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Two new species of sea cucumber, Euthyonidiella zulfigaris sp. nov. and Acaudina spinifera sp. nov. were described. The specimens were collected from the seagrass meadow of Pulau Gazumbo and Middle Bank, located east of Penang Island, Malaysia. E. zulfigaris sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners based on the presence of table ossicles with round disc, spires formed with four pillars, and absence of modified support tables in tube feet. A. spinifera sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners based on the presence of spinose doughnut-shaped ossicles in the body wall.

Identification key to the genus Acaudina 1. Presence of doughnut-shaped bodies….................................................................... 2 - Absence of doughnut-shaped bodies….................................................................... 5 2. Doughnut-shaped bodies spinose........................................................ … A. spinifera sp. nov. - Doughnut-shaped bodies smooth…....................................................................... 3 3. Perforated plates either spinose or smooth….................................................... A. molpadioides - Perforated plates always smooth…....................................................................... 4 4. Rod ossicles may have branched ends…........................................................... A. punctata - Rod ossicles without branched ends….......................................................... A. leucoprocta 5. Ossicles absent…............................................................................ A. pellucida - Ossicles present.................................................................................... …6 6. Rosette present in body wall….................................................................... A. rosettis - Rosette absent in body wall…........................................................................... 7 7. Spinose subspherical ossicles present in body wall…................................................. A. demissa - Spinose subspherical ossicles absent in body wall….......................................................... 8 8. Rod ossicles dominant in body wall; may be smooth or spinose........................................ … A. bacilla - Spinose perforated plates dominant in body wall; rod ossicles always finely spinose…...................... A. suspecta, Published as part of Teoh, Vincent Yong Jian & Woo, Sau Pinn, 2022, Two new species of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the seagrass meadow of Penang, Malaysia, pp. 107-118 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6479636

Acaudina spinifera sp. nov. Figures 6–9 Material examined. Holotype. USMCRC-Echi 029, Middle Bank, intertidal, on sandbank, hand collected by Teoh V. Y.J., 13th December 2019. Paratype. USMCRC-Echi 030, Middle Bank, intertidal, on sandbank, hand collected by Teoh V. Y.J., 13th December 2019. Description. Specimen length 180–220mm (Figure 6–7). Body stout and cylindrical. Posterior end tapering when relaxed. Mouth and anus terminal; tend to turn upwards when relaxed. Body wall smooth and not translucent. Body color dark pink with dark brown and orange flecks. Tube feet absent. Respiratory tree and anal papillae present. Anal papillae small. Fifteen digitate tentacles; no terminal digits; a pair of lateral digits. Calcareous ring (Figure 8) solid. Radial piece with bifurcated prolongations at posterior; two ridges running longitudinally converging and connecting at median anterior, forming a notch. Interradial piece with no prolongations at posterior. Ossicles. Dorsal body wall ossicles consist of doughnut-shaped bodies, perforated plates, and sub-spherical bodies. Doughnut-shaped bodies in dorsal body wall (Figure 9A–B) spinose with 31–35μm in length; a single median perforation. Perforated plates in dorsal body wall (Figure 9C) spinose with 33–35μm in length. Sub-spherical bodies (Figure 9D) spinose with 35–38μm in length. Caudal region body wall ossicles consist of perforated plates, sub-spherical bodies, rosette-like plates, and rods. Perforated plates in caudal region body wall (Figure 9E) spinose with 30–40μm in length. Sub-spherical bodies in caudal region body wall (Figure 9F) spinose with 30–40μm in length. Rosettes in caudal region body wall (Figure 9G) 33–38μm in length. Rods in caudal region body wall present in three forms: rosette-like, thick and rounded, and dumbbell-shaped. Rosette-like rods in caudal region body wall (Figure 9H) 40μm in length. Thick rounded rods in caudal region body wall (Figure 9I) smooth with 20–35μm in length. Dumbbell-shaped rod in caudal region body wall (Figure 9J) 43μm in length. Tentacle ossicles consist of rosettes. Rosette in tentacle (Figure 9K) 24μm in length. Etymology. The epithet spinifera (nominative, feminine) is derived from the Latin word spina– meaning “thorn” with –fera meaning “bearing” that refers to the spinose doughnut-shaped ossicle present in the dorsal body wall. Remarks. The tentacles with only a pair of lateral digits and the absence of the caudal appendage fits with the description of the genus Acaudina as described by Clark (1908) and Clark & Rowe (1971). A. spinifera sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners based on the presence of spinose doughnutshaped bodies in the body wall (Figure 9A–B). Acaudina leucoprocta (Clark, 1938), Acaudina punctata (Sluiter, 1887), and Acaudina molpadioides (Semper, 1867) all have smooth doughnut-shaped bodies in the body wall instead. The presence of rosettes and smooth rods differentiates A. spinifera sp. nov. from Acaudina suspecta Cherbonnier & Féral, 1981 which was described by Cherbonnier & Féral (1981) to only have spinose perforated plates and spinose rods. The spinose rods found in the body wall of Acaudina bacilla Cherbonnier & Féral, 1981 were absent in A. spinifera sp. nov. The species Acaudina demissa (Sluiter, 1901) was initially described to only have spinose perforated discs. However, Cherbonnier & Féral (1981) remarked that the ossicles described by Sluiter (1901) was not typical for A. demissa . Instead of spinose perforated discs, Cherbonnier & Féral (1981) re-examined the holotype and described the majority of the ossicles were either more irregular, very spinous, and often sub-spherical in shape, or rods that were finely spinose with both ends expanded. Regardless, A. spinifera sp. nov. can still be differentiated from A. demissa based on the rosettes, smooth rounded rods, and spinose doughnut-shaped bodies, all of which were absent in A. demissa. Semper (1867) remarked that Acaudina pellucida (Semper, 1867) does not have any ossicles. Acaudina rosettis O’Loughlin & Ong, 2015 was described to have no ossicle in the tentacles, phosphatized ossicles present in the caudal body wall, and having a “semi-translucent gray to opaque white body wall”. Instead, A. spinifera sp. nov. have rosettes in the tentacles, but phosphatized ossicles were absent, and the body wall was dark pink. Table 1 provides a summary on the differences between A. spinifera sp. nov. and its congeners based on the ossicles. The following is the identification key to the genus Acaudina., Published as part of Teoh, Vincent Yong Jian & Woo, Sau Pinn, 2022, Two new species of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the seagrass meadow of Penang, Malaysia, pp. 107-118 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on pages 112-115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6479636, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. A monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadiidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35 (1723), 1 - 231.","Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1938) Echinoderms from Australia, an account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 55, 1 - 597.","Sluiter, C. P. (1887) Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des koniglichen naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Niederlandisch Indien in Batavia. Die Echinodermen. 1. Holothuroidea. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indi, 47, 18 - 220.","Semper, C. (1867) Holothurien. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Part 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 288 pp.","Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J. P. (1981) Echinodermes: Holothuries. In: Forest, J. (Ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM. Museum National d'Histoire naturelle Paris, Paris, pp. 357 - 412.","Sluiter, C. P. (1901) Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. In: Weber, M., (Ed.), Siboga Expeditie (Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899 - 1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee 1 e kl. G. F. Tydeman). E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85348","O'Loughlin, P. M. & Ong, J. Y. (2015) New tropical caudinid and synaptid sea cucumbers from the Johor Straits (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 31, 292 - 302."]}

Family: Molpadiidae Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826

Family: Molpadiidae Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826, Published as part of Despalatovi��, Marija, Cvitkovi��, Ivan & ��uljevi��, Ante, 2017, Checklist of the echinoderm fauna of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 101-116 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on page 109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1064560

Molpadia africana (Ludwig & Heding, 1935) (Fig. 30 A ��� C) Trochostoma africanum Ludwig & Heding, 1935: 142, textfig. 10. Material examined. IE-2007-756 (2 specimens sampled in Mahajamba Bay); IE-2007-781 (1 specimen, sampled in front of Mahajamba Bay) Remarks. This specimen fits remarkably well with the only know previous record of this species approximately 10�� to the north in the Zanzibar Channel., Published as part of Samyn, Yves & Vandenspiegel, Didier, 2016, Sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Northern Mozambique Channel with description of six new species, pp. 451-497 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on page 490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/168273, {"references":["Ludwig, H. & Heding, S. G. (1935) Die Holothurien der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. I. Fußlose und dendrochirote Formen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899. 24 (2), 123 - 214."]}

Molpadia lenticulum (Cherbonnier & F��ral, 1981) new comb. (Fig. 32 A ��� B) Trochostoma lenticulum Cherbonnier & F��ral, 1981: 405, fig.29 Material examined. IE-2007-778(1) (1 specimen sampled in front of Majumga) Remarks. Pawson (1965, 1967, 1977) lumped Trochostoma (and eight other genera) with Molpadia. As long as no complete revision of the group is carried out, we follow this decision. The holotype and paratype of this species were sampled at 750 m depth in the Philippines. The present record is thus a significant horizontal and vertical (950 m depth) range extension., Published as part of Samyn, Yves & Vandenspiegel, Didier, 2016, Sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Northern Mozambique Channel with description of six new species, pp. 451-497 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on pages 490-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/168273

