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Background: One of the complications of diabetes mellitus is the glycosylation of various proteins in the body. The purpose of this study was to explore the glycosylation reaction of albumin (Alb) and hemoglobin (Hb) in the presence of varying concentrations of the hydroalcoholic extract derived from dried walnut leaves. Materials and Methods: The plants were gathered and then underwent extraction by employing the maceration technique. Next, 1 mL of the Alb solution, with a concentration of 50 mg/mL, and 1 mL of the Hb solution, with a concentration of 50 mg/mL, were separately exposed to various concentrations of the walnut leaf hydroalcoholic extract (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 0 mg/ mL). Additionally, 1 mL of the glucose solution (30 mg/mL for Alb and 20 mg/mL for Hb) was added to each, along with 0.5 mL of phosphate buffer (pH=7.4, concentration of 0.01 M). This mixture was left for 72 hours, and the absorbance of the final solution was measured at 443 nm. Results: According to the results, the most significant inhibition of Alb glycosylation was observed in the presence of the hydroalcoholic extract from walnut leaves at a concentration of 25% µg/ mL. Moreover, the highest percentage of inhibition of glycosylated Hb was found in the presence of 5% µg/mL of the hydroalcoholic extract from dried walnut leaves. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract from dried walnut leaves was observed to moderately reduce the glycosylation of both Alb and Hb.

Abstract Background Clinical reasoning plays a major role in the ability of doctors to make a diagnosis and reach treatment decisions. This paper describes the use of four clinical reasoning tests in the second National Medical Science Olympiad in Iran: key features (KF), script concordance (SCT), clinical reasoning problems (CRP) and comprehensive integrative puzzles (CIP). The purpose of the study was to design a multi instrument for multiple roles approach in clinical reasoning field based on the theoretical framework, KF was used to measure data gathering, CRP was used to measure hypothesis formation, SCT and CIP were used to measure hypothesis evaluation and investigating the combined use of these tests in the Olympiad. A bank of clinical reasoning test items was developed for emergency medicine by a scientific expert committee representing all the medical schools in the country. These items were pretested by a reference group and the results were analyzed to select items that could be omitted. Then 135 top-ranked medical students from 45 medical universities in Iran participated in the clinical domain of the Olympiad. The reliability of each test was calculated by Cronbach's alpha. Item difficulty and the correlation between each item and the total score were measured. The correlation between the students' final grade and each of the clinical reasoning tests was calculated, as was the correlation between final grades and another measure of knowledge, i.e., the students' grade point average. Results The combined reliability for all four clinical reasoning tests was 0.91. Of the four clinical reasoning tests we compared, reliability was highest for CIP (0.91). The reliability was 0.83 for KF, 0.78 for SCT and 0.71 for CRP. Most of the tests had an acceptable item difficulty level between 0.2 and 0.8. The correlation between the score for each item and the total test score for each of the four tests was positive. The correlations between scores for each test and total score were highest for KF and CIP. The correlation between scores for each test and grade point average was low to intermediate for all four of the tests. Conclusion The combination of these four clinical reasoning tests is a reliable evaluation tool that can be implemented to assess clinical reasoning skills in talented undergraduate medical students, however these data may not generalizable to whole medical students population. The CIP and KF tests showed the greatest potential to measure clinical reasoning skills. Grade point averages did not necessarily predict performance in the clinical domain of the national competitive examination for medical school students.

