and its progression eventually leads to bone loss and implant failure. However, PI effects may be different based on the presence or absence of adjacent teeth., Objective: To investigate the differences in bone loss and inflammation between implants placed adjacent to a tooth or edentulous area in a ligature-induced PI model., Materials and Methods: Three-week-old C57BL/6J male mice underwent maxillary first (AT; n=12) or first and second (AE; n=8) left molar extractions. In both groups, implants were placed in the first molar region eight weeks after tooth extraction. Each group was further divided into control (C) or ligature (PI) four weeks after osseointegration. The mice were euthanized 12-14 days after ligature placement. The samples were analyzed using micro-computed tomography and histology. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test (p<0.05)., Results: Radiographic linear analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in bone levels between the C and PI groups. Linear bone loss was significantly greater in the PI group than in the C group. Volumetric analysis yielded similar results. Histologically, hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed no notable differences between the C and PI groups. The PI group showed increased levels of inflammatory infiltrates and bone resorption. Qualitative assessment of collagen through picrosirius red staining demonstrated increased collagen disorganization in the PI group compared with that in the C group. No notable differences were observed between the AT and AE groups., Conclusion: The presence or absence of an adjacent tooth does not influence PI-induced soft and hard tissue alterations., Competing Interests: All authors state that they have no conflicts of interest.

Aim: To investigate the influence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in a murine model of peri-implantitis (PI)., Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven 4-week-old C57BL/6J male mice had their first and second maxillary left molars extracted. Eight weeks later, one machined implant was placed in each mouse. Four weeks after osseointegration, the mice were divided into three groups: (a) control (C), (b) PI and (c) DM + PI. DM was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) administration. After DM induction, PI was induced using ligatures for 2 weeks. The hemimaxillae were collected for micro-CT and histological analyses. The primary outcomes consisted of linear (mm) and volumetric (mm 3 ) bone loss. Secondary outcomes were based on histological analysis and included inflammatory infiltrate, osteoclastic activity, matrix organization, composition and remodelling. Data are presented as means ± SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test., Results: Gingival tissue oedema was detected in the PI and DM + PI groups. Micro-CT showed significantly increased linear and volumetric bone loss in the DM + PI group compared to the C and PI groups. H&E staining showed greater inflammatory response and bone resorption in the PI and DM + PI groups than in the C group. The DM + PI group had significantly higher osteoclast numbers than the C and PI groups. Picrosirius red stained less for types I and III collagen in the PI and DM + PI groups than in the C group. There was a significant increase in monocyte/macrophage (CD-11b) counts and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-8) marker levels and a significant decrease in the matrix metalloproteinases inhibition marker (TIMP-2) levels in the DM + PI group compared to the C and PI groups., Conclusions: DM exacerbates PI-induced soft-tissue inflammation, matrix degradation and bone loss., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Dental implants are increasing in prevalence as desirable options for replacing missing teeth. Unfortunately, implants come with complications, and animal models are crucial to studying the pathophysiology of complications. Current murine model experiments can be lengthy, with 8 weeks of extraction socket healing before implant placement. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of decreasing extraction healing time from 8 to 4 weeks in a dental implant mouse model. Thirty-one 3-week-old C57BL/6J male mice underwent maxillary first and second molar extractions followed by 8 (control) or 4 (test) weeks of extraction socket healing before implant placement. Mice were euthanized after 4 weeks of implant osseointegration. Samples were analyzed via microcomputerized tomography and histology. When mice received implants 4 weeks after extractions, there was no statistical difference in initial bone crest remodeling or surrounding bone volume compared to those after 8 weeks of healing. Histologically, the hard and soft tissues surrounding both groups of implants displayed similar alveolar bone levels, inflammatory infiltrate, osteoclast count, and collagen organization. A 4-week extraction healing period can be utilized without concern for osseointegration in a murine implant model and is a viable experimental alternative to the previous eight weeks of healing. While small animal implant models are less directly applicable to humans, advancements in experimental methods will ultimately benefit patients receiving dental implants through improved prevention and treatment of complications. Subsequent research could investigate occlusal effects or whether healing time affects prognosis after induction of peri-implantitis.