O'Loughlin, P. Mark, Harding1, Caroline, Paulay, Gustav (2016): The sea cucumbers of Camden Sound in northwest Australia, including four new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 75: 7-52, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2016.75.02

Molpadia scabrum (Sluiter, 1901) Table 1; appendix 1; figure 27a Material examined. Northwest Western Australia, Kimberley Region, Camden Sound, WAMSI 1.1. 1, RV Linnaeus, sled, site no LIN_48, barcode 53720, from -15.32474 124.42657 28 m to -15.32183 124.42742 12 m, 19 Mar 2015, WAM Z89069 (1). Subclass Synaptacea Cuénot, 1891 (sensu Smirnov 2012), Published as part of O'Loughlin, P. Mark, Harding 1, Caroline & Paulay, Gustav, 2016, The sea cucumbers of Camden Sound in northwest Australia, including four new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 7-52 in Memoirs of Museum Victoria 75 on page 42, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2016.75.02, http://zenodo.org/record/8075992, {"references":["Sluiter, C. P. 1901. Siboga - Expedite. Die Holothurien der Siboga - Expedition 44. 142 pp, 11 pls.","Cuenot, L. 1891. Etudes morphologiques sur les Echinodermes. Archives de biologie. Paris 11: 313 - 680.","Smirnov, A. V. 2012. System of the class Holothuroidea. Paleontological Journal 46 (8): 793 - 832."]}

Molpadia andamanensis (Walsh, 1891) (Fig. 31 A ��� C) Trochostoma andamanense Walsh, 1891: 203 Molpadia andamanensis; Clarck, 1908: 162 (synonymy) Material examined. IE 2007-782 (3 specimens sampled between Majunga and Cape Saint-Andre); IE-2007-817 (2 specimens sampled between Majunga and Cape Saint-Andre), Published as part of Samyn, Yves & Vandenspiegel, Didier, 2016, Sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Northern Mozambique Channel with description of six new species, pp. 451-497 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on page 490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/168273, {"references":["Walsh, J. H. T. (1891) Natural jistory notes from H. M. Indian Marine Survey steamer \" Investigator \" No. 24. List of deep-sae holothurians, collected during seasons 1887 - 91, with description of new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Begal, 60, 197 - 204.","Clarck, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. A monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35, 1 - 231, 13 plates."]}

Molpadia thandari Samyn & VandenSpiegel sp. nov. (Fig. 33 A ��� C) Molpadia sp. indet.; Thandar, 2007: 52, fig. 24 Material examined. Type material: IE-2007-759 (holotype, sampled in front of Nazendry Bay); IE-2007-806 (1 paratype, sampled in front of Nazendry Bay) Type locality. Madagascar, Nazendry Bay, Station CP 3289 (Decimal coordinates: -14,4833; 47,4333) Etymology. This species is named after Prof. Em. Ahmed S. Thandar of the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, who, in 2007, was the first to recognize this species as a separate taxon. Known geographic description. Known from off Tongaat Bluff just North of Durban (Decimal coordinates: - 29.73; 31.42) to Nazendry Bay near Nozi Lava (Decimal coordinates; -14,4833; 47,4333) Taxonomic description (holotype and paratype). Anatomy ��� Holotype 70 mm long and 35 mm wide with tail 5 mm long. Paratype 25 mm long and 12 mm wide, with tail 2 mm long (fig. 33A). Body uniform light chocolate brown, with tail somewhat lighter in color. Muscle bands can be seen through the body wall. Tentacles 15, retracted, morphology could not be determined. Anus surrounded by five minute and slender teeth. Calcareous ring with, plates fused, radials with a terminal bifid posterior projection (broken in holotype); interradial with triangular anterior projection of same length of that of radial plate. 15 short tentacle ampullae; Polian vesicule single, elongated; stone canal not detected. Left respiratory tree reaching mid body, right longer. (see also Thandar (2007) for Molpadia sp. indet.) Gonad well-developed, branching. Longitudinal muscles divided into two lateral bands that unite before reaching the calcareous ring. Ossicles ���Ossicle assemblage of tentacles could not be determined. Body wall with tables of two different morphologies. The first type has their disc, 123 ��� 176 ��m wide, perforated with 4 to 6 holes and with four to six arms 132 ��� 208 ��m long. Disc spire is made of 3 pillars fused over their complete length, 253 ��� 300 high (no trace of cross-beams can be seen). The second type of table does not have long disc arms and has their discs perforated by 3 ��� 5 large holes, 42 ��� 74��m- wide; spire again consistng of three fused pillars, 113 ��� 129��m high. Tables from the tail are the typical fusiform Molpadia type, 360 ��� 412 ��m long, with disc slightly swollen centrally and perforated by 2 ��� 4 small holes; spire low, 37 ��� 51 mm high, ending in four teeth. Remarks. We agree with Thandar (2007) that the large body wall tables with multi-armed discs and 4 ��� 6 holes make this species stand aside from other Molpadia species. We feel it justified to regard this character state important enough to warrant it diagnostic for a species new to science. We decided to picture only the paratype, because the dissected holotype might give a wrong impression of the species., Published as part of Samyn, Yves & Vandenspiegel, Didier, 2016, Sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Northern Mozambique Channel with description of six new species, pp. 451-497 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on pages 491-492, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/168273, {"references":["Thandar, A. S. (2007) Additions to the aspidochirotid, molpadid and apodid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the east coast of southern Africa, with the descriptions of new species. Zootaxa, 1414, 1 - 62."]}

The 2009 expedition with the research vessel Miriky sampled the sublittoral and bathyal waters of the northern Mozambique Channel. This exploration campaign resulted in a small, but very diverse collection of holothuroids comprising 174 specimens representing 31 species, 18 genera, 10 families and 5 orders. Of these species, many were hitherto unknown for Madagascar or even for the Indian Ocean, and six, Bathyplotes aymeric sp. nov., Holothuria (Cystipus) yann sp. nov., Holothuria (Stauropora) bo sp. nov., Holothuria (Metriatyla) alex sp. nov., Holothuria (Theelothuria) cyrielle sp.nov., Molpadia thandari sp. nov., are new to science. Molpadia lenticulum (Cherbonnier & Féral, 1981) is a new combination. This contribution provides an illustrated and annotated overview of the poorly known, highly biodiverse, sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumber fauna of the northern Mozambique Channel. Our findings demonstrate how ignorant we are about the poorly explored habitats of our planet and therefore stress the urgent need for more explorations to such regions.

This paper presents a checklist of echinoderm species in the Adriatic Sea. The checklist is based on the review of the available literature data, with temporal coverage from the end of the 18th century to the present day, including the most recent investigations of benthic communities. A total of 108 species have been recorded: 2 species from class Crinoidea, 23 species from class Asteroidea, 22 species from class Ophiuroidea, 22 species from class Echinoidea and 39 species from class Holothuroidea. Non-indigenous echinoderm species have not been observed.

Two new species, Pseudostichopus langeae and Psolus griffithsi, and a new South African record, Molpadia musculus Risso, are described from some deep-sea material collected off the South African west and south coasts. This material also contains the well known Pseudocnella insolens (Théel), Ocnus capensis (Théel), Rhopalodinopsis capensis Heding and an indeterminate Thyone sp.

Heteromolpadia joyceae, new species, has been collected from depths of 258–632m off the east coast of New Zealand. It is distinctive in having a tough, leathery skin, gray with scattered red spots. Tables in body wall 100µm in diameter with three larger perforations; tail ossicles with 15–20 perforations, a three-pillared spire, and an average length of 300µm. A key to the eight species of Family Molpadiidae now known from the New Zealand region is provided.

Collections of holothuroid echinoderms received from the Natal and South African Museums, the Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand and that present in the former University of Durban-Westville, contain several new species and many others that are new to the fauna of southern Africa, south of the tropic of Capricorn. A paper describing and/or recording several dendrochirotids and a dactylochirotid, from a portion of these materials originating from the east coast of southern Africa, has already been published. The current paper describes and/or reports on several new species and records of aspidochirotid, molpadid and apodid holothuroids, also from the east coast, extending from Inhaca Island, off the coast of Maputo (Mozambique), to the Port St. Johns-East London area (South Africa), the subtropical zoogeographic province. A few other species have been included if they represent juvenile material, or considered extensions of ranges (bathymetric or otherwise) of previously known species, or confirmation of a species previously recorded from a single locality in the region under consideration, or for the provision of taxonomic data that was excluded for some previous published records. Of the 30 species treated, four are new to science and seven are new records for the southern African region. The new species are Holothuria (Lessonothuria) tuberculata, H. (Theelothuria) duoturriforma, H.(T.) longicosta and H. (T.) pseudonotablis, whereas the new records include Stichopus cf. monotuberculatus (Quoy & Gaimard), Actinopyga bannwarthi Panning, A. lecanora (Jaeger), Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger), H. (Vaneyothuria) integra Koehler & Vaney, Molpadia triforia (Cherbonnier) and Protankyra autopista (Marenzeller).