Abstract Background The impact of L-arginine on atherogenesis and its ability to prevent endothelial dysfunction have been studied extensively during the past years. L-arginine is a substance for nitric oxide synthesis which involves in apoptosis. Hypercholesterolemia promotes endothelial dysfunction, and it is hypothesized that L-arginine prevents endothelial dysfunction through endothelial cells apoptosis inhibition. To test this hypothesis, thirty rabbits were assigned into two groups. The control group received 1% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks, and the L-arginine group received same diets plus 3% L-arginine in drinking water. Results No significant differences were observed in cholesterol level between two groups, but the nitrite concentration in L-arginine group was significantly higher than other group (control group: 11.8 ± 1; L-arginine group: 14.7 ± 0.5 μmol/l); (p < 0.05). The aorta score of fatty streak in control group was 0.875 ± 0.35, but no fatty streak lesion was detected in L-arginine group (p < 0.05). The number of intimal apoptotic cells/500 cells of aorta in two groups of experiment were statistically different (control group: 39.3 ± 7.6; L-arginine group: 21.5 ± 5.3) (p < 0.05). Conclusion The inhibition of endothelial cells apoptosis by L-arginine restores endothelial function in a model of hypercholesterolemia.

Zhumeria majdae Rech. F. & Wendelbo. traditionally has been used in several remedies, as a carminative agent especially for children, as an antiseptic agent, and it is used in treating diarrhea, stomach irritations, headaches, colds, convulsions, spasms, dysmenorrhea, and healing wounds. According to clinical studies, it is highly effective for reducing inflammation and pain, treating bacterial and fungal infections, morphine tolerance, morphine dependence, withdrawal syndrome symptoms, convulsions, and diabetes. The goal of this review is to find therapeutic opportunities by analyzing the traditional uses and pharmacological effects of the chemical constituents of Z. majdae.The information on Z. majdae in this review was gathered from scientific databases or search engines (PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, SID, Google Scholar, and Microsoft Academic). The literature cited in this review dates from 1992 to 2021. Several bioactive components including linalool, camphor, manool, and bioactive diterpenoids are presen in different parts of Z. majdae. Various properties were observed such as antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, larvicidal, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Also, the effect of Z. majdae on morphine tolerance, morphine dependence, and withdrawal syndrome as well as its toxicology has been established. Although there are in vitro and animal studies on several pharmacological effects of Z. majdae, the lack of clinical studies is significant. Therefore, further clinical trials should be performed to confirm the in vitro and animal findings.

Mutations in PPARγ lead to lipodystrophy, but the mechanisms by which the mutations affect the activity in chromatin is unknown. Here, Madsen, Broekema et al. showed that mutations affecting two intermolecular interactions compromise chromatin remodeling.

Background and aims: Highly active oxygen causes DNA or protein damage. This study aimed to determine the effect of the extract of three medicinal plants, royal jelly, and metformin on the survival of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells under oxidative stress induced by H2 O2 . Methods: Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from Nigella sativa, Carum carvi seeds, and Taraxacum officinale flower. The growth curve of HDF cells was plotted in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM). The cells were exposed to H2 O2 stress and treated with different concentrations of the extracts, royal jelly, and metformin. The cells viability was then calorimetrically analyzed during different times in 69-well plates. Results: The exponential growth phase of HDF cells was observed during 24–72-hour growth. High cell survivals were seen during 72 hours of exposure to 25 mg/mL royal jelly (99.13±3.22%), 15 mg/mL C. carvi extracts and N. sativa (97.87±3.25% and 96.22±5.47%, respectively), 10 mg/mL royal jelly (96.14±4.72%), 16 mg/mL metformin (91.23±5.34%), and 8 mg/mL T. officinale (86.31±7.44%), respectively. These results were significantly higher than the results of 48 and 24 hours of exposure to 15 mg/mL N. sativa (P=0.013), 15 mg/mL C. carvi (P=0.019), and 16 mg/mL metformin (P=0.027). Moreover, royal jelly (25 mg/mL) significantly indicated greater effect on the cell survival compared with the highest concentrations of the extracts and metformin at different exposure times (P=0.016-0.032). Conclusion: Royal jelly, N. sativa, and T. officinale extracts revealed remarkable effects on the stressed HDF cells; therefore, they can be proposed for treatment of wounds and burns after clinical analysis.