Dental implants have a high success and survival rate. However, complications such as peri-implantitis (PI) are highly challenging to treat. PI is characterized by inflammation in the tissues around dental implants with progressive loss of supporting bone. To optimize dental implants' longevity in terms of health and functionality, it is crucial to understand the peri-implantitis pathophysiology. In this regard, using mouse models in research has proven clear benefits in recreating clinical circumstances. This study aimed to describe an experimental model of ligature-induced peri-implantitis in mice and determine whether there is effectiveness in inducing this disease, given the observed bone and tissue changes. The experimental peri-implantitis induction comprehends the following steps: teeth extraction, implant placement, and ligature-inducted PI. A sample of eighteen 3-week-old C57BL/6J male mice was divided into two groups, ligature (N=9) and control non-ligature (N=9). The evaluation of clinical, radiographical, and histological factors was performed. The ligature group showed significantly higher bone loss, increased soft tissue edema, and apical epithelial migration than the non-ligature group. It was concluded that this pre-clinical model can successfully induce peri-implantitis in mice.

Objectives: This experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of locally delivered nanoparticles (AMG-487 NP) containing a CXCR3 antagonist in inhibiting the progression of LPS-induced inflammation, osteoclastic activity, and bone resorption on a murine model., Materials and Methods: Thirty, 7-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice were used. Inflammatory bone loss was induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide (P.g.-LPS) injections between the first and second maxillary molars, bilaterally, twice a week for 6 weeks (n = 20). AMG-487 NP were incorporated into a liposome carrier and locally delivered on sites where P.g.-LPS was injected. Control mice (n = 10) were injected with vehicle only. Experimental groups included (1) control, (2) LPS, and (3) LPS + NP. At the end of 1 and 6 weeks, mice were euthanized, maxillae harvested, fixed, and stored for further analysis., Results: Volumetric bone loss analysis revealed, at 1 week, an increase in bone loss in the LPS group (47.9%) compared to control (27.4%) and LPS + NP (27.8%) groups. H&E staining demonstrated reduced inflammatory infiltrate in the LPS + NP group compared to LPS group. At 6 weeks, volumetric bone loss increased in all groups; however, treatment with the CXCR3 antagonist (LPS + NP) significantly reduced bone loss compared to the LPS group. CXCR3 antagonist treatment significantly reduced osteoclast numbers when compared to LPS group at 1 and 6 weeks., Conclusions: This study showed that local delivery of a CXCR antagonist, via nanoparticles, in a bone resorption model, induced by LPS injection, was effective in reducing inflammation, osteoclast numbers, and bone loss., Clinical Relevance: CXCR3 blockade can be regarded as a novel target for therapeutic intervention of bone loss. It can be a safe and convenient method for periodontitis treatment or prevention applicable in clinical practice., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: To perform a comprehensive and integrative review of the available literature on the potential changes in the microbiome of healthy and individuals with diabetes under periodontal health and disease., Materials and Methods: The review was conducted by two independent reviewers. Indexed electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched, including articles published in English and dated from 5 years ago until December 2021. A manual search also was performed to identify co-related articles. Following the removal of duplicates and eligibility criteria, the articles were included in tables for analysis and described in the manuscript., Results: According to this review, diabetes mellitus was associated with significant changes in the subgingival and salivary microbiome, either in its association with periodontitis or in cases of periodontal health. In addition to affecting microbial diversity in terms of taxonomy, metagenomic studies have shown that this endocrine disorder may also be directly related to increased pathogenicity in the oral microbiome., Conclusion: Although the reviewed studies demonstrate important differences in the subgingival and salivary microbiome composition because of diabetes mellitus, further studies are needed to clarify the real effects of hyperglycemia on oral microbial profiles and support new diagnostic approaches and innovative treatments., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Silva, Casarin, Monajemzadeh, Bezerra, Lux and Pirih.)

Periodontitis has been associated with many systemic diseases and conditions, including metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur concomitantly and together they increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and double the risk of type 2 diabetes. In this review, we focus on the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis; however, we also include information on diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, since these two conditions are significantly intertwined with metabolic syndrome. With regard to periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, to date, the vast majority of studies point to an association between these two conditions and also demonstrate that periodontitis can contribute to the development of, or can worsen, metabolic syndrome. Evaluating the effect of metabolic syndrome on the salivary microbiome, data presented herein support the hypothesis that the salivary bacterial profile is altered in metabolic syndrome patients compared with healthy patients. Considering periodontitis and these three conditions, the vast majority of human and animal studies point to an association between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that metabolic syndrome and diabetes can alter the oral microbiome. However, more studies are needed to fully understand the influence these conditions have on each other., (© 2021 The Authors. Periodontology 2000 published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)