Hedingia Deichmann, 1938 Diagnosis (after Deichmann 1938). Caudinid species with 15 tentacles, each with 2 pairs of digits, no unpaired terminal digit. Ossicles large tables or plates, large perforations, smooth or spinous disc surface. Type species. Trochostoma albicans Th��el, 1886 (original designation)., Published as part of Davey, Nicola & O'Loughlin, Mark, 2013, The caudinid sea cucumbers of New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae), pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223158

Key to New Zealand species of Caudinidae 1. Ossicles in tail numerous perforated tables with large multilocular discs and spire with predominantly 3 pillars (can be 2���4); ossicles rare or absent in mid-body wall.......................................... Hedingia glabra (Th��el, 1886) - Ossicles in mid-body wall and tail abundant closed knobbed cups with central crosses............................... 2 2. Ossicles closed knobbed cups with central cross predominantly regular and octagonal in form; most ossicles with a distinct crossed cup base and elevated upper open basal box......................................................... 3 - Ossicles closed knobbed cups with central cross that can be regular and octagonal, or irregular in form; some with a distinct crossed cup base and rare to absent upper open basal box...................................................... 4 3. Ossicles predominantly with discrete pointed marginal knobs; spaces within the ossicles open with their collective area not significantly smaller than the surface area of the ossicle........................... Paracaudina chilensis (M��ller, 1850) - Ossicles predominantly thick with either bulbous or completely lacking discrete marginal knobs; spaces within the ossicles reduced with their collective area significantly smaller than the surface area of the ossicle................................................................................................... Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton, 1872) 4. Ossicles with octagonal knobbed margin, uniform in size, and with regular octagonal form; basal cross superstructure reduced to small X or H-shaped........................................................ Paracaudina reductia sp. nov. - Ossicles very irregular in size, form, thickness, presence or absence of marginal knobs.......... Paracaudina alta sp. nov., Published as part of Davey, Nicola & O'Loughlin, Mark, 2013, The caudinid sea cucumbers of New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae), pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223158

Family Caudinidae Heding, 1931, Published as part of Davey, Nicola & O'Loughlin, Mark, 2013, The caudinid sea cucumbers of New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae), pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on page 358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223158

Davey, Nicola, O'Loughlin, Mark (2013): The caudinid sea cucumbers of New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae). Zootaxa 3613 (4): 357-368, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.3

Hedingia glabra (Th��el, 1886) Figures 1 a, 2 Synonymy. Trochostoma albicans var. glabra. Th��el, 1886: 46, pl. 3 fig. 2, pl. 11 fig. 3. Caudina albicans. H. L. Clark, 1908: 174���175, pl. 10 fig. 12. Deichmann, 1930: 201���202, pl. 24 fig. 1. Heding, 1931: 283. H. L. Clark, 1935: 269, 271, 277, 278. [All part]. Haplodactyla albicans. Heding, 1935: 65���67, fig. 18 (1���13), pl. 4 fig. 9, pl. 5 fig. 17, pl. 8 fig. 10. [part]. Hedingia albicans. Deichmann, 1938: 112���113. Deichmann, 1940: 216���217. Pawson, 1965: 2, 14. Pawson, 1970: 49. Pawson, 1977: 120.? Rowe & Gates, 1995: 264. Pawson et al. 2001: 324���325, fig. 4 C. Pawson et al. 2009: 1202. Mah et al. 2009: 398. [All part]. Hedingia albicans var. glabra. Madsen, 1953: 167. Material examined (Number in bracket denotes number of specimens). NIWA registered specimens: New Zealand: Hikurangi Margin: 63069 (4) Stn TAN 1004 / 7, 41.69 S, 175.63 E, 1324���1362 m, 15 /04/ 2010; 64053 (2) Stn TAN 1004 / 116, 42.04 S, 174.69 E, 1391 ��� 1327 m, 26 /04/ 2010; 64262 (1) Stn TAN 1004 / 136, 41.89 S, 174.93 E, 1077 ��� 977 m, 27 /04/ 2010; 64286 (1) Stn TAN 1004 / 138, 41.89 S, 174.93 E, 1323 ��� 1153 m, 28 /04/ 2010; 64137 (1) Stn TAN 1004 / 120, 41.98 S, 174.69 E, 730 ��� 685 m, 26 /04/ 2010; 63081 (2) Stn TAN 1004 / 9, 41.72 S, 175.66 E, 1486 ��� 1473 m, 15 /04/ 2010; 64078 (2) Stn TAN 1004 / 118, 42.04 S, 174.70 E, 1310 ��� 1250 m, 26 /04/ 2010; 64312 (1) Stn TAN 1004 / 140, 41.91 S, 174.95 E, 1303���1593 m, 28 /04/ 2010; 61895 (1) Stn TAN 1004 / 138, 41.89 S, 174.93 E, 1323 ��� 1153 m, 28 /04/ 2010. Description. Hedingia species up to 110 mm total length, diameter up to 22 mm, caudal taper and tail up to 40 mm long (NIWA 64078); tail ranging from continuous taper through to discrete long thin tail, can be up to two thirds length of body; main body wall leathery, smooth or sparsely prickly, anterior and posterior fine wrinkling (preserved); tail leathery, parchment-like, distinctly prickly compared to main body, wrinkled (preserved). Ossicles in mid-body wall predominantly absent, or can be sparse tables up to 250 �� m disc length; tail ossicles dense tables, table disc concave, extensively perforated, up to 360 �� m length, variable in shape from triangular, to oval, to 4���5 lobed, with 3���6 central perforations, predominantly more than 3, disc surface smooth or sparsely finely spinous, disc margin with irregular, sometimes spinous projections (visible under high microscopy), table spire is predominantly 3 pillared but can be 2���4. Each pillar is attached to disc in two places and then fuses to a final distal pillar. This single pillar then splays out to 3 distally spinous teeth. Pillars often lost on preparation and discs appear with large holes in centre. Colour (preserved). Off-white to grey. Distribution. New Zealand: Hikurangi Margin (material examined), East Cape (Th��el 1886) (type specimen, existence unknown), 685���1593 m depth. Remarks. We raise Trochostoma albicans var. glabra Th��el, 1886 out of synonymy with Trochostoma albicans Th��el, 1886, and elevate to species status. The species is maintained in Hedingia Deichmann, 1938. As originally noted by Th��el (1886), tables are rare to absent in the body wall of Hedingia glabra and the main body is consequently not calcareous but smooth. This is diagnostically different to H. albicans that has tables throughout the body wall but denser in the tail. Other diagnostic differences include the nature of the surface of the table discs in H. glabra being frequently smooth and consisting of 3���6 central perforations compared to H. albicans which has notably a spinous disc surface and 3 central perforations. The margins of the disc in H. glabra are frequently spinous, and discs can be triangular to oval to rectangular or 5 -lobed compared to the consistent triangular shape of H. albicans. We note that Rowe and Gates (1995) reported specimens of Hedingia albicans from New South Wales (NSW) at depths of 846���2700 m. We anticipate that this material is probably Hedingia glabra, and have included the reference in our synonymy. However, it might also represent an unusual southern extension of the distribution of the species reported off India as Trochostoma albicans Th��el by Koehler and Vaney (1905). The drawings (Rowe and Gates, 1995) of the table discs are spinous, triangular and 3 -perforated centrally suggesting H. albicans rather than H. glabra. The presence of H. glabra in NSW would extend the depth and geographic distribution. We leave this material out of the formal distribution above as it has not been confirmed., Published as part of Davey, Nicola & O'Loughlin, Mark, 2013, The caudinid sea cucumbers of New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae), pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on pages 358-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223158

Paracaudina Heding, 1932 Diagnosis. O���Loughlin et al. (2011). Type species. Molpadia chilensis M��ller, 1850 (subsequent designation by H. L. Clark (1935))., Published as part of Davey, Nicola & O'Loughlin, Mark, 2013, The caudinid sea cucumbers of New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae), pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on page 361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/223158