Background and Objective: Clinical reasoning is one of the important categories in medicine and teaching it in different ways can accelerate the student's ability to approach expert professional thinking. In addition, complementary trainings, along with clinical training, can promote clinical training in pandemics and situations where contact with the patient is reduced for some reason. Methods: This is an semi-experimental, case observation study in which the case group was trained in clinical reasoning by scenario writing method, and after the test, 2 groups were compared with KF and DTI tests. The two were identical based on their basic science test scores before the study. Findings: In this study, 60 people in two groups of case and control (30 people in each group) were compared with DTI and KF tests. The average DTI score in the case group was 151.4±15.3 and the average score in the control group was 151.8±17.2, the scores in both the case and control groups were not significant (P-value=0.922). The KF scores were 36.3±4.5 in the control group and 30.2±8.2 in the case group, and the scores in the case group were significantly higher than the control group (P-value=0.001) Conclusion: The results of the study showed that short-term scenario writing training can be effective in improving the KF score and clinical reasoning, but increasing the DTI score requires more training time.

Background and Objective: Many studies have been done on the effects of ginseng and green tea on inflammatory factors and liver enzymes, but no research has yet studied the comparative effects of ginseng and green tea extracts with Pomeol Breuler on C-reactive protein (CRP) and liver enzymes in hyperlipidemic rats. This study was done to evaluate the effects of ginseng and green tea extracts in comparison with Pomeol Bruler on CRP and liver enzymes in hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 7 groups. Animals in group 1 (control group) received a normal diet. The experimental groups 2-7 received a high-fat diet for a month. The groups were treated with the extract for 8 weeks and by intraperitoneal injection. Groups 1 and 2 received 77.5 mg/kg/day and 155 mg/kg/day green tea extract, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 received 103.3 mg/kg/day and 206.6 mg/kg/day ginseng extract, respectively. Group 5 received 0.16 g/kg/day of Pomeol Bruler, and group 6 received green tea extract (155 mg/kg/day) and ginseng extract (206.6 mg/kg/day). At the end of the treatment, the level of CRP and liver enzymes including aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were measured. Results: The level of CRP was significantly reduced in the rats treated with ginseng, green tea, and Pomeol Bruler compared with the control group (P

Novel earthquake‐resistant materials are of interest to the academic community because they have the potential to reduce seismic residual displacements and, by extension, maintenance costs. Smart materials and technologies have enhanced the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, but the effect of these advancements on issues that arise after earthquakes in RC‐coupled walls has not yet been investigated. This research scrutinizes the seismic performance of RC‐linked walls reinforced with NiTi, FeNCATB, and CuAlMn superelastic shape memory rebar in the boundary regions. As a part of the case study, three RC‐linked wall systems with four, eight, and twelve stories were adopted. The highest critical values for the inter‐story drift ratio (IDR) and the residual inter‐story drift ratio (RIDR) were obtained through the OpenSees program. According to the results, RIDR markedly reduces whenever concerns about the quake's aftermath are highlighted. In accordance with findings, among the whole adopted shape memory alloy (SMA) types in this research, the RC‐coupled wall based on Cu demonstrates superior results concerning RIDR and performs adequately regarding the restoring effect. As a result, seismically involved areas exposed to significant ground motions are typically recommended to use Cu‐based SMA material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the emergence of interest in the philosophy of medicine in Iran, driven by educational initiatives like the Philosophy of Medicine Branch in the National Iranian Medical Students Olympiad. Academic institutions and the Philosophy of Medicine Circle have played a significant role in promoting this field through courses, research programs, and events. The article also highlights the successful organization of a summer school on medical philosophy, which attracted a diverse group of participants and emphasized original research in the field. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, the treatability of hospital wastewater was investigated using a contact stabilization process on a laboratory scale. A detention time of one hour was selected for sludge settling and separation of treated effluent, and removal efficiency was measured at contact times of 30, 60, and 90 min, and stabilization times of 4.5 and 5.5 h. Based on the different detention times, 6 series of experiments were designed. Results showed that after an initial rapid COD removal in the first 30 min, COD values fluctuate in the time range of 30–90 min. However, in the case where COD values reduce in the second stage, this recovery is negligible; thus, the time of 30 min is considered as the optimal detention time for the contact reactor. Sludge volume index (SVI) values of 119.20 and 109.17 mL/g were obtained for stabilization times of 4.5 and 5.5 h, respectively. Therefore, the longer the stabilization time, the closer the SVI is to 100 mL/g. Moreover, lower settled sludge volume (SSV) value at 5.5 h of stabilization shows better characteristics compared to 4.5 h of stabilization. Furthermore, COD removal efficiency at the optimum contact time is higher when 5.5 h is selected for stabilization. HIGHLIGHTS A contact stabilization process was used for hospital wastewater treatment.; Rapid decrease in COD was noticed in the early minutes of the contact reactor.; Colloidal organic matter is physically adsorbed by microorganisms.; Solubilized substrates from the colloidal organic matter breakdown are released.; Residence time of 30 min is the best detention time for the contact reactor.;