Paracaudina alta sp. nov. Figures 1 b, 3 Paracaudina species O’Loughlin et al. 2011: 63. Material examined. Holotype. New Zealand: Kaikoura Basin: NIWA 68129, Stn TAN0705/ 277, 42.62 S, 175.92 E, 1202–1215 m, 26 /04/ 2007. Paratypes. NIWA 43346 (7), station data as holotype. Other material. NIWA registered specimens. Kaikoura Basin: 34288 (4), 34289 (9) Stn TAN0705/ 269, 42.59 S, 176.38 E, 1201–1203 m, 26 /04/ 2007; 34291 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 274, 42.62 S, 175.93 E, 1183–1203 m, 26 /04/ 2007; 34294 (6), Stn TAN0705/ 279, 42.65 S, 175.5 E, 1180–1204 m, 27 /04/ 2007; 34300 (2) Stn TAN0705/ 293, 42.54 S, 175.14 E, 1812–1813 m, 27 /04/ 2007; 77383 (3) Stn G 955, 42.68 S, 174.76 E, 1345 m, 31 /08/ 2010. Hikurangi Margin: 63034 (1) Stn TAN 1004 / 6, 41.7 S, 175.65 E, 1040–1080 m, 15 /04/ 2010; 63195 (1) Stn TAN 1004 / 21, 41.51 S, 175.72 E, 1076–1104 m, 17 /04/ 2010; 63806 (5) Stn TAN 1004 / 85, 41.95 S, 174.62 E, 964–1005 m, 23 /04/ 2010; 77385 (3) Stn E 438, 41.63 S, 174.88 E, 1064.0 m, 19 / 10 / 1965. Description. Paracaudina species up to 98 mm long (NIWA 34289, preserved), main body 90 mm, tail 8 mm long, width up to 15 mm; cylindrical body with caudal taper and long distinct tail, tail up to full length of body but often broken off; body leathery, firm and parchment-like, prickly, smooth to extensively wrinkled, mainly transverse creasing, round to flattened body form (preservation), tentacles 15, equal with 2 tentacle digit lobes on each side. Ossicles in mid-body wall and tail irregularly shaped closed knobbed cups with a central cross. The form is variable and can be twisted, round, triangular, elongate or octagonal, variable sizes up to 85 µ m long. Some closed cup variations have the chilensis -like central perforation with an elevated upper open bridged basal box with 4 supporting arms on one side, however these regular chilensis -like ossicles are rare; others variations are open and round in cross section. Surface of the closed cup ossicles variably knobbed, often 8 blunt projections, or smooth. Colour (preserved). Off-white, cream, orange, often with anterior end more orange colour than rest of body. Distribution. New Zealand: Hikurangi Margin, Kaikoura Basin, 964–1813 m. Etymology. From the Latin alta (deep), referring to the deep water-only occurrence of this species. Remarks. O’Loughlin et al. (2011) anticipated the possible occurrence of a new species of Paracaudina, east of Cook Strait (Hikurangi Margin) and noted that it was different from any known New Zealand species (Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton, 1872) or Paracaudina chilensis (Müller, 1850)). This was based on only two specimens they examined. Forty-two specimens have now been examined that show the characteristics described above and confirm O’Loughlin et al. ’s (2011) suspicions. Paracaudina alta sp. nov. is indistinguishable from other Paracaudina species at the macro level. However, P. alta sp. nov. is readily distinguished from the other New Zealand species of Paracaudina by the very irregular form, size and thickness of the mid-body and tail ossicles with only a rare presence of chilensis -like ossicle forms. The irregular form and often twisted shapes of the ossicles differ significantly from the regular symmetry of the P. c h i l e n s i s ossicles and the smooth, thick, round ossicles of the P. coriacea. P. a l t a sp. nov. only occurs in deep water east of Cook Strait, and is not sympatric with the other New Zealand Paracaudina species. Paracaudina chilensis (Müller, 1850) Figures 1 c, 4 Synonymy. See O’Loughlin et al. (2011) Material examined. NHMUK registered specimens: NHMUK 1938.8. 23.68 (1), Antarctic expedition, no further station details; NHMUK 1875.10. 27.22 (1), Wellington, New Zealand. On a ship’s anchor cable. Lieu. Praed. Jar label states: W. Wykeham-Perry, no further station details; NHMUK 1886.10. 2.39 (17), Stn 167 A, 41.07 S, 174.32 E, Queen Charlotte’s Sound, near Long Island, Challenger Expedition, 10 fms. NIWA registered specimens: New Zealand oceanic: 77289 (1) Stn B 323, 40.25 S, 173.63 E, 88 m, 27 / 10 / 1960; 77284 (1) Stn B 471, 43.33 S, 169.91 E, 62 m, 03/06/ 1961; 77287 (1) Stn B 495, 44.56 S, 167.79 E, 120 m, 09/06/ 1961; 77291 (1) Stn B 496, 40.60 S, 173.55 E, 54 m, 11 /06/ 1961; 77290 (1) Stn C 184, 39.83 S, 173.5 E, 95 m, 06/ 09/ 1959; 77288 (1) from Stn C 223; 77268 (1), Stn C 259, 41.10 S, 174.27 E, 18 m, 20 / 10 / 1959; 77286 (1) Stn C 411, 41.57 S, 174.57 E, 150 m, 04/05/ 1960; 77191 (1) Stn C 745, 36.66 S, 174.22 E, 35 m, 16 /02/ 1962; 77263 (1), 77269 (1) Stn C 787, 36.66 S, 175.10 E, 43 m, 22 /02/ 1962; 77252 (1) Stn C 846, 41.64 S, 174.50 E, 126 m, 01/03/ 1962; 77212 (1) Stn C 852, 40.68 S, 174.33 E, 132 m, 02/03/ 1962; 77382 (1) Stn D 285, 41.30 S, 174.80 E, 17 m, 18 / 11 / 1964; 77418 (1) Stn D 868, 43.90 S, 179.7 W, 420 m, 24 /03/ 1969; 77411 (1) Stn E 225, 66.51 S, 162.43 E, 209 m, 12 /02/ 1965; 77373 (1) Stn E 293, 34.29 S, 172.41 E, 205 m, 08/04/ 1965; 77409 (3) Stn E 389, 34.02 S, 172.72 E, 155 m, 16 /04/ 1965; 77374 (1) Stn E 704, 40.03 S, 177.14 E, 278 m, 21 /03/ 1967; 77258 (1) Stn E 747, 40.72 S, 176.80 E, 554 m, 29 /03/ 1967; 77370 (1) Stn E 780, 43.39 S, 169.44 E, 252 m, 16 / 10 / 1967; 77275 (1) Stn G 171, 43.58 S, 179.4 W, 417 m, 17 /01/ 1968; 77407 (1) Stn G 186, 44.06 S, 179.6 W, 402 m, 18 /01/ 1968; 77283 (1) Stn G 192, 43.84 S, 179.6 W, 364 m, 18 /01/ 1968; 77402 (1) Stn G 210, 43.5 S, 179.93 E, 424 m, 19 /01/ 1968; 77384 (1) Stn G 219, 43.61 S, 179.83 E, 402 m, 21 /01/ 1968; 77266 (1) Stn G 276 A, 43.58 S, 179.25 E, 410 m, 24 /01/ 1968; 77277 (1) Stn G 291, 43.70 S, 179.01 E, 402 m, 25 /01/ 1968; 77379 (1) Stn G 31, 43.71 S, 176.00 E, 348 m, 23 /02/ 1967; 77386 (1) Stn G 33, 43.66 S, 177.00 E, 457 m, 23 /02/ 1967; 77372 (1) Stn G 343, 43.79 S, 178.8 W, 408 m, 02/ 02/ 1968; 73975 (1) Stn G 379, 43.63 S, 177.9 W, 380 m, 06/02/ 1968; 77220 (1) Stn G 682, 45.72 S, 170.72 E, 33 m, 20 /01/ 1970; 77406 (1) Stn H 930, 43.47 S, 179.51 E, 402 m, 14 /08/ 1975; 77207 (1) Stn I 44, 34.99 S, 174.02 E, 102 m, 08/05/ 1975; 77272 (1) Stn J 829, 35.84 S, 174.46 E, 0 m, 24 /07/ 1975; 77366 (1) Stn K89, 77347 (1) Stn K90, 77352 (1) Stn K93, 77361 (1) Stn K95, 77336 (1) Stn K98, 77355 (1) Stn K99, 77360 (1) Stn K102, 77318 (1) Stn K105, 77193 (1) Stn K126, 77233 (1) Stn K133, 77242 (1) Stn K136, 77219 (1) Stn K137, 77199 (1) Stn K138, 77217 (1) Stn K151, 77246 (1) Stn K153, 77226 (1) Stn K173, 77255 (1) Stn K 177, 41.17 S, 173.16 E, 14 m, March-April 1971; 77310 (1) Stn K 199, 41.16 S, 173.16 E, 18 m, 01/07/ 1971; 77196 (1) Stn K289, 77209 (1) Stn K290, 77230 (1) Stn K293, 77198 (1) Stn K296, 77213 (1) Stn K298, 77194 (1) Stn K299, 77256 (1) Stn K300, 77216 (1) Stn K304, 77237 (1) Stn K309, 77229 (1) Stn K310, 77236 (1) Stn K313, 77214 (1) Stn K314, 77245 (1) Stn K319, 77249 (1) Stn K316, 77234 (1) Stn K317, 77244 (1) Stn K 323, 41.17 S, 173.16 E, 15 m, 14 / 12 / 1971; 77294 (1) Stn K326, 77297 (1) Stn K327, 77330 (1) Stn K329, 77304 (1) Stn K331, 77327 (1) Stn K333, 70956 (2) Stn K334, 70956 (1) Stn K334, 77324 (1) Stn K335, 77312 (1) Stn K336, 77313 (1) Stn K338, 77302 (1) Stn K339, 77323 (1) Stn K340, 77309 (1) Stn K341, 77311 (1) Stn K346, 77274 (1) Stn K347, 77296 (1) Stn K354, 77306 (1) Stn K355, 77301 (1) Stn K357, 77325 (1) Stn K359, 77308 (1) Stn K362, 77201 (1) Stn K387, 77210 (1) Stn K395, 77215 (1) Stn K400, 77251 (1) Stn K401, 77240 (1) Stn K412, 77205 (1) Stn K413, 77235 (1) Stn K419, 77247 (1) Stn K420, 77254 (1) Stn K427, 77206 (1) Stn K428, 77208 (1) Stn K502, 77222 (1) Stn K507, 77243 (1) Stn K508, 77221 (1) Stn K510, 77232 (1) Stn K512, 77225 (1) Stn K520, 77211 (1) Stn K526, 77298 (1) Stn K544, 77316 (1) Stn K545, 77320 (1) Stn K546, 77328 (1) Stn K550, 77307 (1) Stn K552, 77299 (1) Stn K 555, 77300 (1) Stn K558, 77317 (1) Stn K559, 77436 (1) Stn K590, 77315 (1) Stn K608, 77332 (1) Stn K610, 77305 (1) Stn K613, 77314 (1) Stn K618, 77321 (1) Stn K620, 77253 (1) Stn K667, 77227 (1) Stn K669, 77248 (1) Stn K670, 77241 (1) Stn K672, 77231 (1) Stn K676, 77250 (1) Stn K677, 77228 (1) Stn K678, 77204 (1) Stn K679, 77195 (1) Stn K 681, 41.17 S, 173.16 E, 0 m, January-June 1972; 77343 (1) Stn K 57, 40.66 S, 172.86 E, 31 m, 26 /02/ 1971; 77358 (1) Stn K 63, 40.58 S, 173.08 E, 55 m, 27 /02/ 1971; 77353 (1) Stn K67, 77303 (1) Stn K70, 77337 (1) Stn K73, 77363 (1) Stn K80, 77362 (1) Stn K82, 77350 (1) Stn K 86, 40.75 S, 173.33 E, 47 m, 28 /02/ 1971; 77413 (2) Stn KAH 9401 / 21, 36.82 S, 176.30 E, 502–510 m, 09/01/ 1994; 77189 (1) Stn N 924, 41.46 S, 175.04 E, 65 m, 28 /08/ 1977; 77417 (1) Stn N 926, 41.54 S, 175.02 E, 100 m, 28 /08/ 1977; 77341 (1) Stn P 6153, 34.86 S, 173.21 E, 18 m, 27 /08/ 1978; 77349 (1) Stn P 6274, 34.80 S, 173.19 E, 22 m, 29 /08/ 1978; 77357 (1) Stn P 6441, 34.98 S, 173.46 E, 12 m, 30 /08/ 1978; 77218 (1) Stn Q 12, 43.85 S, 179.8 W, 410 m, 15 /03/ 1978; 77200 (1) Stn Q 40, 44.49 S, 176.5 W, 345 m, 24 / 03/ 1978; 76069 (1) Stn Q 691, 42.96 S, 170.20 E, 109 m, 18 /02/ 1982; 77261 (1) Stn Q 692, 42.89 S, 170.30 E, 245 m, 19 /02/ 1982; 77381 (7) Stn S 121, 43.50 S, 175.96 E, 335 m, 20 / 10 / 1979; 76070 (1) Stn S 122, 43.59 S, 175.95 E, 322 m, 20 / 10 / 1979; 77190 (1) Stn S 124, 43.51 S, 175.99 E, 363 m, 20 / 10 / 1979; 77389 (1) Stn S 125, 43.53 S, 175.97 E, 365 m, 20 / 10 / 1979; 77197 (1) Stn S 127, 43.59 S, 175.95 E, 322 m, 20 / 10 / 1979; 77223 (1) Stn S 128, 43.51 S, 175.98 E, 365 m, 21 / 10 / 1979; 77257 (1) Stn S 130, 43.56 S, 175.96 E, 335 m, 21 / 10 / 1979; 77279 (1) Stn S 130, 43.56 S, 175.96 E, 335 m, 21 / 10 / 1979; 77331 (1) Stn S 371, 42.94 S, 170.02 E, 200 m, 28 /01/ 1983; 77273 (1) Stn S 893 C, 42.51 S, 170.41 E, 491 m; 77264 (1) Stn T 468, 41.04 S, 174.32 E, 37 m, 06/ 12 / 1983; 77276 (1) Stn T 475, 41.04 S, 174.29 E, 33 m, 07/ 12 / 1983; 77364 (1) Stn T 476, 41.03 S, 174.30 E, 81 m, 07/ 12 / 1983; 77344 (1) Stn T 482, 41.11 S, 174.31 E, 28 m, 08/ 12 / 1983; 77280 (1) Stn T 486, 41.09 S, 174.36 E, 21 m, 08/ 12 / 1983; 77278 (1) Stn T 487, 41.11 S, 174.35 E, 21 m, 08/ 12 / 1983; 77369 (1) Stn T 490, 41.15 S, 174.30 E, 45 m, 08/ 12 / 1983; 77348 (1) Stn T 517, 40.98 S, 174.27 E, 53 m, 12 / 12 / 1983; 77342 (1) Stn T 537, 40.91 S, 174.13 E, 33 m, 13 / 12 / 1983; 77354 (1) Stn T 560, 41.04 S, 173.98 E, 23 m, 15 / 12 / 1983; 41504 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 163, 42.78 S, 176.7 W, 996–1009 m, 16 /04/ 2007; 34265 (2) Stn TAN0705/ 169, 43.15 S, 178.3 W, 478–487 m, 17 /04/ 2007; 34267 (2) Stn TAN0705/ 176, 43.52 S, 178.6 W, 425 – 425 m, 17 /04/ 2007; 34272 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 187, 42.96 S, 178.7 W, 527–528 m, 18 /04/ 2007; 34281 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 241, 43.10 S, 177.7 W, 533–537 m, 23 /04/ 2007; 34280 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 241, 43.10 S, 177.7 W, 533–537 m, 23 /04/ 2007; 34282 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 244, 43.02 S, 179.37 E, 518–528 m, 24 /04/ 2007; 34284 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 248, 42.99 S, 178.99 E, 530–538 m, 24 /04/ 2007; 34283 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 248, 42.99 S, 178.99 E, 530–538 m, 24 /04/2007, 34295 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 281, 43.03 S, 175.23 E, 309–310 m, 27 /04/ 2007; 30594 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 29, 43.79 S, 175.31 E, 414–419 m, 04/04/ 2007; 30595 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 29, 43.79 S, 175.31 E, 414–419 m, 04/04/ 2007; 34869 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 4, 44.18 S, 175.35 E, 536–539 m, 02/04/ 2007; 30546 (1) Stn TAN0705/ 58, 43.80 S, 178.11 E, 497–502 m, 07/04/ 2007; 34248 (4) Stn TAN0705/ 90, 44.10 S, 178.5 W, 459–460 m, 10 /04/ 2007; 30717 (1) Stn TAN0707/ 140, 39.64 S, 172.14 E, 266–267 m, 07/06/ 2007; 30698 (1) Stn TAN0707/ 26, 38.62 S, 168.94 E, 478 – 478 m, 29 /05/ 2007; 77829 (4) Stn TAN0906/ 134, 34.46 S, 173.21 E, 140–141 m, 13 /07/ 2009; 54966 (1) Stn TAN0906/ 38, 35.21 S, 174.40 E, 99–105 m, 06/07/ 200; 54961 (1) Stn TAN0906/ 38, 35.21 S, 174.40 E, 99–105 m, 06/07/ 2009; 77322 (1) Stn U 264, 42.58 S, 173.78 E, 940 m, 16 / 12 / 1982; 77345 (1) Stn V 361, 43.50 S, 178.64 E, 340 m, 06/09/ 1989; 77356 (1) Stn V 365, 43.74 S, 179.0 W, 397 m, 08/09/ 1989; 77346 (1) Stn V 366, 43.49 S, 178.9 W, 499 m, 08/09/ 1989; 77340 (1) Stn V 367, 43.24 S, 179.0 W, 467 m, 08/09/ 1989; 77359 (1) Stn V 372, 43.33 S, 178.98 E, 418 m, 13 /09/ 1989; 77335 (1) Stn V 380, 43.58 S, 176.99 E, 334 m, 15 /09/ 1989; 77338 (1) Stn V 390, 43.08 S, 177.00 E, 330 m, 17 /09/ 1989; 77326 (1) Stn V 391, 42.83 S, 176.99 E, 476 m, 17 /09/ 1989; 77292 (1) Stn V 411 A, 44.49 S, 171.23 E, 14 m, 19 /05/ 1992; 77293 (1) Stn V 412 A, 44.50 S, 171.23 E, 14m, 19 /05/ 1992; 77365 (1) Stn W 251, 43.83 S, 178.99 E, 442–469 m, 15 /09/ 1993; 77380 (26) Stn W 258, 42.96 S, 178.99 E, 549–602 m, 19 /09/ 1993. Description. See O’Loughlin et al. (2011). Distribution. New Zealand: Chatham Rise, Challenger Plateau 0–1009 m depth (this study). Antarctica: Balleny Islands (1 record, NIWA 77411). Remarks. An extensive diagnosis and images of this species have been recently presented by O’Loughlin et al. (2011). Prior to this study all Paracaudina specimens in the NIWA collections were identified as Paracaudina chilensis (Müller, 1850). Further to the observations of O’Loughlin et al. 2011 where Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton, 1872) was raised out of synonymy with P. chilensis and the possibility of new species noted, we sampled all material. Much of this material remained as P. chilensis however P. coriacea and our two new species described here were recognised in this collection. Both P. chilensis and P. coriacea are sympatric in New Zealand waters. Externally these species are not able to be distinguished; however the ossicle types are distinctive with P. c h i l e n s i s having regular shaped, octagonal closed knobbed cups with a regular central cross, predominantly with marginal bluntly pointed projections or knobs, and open spaces within the ossicles. However, P. coriacea has thick closed cups with either bulbously knobbed projections or smooth and completely lacking marginal knobs, and reduced or no spaces within ossicles. Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton, 1872) Figures 1 d, e, 5, 6 Synonymy. See O’Loughlin et al. (2011) Material examined. Lectotype (established here). NHMUK:1898.10.8.1 off New Brighton, S. Island, New Zealand (no further station data). Paralectotypes (2; established here). NHMUK:1898.10.8.2a, 1898.10.8.2b (known station data as lectotype). NIWA registered specimens: 70954 (1) Stn N 529, 40.58 S, 175.08 E, 61 m, 26 /05/ 1975; 70955 (1) Stn T 566, 41.12 S, 173.86 E, 18 m, 15 / 12 / 1983; 77188 (1) Stn C 846, 41.64 S, 174.50 E, 126 m, 01/03/ 1962; 77192 (1) Stn G 30, 43.76 S, 175.41 E, 366 m, 23 /02/ 1967; 77202 (1) Stn M 13, 41.1 S, 174.88 E, 2 m, 16 /01/ 1975; 77259 (1) Stn B 37, 39.42 S, 176.93 E, 17 m, 02/09/ 1957; 77262 (1) Stn G 381, 43.53 S, 177.9 W, 377 m, 06/02/ 1968; 77271 (1) Stn C 209, 41.16 S, 174.74 E, 40 m, 12 /09/ 1959; 77285 (1) Stn C 412, 41.59 S, 174.57 E, 225 m, 04/05/ 1960; 77334 (1) Stn K 66, 40.58 S, 173.08 E, 55 m, 27 /02/ 1971; 77367 (1) Stn T 488, 41.13 S, 174.29 E, 37 m, 08/ 12 / 1983; 77368 (1) Stn F 189, 40.5 S, 173.49 E, 73 m, 21 /03/ 1965; 77375 (2) Stn C 945, 41.24 S, 174.05 E, 41 m, 13 /02/ 1963; 77376 (1) Stn C 814, 37.66 S, 178.94 E, 157–209 m, 25 /02/ 1962; 77387 (1) Stn E 55, 43.16 S, 173.35 E, 70 m, 06/03/ 1964; 77388 (1) Stn C 803, 37.66 S, 177.39 E, 133 m, 24 /02/ 1962; 77390 (1) Stn C 925, 41.00 S, 173.91 E, 39 m, 10 /02/ 1963; 77403 (1) Stn G 193, 43.78 S, 179.5 W, 366 m, 18 /01/ 1968; 77405 (1) Stn B 629, 42.66 S, 170.98 E, 20–21 m, 20 / 10 / 1962; 77408 (1) Stn B 624, 43.97 S, 168.63 E, 13 m, 19 / 10 / 1962; 77415 (2) Stn B 525, 42.29 S, 173.91 E, 77 m, 13 /02/ 1962; 77417 (1) Stn N 926, 41.54 S, 175.02 E, 100 m, 28 /08/ 1977; 68130 (1) Stn S 121, 43.50 S, 175.96 E, 335 m, 20 / 10 / 1979. Description. See O’Loughlin et al. (2011) Distribution. New Zealand: Chatham Rise, Kermadec Ridge 2–377 m depth (this study) Remarks. Further to the observations of O’Loughlin et al. (2011) we confirm that Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton, 1872) is common on the New Zealand coast and has been previously identified as Paracaudina chilensis (Müller, 1850). Extensive tissue sampling of the mid-body and tail ossicles of all specimens at NIWA has produced a clear distinction between the two species. O’Loughlin et al. (2011) discusses the type status of Paracaudina coriacea and the fact that no type material had been located. Subsequent to that paper, three specimens labelled Caudina coriacea (Hutton) and ‘syntype’ from New Brighton, New Zealand were located in the British Natural History Museum (NHMUK) and borrowed for this work. We confirm these specimens as P. coriacea and establish here the three specimens in the New Brighton lot lectotype and paralectotypes and illustrate ossicles from the lectotype. Under light microscopy the lectotype fits clearly into the type description with the distinct thick, smooth midbody octagonal closed cup ossicles with little space within the ossicle. However, the SEM ossicle photos indicate some similarities between Paracaudina chilensis and Parcaudina coriacea not clear in the light microscopy. The type ossicles are still thicker and smoother than the P. c h i l e n s i s angular open spaced ossicles, but blunt surface and marginal projections (not as obvious in light microscopy) have become visible. This type material clearly justifies the historic debate around the recognition of two species. We judge that the SEM ossicle figures for P. coriacea and P. chilensis in O’Loughlin et al. (2011) and this paper validate the distinction between the two species. O’Loughlin et al. (2011) noted that Heding (1933) illustrated ossicles from a specimen from New Brighton as P. c o r i a c e a. While Heding does not refer to the material as type, his ossicle illustrations concur with our observations so we believe they are the same specimens. Théel (1886) discussed two specimens of Molpadia coriacea (Hutton, 1872) in the Stockholm Museum and noted that he considered them close to or a synonym of Paracaudina ransonnetti Marenzeller, 1881. The issue of the status of P. ransonnetti being a junior synonym of Paracaudina chilensis has been extensively discussed in O’Loughlin et al. (2011) and we judge that the specimens in Stockholm must be P. c h il en s is.