Defining the immunological landscape of human tissue is an important area of research, but challenges include the impact of tissue disaggregation on cell phenotypes and the low abundance of immune cells in many tissues. Here, we describe methods to troubleshoot and standardize Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) for studies involving enzymatic digestion of human tissue. We tested epitope susceptibility of 92 antibodies commonly used to differentiate immune lineages and cell states on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells following treatment with an enzymatic digestion cocktail used to isolate islets. We observed CD4, CD8a, CD25, CD27, CD120b, CCR4, CCR6, and PD1 display significant sensitivity to enzymatic treatment, effects that often could not be overcome with alternate antibodies. Comparison of flow cytometry-based CITE-seq antibody titrations and sequencing data supports that for the majority of antibodies, flow cytometry accurately predicts optimal antibody concentrations for CITE-seq. Comparison by CITE-seq of immune cells in enzymatically digested islet tissue and donor-matched spleen not treated with enzymes revealed little digestion-induced epitope cleavage, suggesting increased sensitivity of CITE-seq and/or that the islet structure may protect resident immune cells from enzymes. Within islets, CITE-seq identified immune cells difficult to identify by transcriptional signatures alone, such as distinct tissue-resident T cell subsets, mast cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Collectively this study identifies strategies for the rational design and testing of CITE-seq antibodies for single-cell studies of immune cells within islets and other tissues.

Introduction: Erb-Duchenne paralysis is the most common form of neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Cesarean section is one of the protective factors in Erb paralysis. Materials and Methods: The data were related to mothers who gave birth by both natural and cesarean section during the study period in Al-Zahra Hospital in Rasht, as well as their infants. The number of cases of Erb paralysis during one-month periods was identified and for the mentioned period, the interrupted time series analysis or ITSA method was calculated and its changes were measured. Other variables including maternal age at delivery, weight of newborns at birth and total number of deliveries by delivery method were extracted and recorded from the maternity and neonatal registry. Results: In this study, 7 cases of neonatal paralysis were recorded, which indicates an incidence of 0.17 cases per 1000 births, of which 6 cases were registered after the implementation of the Health Transformation Plan. Considering the confounding variables, the number of cases of Erb paralysis during the period after the implementation of the health system transformation plan has an upward trend compared to before its implementation, which according to P = 0.079, this difference with a 90% confidence interval is significant. have been. Also, deliveries performed by cesarean section have increased from 60.1% before the transformation plan to 64.1% after the transformation plan. Conclusion: This study showed that the incidence of Erb paralysis in Al-Zahra Center is lower than other incidence in other studies in other countries. Also, due to its higher incidence in normal deliveries, in addition to reducing the rate of cesarean section to maintain the health of mother and baby, special attention should be paid to increasing the likelihood of some complications following a normal delivery.