O’Loughlin, P. M., Barmos, S. and VandenSpiegel, D. 2011. The paracaudinid sea cucumbers of Australia and New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 68: 37–65 The four Paracaudina Heding species reported in Australia are reviewed: Paracaudina australis (Semper); Paracaudina chilensis (Muller); Paracaudina luticola Hickman; Paracaudina tetrapora (H. L. Clark). The New Zealand species Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton) is raised out of synonymy with the Chilean species Paracaudina chilensis (Muller). Both Paracaudina chilensis (Muller) and Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton) occur in New Zealand. The synonymy of the Chinese and Japanese species Paracaudina ransonnetii (Marenzeller) with Paracaudina chilensis (Muller) is maintained. Five new Caudinidae species are erected for Australia, with authors O’Loughlin and Barmos: Paracaudina ambigua, Paracaudina bacillis, Paracaudina cuprea, Paracaudina keablei, Paracaudina tripoda. A key is provided for Paracaudina species in Australia and New Zealand.

Molpadia oolitica (Pourtal��s 1851) Figure 34 Chiridota oolitica Pourtal��s 1851: 13. Molpadia oolitica.��� Pawson et al, 2001: 322, figs. 3 C���E. Material examined. DML 1475, N.C., 4 ��22.8���N, 75 ��51.4���W, R/V Eastward E- 60-65, 3 November 29, 1965, 200 m. Diagnosis. Large species up to 150 mm long; phosphatic bodies abundant, therefore adult animals dark red to blackish. Body wall ossicles three-pillared tables (245 ��m in diameter), with up to 12 holes, disc with marginal projections as holes often incomplete; tables reduced with age. Tail with elongate oval tables (110 ��m long), with three-pillared spire and up to 20 perforations. Distribution. MA south to E and W FL, Gulf of Mexico. Habitat. Mud, buried or in shallow depressions in seabed. 90��� 720 m. Remarks. The dark red to blackish body of this species, and the posterior grayish tail, are distinctive., Published as part of Pawson, David L., Pawson, Doris J. & King, Rachael A., 2010, A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 2449 on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195134, {"references":["Pourtales, L. F. (1851) On the Holothuriae of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fifth meeting, held at Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1851, pp. 8 - 16.","Pawson, D. L., D. J. Vance & C. Ahearn (2001) Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the Order Molpadiida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10, 311 - 327."]}

A summary account is given of the 33 holothurian species known from the South Atlantic Bight, from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Cape Canaveral, Florida, from the shore to a depth of 200 meters. Four of the six known orders of holothurians are represented in the study area. Each species is diagnosed and illustrated; citations of informative literature and brief discussions of distribution and general biology are included. Also included are dichotomous keys to aid in identification to the species level. A new genus is erected to accommodate Pseudocolochirus mysticus Deichmann, 1930. Ocnus pygmaeus (Théel, 1886b) and O. surinamensis (Semper, 1868) are referred to the genus Aslia Rowe, 1970.

Paracaudina chilensis obesacauda (H.L. Clark, 1908) Figure 35 Caudina obesacauda Clark, 1908: 38, pl. 9, figs. 1���5. Paracaudina chilensis obesacauda.��� Miller and Pawson, 1984: 66, figs. 53, 54.��� Hendler et al. 1995: 302, figs. 171, 187 J,K.��� Pawson et al. 2001: 324, figs. 5 A,B. Material examined. SERTC 2460, off St Catherines Island, GA, 31 ��27.42'N, 81 ��05.46'W, 9 m, coll. MRRI Staff, October 13 2004. Diagnosis. Medium-sized, burrowing form, up to 150mm. Color in life white to grey. Body barrel-shaped, with distinct, tapering tail. Podia absent. Body wall and tail with ossicles of one type, crossed cups (45���65 ��m). Distribution. SC to E and W FL, TX, Gulf of Mexico, Indo-Pacific. Habitat. Infaunal, soft, sandy sediment. 0��� 10m. Remarks. The astonishingly broad distribution of this species has led to a re-examination, by various authors, of the taxonomic characters ��� mostly in the ossicles ��� and the conclusion that this is a single variable species., Published as part of Pawson, David L., Pawson, Doris J. & King, Rachael A., 2010, A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 2449 on page 41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195134, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians; a monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadiidae, including a report on the representatives of these families in the collections of the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35, 1 - 231.","Miller, J. E. & D. L. Pawson (1984) Holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, 7 (Pt. 1), 1 - 79.","Hendler, G., J. E. Miller, D. L. Pawson & P. M. Kier (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. xi + 390 pages.","Pawson, D. L., D. J. Vance & C. Ahearn (2001) Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the Order Molpadiida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10, 311 - 327."]}

Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826 Figure 3 Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826: 293; H.L. Clark, 1907: 165, Pl. 11; Pawson, 1977: 100, text-figs: 1, 2, 3, 4a���c, e, Map 1 (synonymy). Material examined. SAM-A 28044, ���Nansen 404 ���, Trawl TO 16, west coast of South Africa (33 �� 53.7 ���S, 17 �� 26.9 ���E), 407 m, 10.iv. 2007, Louise Lange, 1 spec. Description. Specimen large, well preserved, barrel-shaped with short tail. Length along ventral surface 80 mm, width of mid-body 15 mm, tail length 2 mm. Colour uniformly violet except at extreme anterior end and the tail which are white to greyish-white. Body wall rough to the touch. Phosphatic deposits abundant (Figure 3 B). Calcareous deposits of body wall delicate, localised mostly in tail and at extreme anterior end, and include fusiform and tri-forked rods, up to 600 ��m, with 1 ��� 4 (usually 3) small central holes and easily fragmented racquet-shaped bodies (Figure 3 A); anchors may be present but only a single broken one detected in the body wall sampled, may be of foreign origin. Distribution. Essentially cosmopolitan but not yet known from above the Arctic Circle, 35���5205 m. (Pawson 1977) Remarks. Pawson (1977) revised the molpadiid sea cucumbers of the Southern, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, describing four new species and presenting a key to the nine species he recognized as valid. Since then, a few more species have been added. After having examined 170 specimens, Pawson showed that Molpadia musculus is a very varied species with its calcareous deposits changing drastically with age. His synonymy of M. musculus hence appears rather drastic but despite this he comments that it is incomplete ���for the limits of variation of the species are far from clearly defined.��� (Pawson 1977: 100). Based on this, the single southern African specimen, briefly described above, appears referable to this species. It is characterized by the presence of fusiform rods in the body wall, best developed in the tail and much smaller racquet-shaped bodies. Pawson states that anchors, rosettes of racquet-shaped plates and tables with three or more perforations and a solid spire are usually absent in specimens over 30 mm, ���having being transformed into very numerous light to dark red phosphatic deposits.���(Pawson 1977: 100). Hence the propensity of phophatic bodies and the scarcity of racquet-shaped bodies and spired tables. This is the second record of this species from southern Africa, the first is that of Cherbonnier (1965) from a single 41 mm specimen collected at 480 m from Cabinda (Angola). The South African material differs from Cherbonnier���s specimen by the rarity of racquet-shaped deposits and spired tables, perhaps due to its size and/or age., Published as part of Thandar, Ahmed S., 2009, New species and a new record of sea cucumbers from deep waters of the South African temperate region (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 30-42 in Zootaxa 2013 on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185850, {"references":["Risso, A. (1826). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe meridionale et particulierement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. 5: 289 - 293. F. - G. Levrault, Paris.","Clark, H. L. (1907) The Apodous Holothurians: A monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadiidae, including a Report on the representatives of these families in the Collections of the United National Museum. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35, 1 - 231.","Pawson, D. L. (1977) Molpadiid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the southern Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. 3. In: Biology of the Antarctic Seas VI. (Pawson, D. L., ed.) American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series, 26: 97 - 123.","Cherbonnier, G. (1965) Expedition Oceanographique Belge dans les Eaux Cotieres Africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948 - 1949). R e sultats Scientifiques: Holothurides. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 3 (2), 3 - 23."]}

Key to holothurians of Family Molpadiidae from the New Zealand Region 1. Ossicles in body wall include anchors and three-armed anchor plates, spired tables. Phosphatic deposits present...........................................................................................Genus Heteromolpadia Pawson, 1963... 2 - Ossicles in body wall may include anchors and rosettes of racquet-shaped plates, fusiform rods, spired tables. No three-armed anchor plates. Phosphatic deposits present or absent...................................................................................................................................................................Genus Molpadia Risso, 1826... 4 2. Tables in tail less than 200 ��m long, with 6���12 perforations. Complete tables usually present, but sometimes scattered, in body wall; diameter of tables usually exceeds 150 ��m.................................................. 3 - Tables in tail approximately 300 ��m long, with 15���20 perforations. Tables in body wall 100 ��m in diameter with three larger perforations, tables almost always transformed into phosphatic deposits.................... ............................................................................................................ Heteromolpadia joyceae new species 3. Body wall tables of average diameter 300 ��m, usually with more than 3 large perforations.................................................................................................................................. Heteromolpadia pikei Pawson, 1965 b ��� Body wall tables of average diameter 150 ��m, usually with only 3 large perforations................................. ................................................................................................... Heteromolpadia marenzelleri Th��el, 1886 4. Phosphatic deposits absent or very rare; adult specimens gray, pink, or whitish. Body wall ossicles exclusively tables................................................................................................................................................ 5 - Phosphatic deposits present, usually numerous; adult specimens red to violet. Ossicles predominantly fusiform rods in body wall and tail. Spired tables and anchors with rosettes of racquet-shaped plates present in juveniles and young adults ........................................................ Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826 5. Spires of body wall tables single, solid, derived from 3 pillars fused together.......................................... 6 - Spires of tables always composed of 3 discrete pillars, joined by crossbars but never fused together......... ................................................................................................................ Molpadia antarctica (Th��el, 1886) 6. Tail ossicles circular, 75���160 ��m in diameter, often with only three perforations....................................... 7 - Tail ossicles rod-like, exceeding 300 ��m in length, with up to 20 perforations. Ossicles in body wall tables of average diameter 121 ��m, with 3���8 perforations............................. Molpadia abyssicola Pawson, 1977 7. Ossicles in body wall and tail exclusively tables with 3 perforations...... Molpadia discors Pawson, 1977 - Ossicles in body wall and tail tables with 3���8 perforations.......................... Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977, Published as part of Pawson, David L. & Vance, Doris J., 2007, Heteromolpadia joyceae, a new species of sea cucumber from New Zealand, with a key to New Zealand Molpadiidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadiida), pp. 35-39 in Zootaxa 1608 on page 36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273937, {"references":["Pawson, D. L. (1963) The holothurian fauna of Cook Strait, New Zealand. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington 36, 1 - 38.","Risso, A. (1826) Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe meridionale et particulierement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. 5, 289 - 293. F. - G. Levrault, Paris.","Pawson, D. L. (1965 b) New sea-cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from New Zealand waters. Records of the Dominion Museum Wellington 5 (11), 75 - 82.","Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothurioidea. 2. Challenger Scientific Results. Zoology, 14, 1 - 290.","Pawson, D. L. (1977) Molpadiid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the Southern Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Antarctic Research Series Volume 26, Biology of Antarctic Seas 6, 97 - 123."]}