COVID disease is an infectious disease caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS - CoV-2) and causes severe acute respiratory syndrome in patients. From arrival to proliferation in the deep part of the lung can be classified into three stages. Most people get only a mild form of the disease, but up to 20% of the virus may penetrate deep into the lungs and cause hypoxia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study provides an overview of the main treatment strategies that have been performed to date in randomized, clinical, and experimental controlled trials of COVID-19 in pubmed and Google Scholar databases. From 453 identified studies, after eliminating irrelevant and duplicate cases, 64 clinical trials were selected to extract the data. And we examined the drugs that were most effective. Due to the clinical trials of drugs with different pharmacological properties, none of them have a definite effect on the treatment of Covid 19 disease, and among them, only Ramdsavir and Barstenib are licensed for emergency use. Mulnipevirovir and Pexlovid have had good clinical trials but have not yet received final FDA approval.

After the middle of the twentieth century, symptoms gradually appeared which were collectively called the “crisis of medicine”. This crisis gave philosophy, which had been abstracted from medicine since the mid-nineteenth century, an opportunity to reflect. Medical philosophers attributed the crisis to the inflation of the scientific and technical aspects and, consequently, to the weakening of the human aspects of medicine. Therefore, reflection on the nature of medicine became one of the central issues of philosophy in medicine.In this article, I will first highlight the need to study the nature of medicine, explain the various concpetions of the nature of modern medicine - based on the dichotomy- science vs. art , and show their inadequacy and inappropriatness. Finally, I will provide a model to the nature of medicine beyond the realm of science / art. In this model, medicine is a scientific practice, based on judgment, dialogue, communication and social order. This model faces teleological, epistemological, scientific, political, and professional challenges that require serious and continuous reflection on the nature of medicine.

The quality of care crisis (QCC) is one of the most crucial crises the modern medicine is confronting, as the existential and psychological needs of patients have not been addressed and satisfied. Several attempts have been made to find solutions for QCC, e.g., the Marcum's recommendation to make physicians virtuous. Most of the existing formulations for the QCC have regarded technology as one of the causes of this crisis and not part of its solution.Although the authors agree with the role of technology in creating the crisis of care to some extent, in this article we try to present the crisis of care so that medical technology is an important part of its solution. For this purpose, we analyzed QCC from the philosophical perspectives of Husserl and Borgmann and put forward a novel proposal to take account of technology in QCC. In the first step, it is discussed that the role of technology in causing the crisis of care is due to the gap between the techno-scientific world and the life-world of the patients. This formulation shows that the crisis-causing role of technology is not inherent. In the second step, it is tried to find a way to integrate technology into the solution to the crisis. In the proposed reframing, designing and applying technologies based on focal things and practices make it possible to develop technologies that are caring and are able to mitigate QCC.

An obvious feature of the development of the philosophy of science during the past decades is an increasing specialization and fragmentation that have led to reduced impact of philosophy of science outside the sphere of its own discipline. It seems that philosophy of science and scientific research are moving away from each other. The major question of this article is how can reconnect these two?To answer this question I will try to highlight some events especially in the fields of social sciences that researchers are involved in discussions, generally related to philosophy of science, not in an abstract and isolated way, but in a way that is completely intertwined in their research practices. Unfortunately, this phenomenon has not been properly considered by philosophers of science and has remained more as a subject in the field of social sciences, specifically research methodology. It seems that if philosophy of science enters into dialogue with social sciences, we can expect the revival of the philosophy of general science. In this article, I try to show the signs of this phenomenon in cognitive psychology. I will first turn to one of the most influential theories in the cognitive sciences, expertise theory. After reviewing the important theories of expertise and their differences, in the next step I will discuss the seemingly opposing theories in this field and their efforts to find common ground. Then I will review the current movement in cognitive psychology, which I call the “integration model” stream. After a critical review and categorization of these models, I will show that in a broader view in social science, we can realize the meta-theoretical issues that are a good room for a dialogue between philosophy of science and scientific research. In the end, I will point out the horizons that this view opens to the revival of philosophy of general science.