Heteromolpadia joyceae, new species Figure 1 A–F Molpadia ? n.sp. Pawson, 1965 a: 13; 1977: 98. Diagnosis: Body gray, typically with very numerous reddish spots approximately 1 mm in diameter. Body wall ossicles in young specimens three-armed anchor plates, anchors, and three-pillared tables 100 µm in average diameter with three larger perforations and often three additional smaller perforations. Body wall ossicles almost completely disappear as individuals grow. Tables in tail approximately 300 Μm long, with 15–20 perforations. Material Examined: HOLOTYPE, Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand, NZOI Station Z 9005, 21 January 1998, 37 °37.00’S– 37 °39.00’S, 176 °48.49’E – 176 °44.73’E, 360–367m, 1 specimen. PARATYPES, 17 specimens: NZOI Station Z 8999, 20 January 1998, 37 °36.79’S– 38 °47.00’S, 177 °12.10’E – 177 °12.90’E, 460– 467m, 5 specimens. NZOI Station Z 9008, 22 January 1998, 37 °09.87’S– 37 °12.67’S, 176 °21.73’E – 176 °22.96’E, 518–536m, 9 specimens. NMNZ Station BS 754, 23 January 1979, 37 °08.8’S 176 °21.8’E to 37 °09.4’S 176 °23.8’E, 512–632m, mud, 1 specimen. NMNZ Station BS 772, 27 January 1979, 39 °17.2’S 178 °12.7’E to 39 °19.3’S 178 °11.3’E, 258–306m, mud, 2 specimens. Additional material: 67 specimens from 16 NZOI stations. Description: Specimens typical of the Family Molpadiidae, although the tail is relatively long, occupying 17–30 % of the total length of the body. Holotype (Figure 1 A) 86mm in total length, of which the tail occupies 16mm. In all specimens, total length is 48–120 mm. Body wall smooth to touch, thin, but tough and leathery. Color in alcohol gray to dirty white, with very numerous light to dark red irregularly shaped spots (Figure 1 A), which are aggregations of phosphatic deposits, each spot approximately 1mm in diameter. Spots closely aggregated towards anterior end of body, more scattered posteriorly. Tail grayish-white, lacking red spots. Oral disk typical, with 15 tentacles, the disk diameter approximately 10 % of body length. In a 90mm long Paratype, calcareous ring with interradial pieces 5mm high, radial pieces 7mm high, of which relatively short posterior projections occupy 2mm. Posterior projections with narrow notch 0.5mm deep. Polian vesicle single. Stone canal in mid-dorsal interradius whitish, approximately 7 mm long, madreporite approximately spherical, 0.5mm in diameter. Pore canal 1mm long extends from madreporite to attach to mid-dorsal body wall. Pore canal opens to exterior in an area distinguished by a bare gray patch approximately 10mm posterior to oral disk. Gonad with few branches, genital duct opens to exterior in middorsal interradius, 1mm posterior to oral disk. Gonad without ossicles. Course of intestine, and respiratory trees, typical. Body wall in all specimens contains primarily clusters of phosphatic deposits (Figure 1 B), derived from dissolution of calcareous ossicles. Rare remaining fragments of ossicles (Figures 1 C–D) indicate that young specimens of this species carry in their body wall single anchor-plates that are apparently three-armed, along with typical molpadiid anchors. Fragments show that three-pillared tables of 100 µm average diameter with three major perforations and often three smaller perforations are scattered in the body wall. Tail contains spired tables (Figure 1 E–F) of average length 300 µm, with an oval central area with 15–20 perforations, and two rod-like extensions, usually imperforate. The three-pillared spire averages 60 ìm in height. Distribution: Off the east coast of the North Island, and the northeast coast of the South Island, and the Chatham Rise, in 258–632 meters. Apparently this species is confined to the bathyal zone. Ecology: Like all other molpadiids, prefers mud substrates. In all specimens, the intestine is packed with mud. Etymology: It is our pleasure to name this species for Mrs. Joyce McCullough of China Grove, North Carolina, as a small token of appreciation of her untiring, endlessly cheerful, volunteer assistance in the field and in the laboratory over the past several years. Remarks: Pawson (1965 a) suspected that the two specimens he named “ Molpadia ? n.sp. ” represented a new species, but noted that more material was needed in order to properly characterize the species. The abundant material now available confirms the validity of this new taxon. In having single three-armed anchor plates in the body wall, this species falls into the genus Heteromolpadia Pawson, 1963. From the Indonesian species H. tridens (Sluiter, 1901), H. joyceae differs in possessing spired tables in the body wall. Furthermore, in H. tridens the three-armed ossicles and anchors are retained to some extent as the animal grows, and apparently do not undergo extensive dissolution. H. joyceae differs from the other New Zealand congeners H. marenzelleri (Théel, 1886) and H. pikei Pawson, 1965 b, in the nature of the ossicles in the tail; these are generally larger in H. joyceae, with far more numerous perforations (see key above).

Bohn, Jens Michael (2006): Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin—Results of the DIVA­ 1 expedition of FS " Meteor " (Cruise M 48 / 1). Zootaxa 1276: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173337

Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977 (Figs 9 B���G, 11) Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977: 115 ���116, figs 6 (a���g, i), 7 (a���b, d) Material. M 48 / 1��333: 1 specimen (ZSM 20043068), 1 specimen (ZSM 20043069). M 48 / 1��349: 4 specimens (ZSM 20020025). M 48 / 1��351: 5 specimens (ZSM 20020028). Description. The specimens range from 24 to 63 mm in length, and 6 to 13 mm in width (at calcareous ring). The body is approximately cylindrical, with a tapering posterior end, resulting in a very short tail (only few millimetres long). Preserved specimens are dirty��white with a tinge of pink. Fifteen retracted tentacles encompass the terminal mouth. Likewise, the anus is terminal and in each radius there are few short anal papillae. The calcareous ring is solid, smooth and composed of five radial plates (Fig. 9 B: ldr, lvr), with prominent posterior projections and five much smaller interradial plates (Fig. 9 B: llir). The tentacle ampullae are short. Longitudinal muscle bands are undivided. There is one tubular polian vesicle in the left ventral radius. The single stone canal is long and embedded in the dorsal mesentery and has a large oval madreporite body close to the dorsal body wall. The gonad consists of tufts of branching, tubules on both sides of the dorsal mesentery. The intestine forms a large loop (as long as body) and the respiratory trees are conspicuous. The calcareous deposits of the body wall (Figs 9 C���D) and the tail (Figs 9 E���F) are exclusively tables with 3���9 holes and a large solid spire, derived from three fused pillars, with 4���6 terminal hooklets. The tables of the body wall in the current specimens on average range from 95 to 121 (Tab. 2) and usually have 4 or 5 holes, while the tables from the tail are smaller, on average 86 to 105 in diameter (Tab. 2) and have fewer holes (3 or 4). There are no phosphatic deposits, but anal teeth are present (Fig. 9 G). Remarks. The current specimens agree in all details with Molpadia liska as characterised by Pawson (1977): body wall and tail deposits similar, exclusively tables with solid spires composed of three fused pillars, with usually three perforations but often with more up to a maximum of eight. Table deposit diameters of the current specimens are also in accordance with the table sizes as presented by Pawson (Tab. 2). There is only one other species known to possess similar table deposits in the body wall and in the tail: Molpadia discors Pawson, 1977. This species differs from Molpadia liska by its invariable number of three holes per table, which in Molpadia liska may be up to eight or nine (Pawson 1977). Another closely related species, which may result in misidentifications, is Molpadia blakei (Th��el, 1886), which with certainty is known from the northern Atlantic deep��sea (Pawson et al. 2001). This species differs from M. liska by the presence of fusiform rods (mean length: 256) in the tail, which are perforated by large holes and have a low spire (Pawson et al. 2001). TABLE 2. Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977. Means, standard deviations (in parentheses) and range of diameter of tables from body wall (D bw,) and from tail (D t,) compared to range of mean values as presented by Pawson (1977) for the type specimens. n ���number of measurements. This is the first record of this species for the Atlantic Ocean, and the known depth range is considerably increased from 4740 to more than 5420 m. Distribution. (Fig. 11) South��eastern Atlantic Ocean, south��western Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean, 3111���5426 m (Pawson 1977; herein)., Published as part of Bohn, Jens Michael, 2006, Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin ��� Results of the DIVA�� 1 expedition of FS " Meteor " (Cruise M 48 / 1), pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1276 on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173337, {"references":["Pawson, D. L. (1977) Molpadiid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the southern Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Biology of the Antarctic Seas VI. Antarctic Research Series, 26, 97 - 123.","Pawson, D. L., Vance, D. J. & Ahearn, C. (2001) Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the order Molpadiida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10, 311 - 327."]}