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Molpadia africana (Ludwig & Heding, 1935) (Fig. 30 A ��� C) Trochostoma africanum Ludwig & Heding, 1935: 142, textfig. 10. Material examined. IE-2007-756 (2 specimens sampled in Mahajamba Bay); IE-2007-781 (1 specimen, sampled in front of Mahajamba Bay) Remarks. This specimen fits remarkably well with the only know previous record of this species approximately 10�� to the north in the Zanzibar Channel., Published as part of Samyn, Yves & Vandenspiegel, Didier, 2016, Sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Northern Mozambique Channel with description of six new species, pp. 451-497 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on page 490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/168273, {"references":["Ludwig, H. & Heding, S. G. (1935) Die Holothurien der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. I. Fußlose und dendrochirote Formen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899. 24 (2), 123 - 214."]}

Molpadia lenticulum (Cherbonnier & F��ral, 1981) new comb. (Fig. 32 A ��� B) Trochostoma lenticulum Cherbonnier & F��ral, 1981: 405, fig.29 Material examined. IE-2007-778(1) (1 specimen sampled in front of Majumga) Remarks. Pawson (1965, 1967, 1977) lumped Trochostoma (and eight other genera) with Molpadia. As long as no complete revision of the group is carried out, we follow this decision. The holotype and paratype of this species were sampled at 750 m depth in the Philippines. The present record is thus a significant horizontal and vertical (950 m depth) range extension., Published as part of Samyn, Yves & Vandenspiegel, Didier, 2016, Sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Northern Mozambique Channel with description of six new species, pp. 451-497 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on pages 490-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/168273

Molpadia scabrum (Sluiter, 1901) Table 1; appendix 1; figure 27a Material examined. Northwest Western Australia, Kimberley Region, Camden Sound, WAMSI 1.1. 1, RV Linnaeus, sled, site no LIN_48, barcode 53720, from -15.32474 124.42657 28 m to -15.32183 124.42742 12 m, 19 Mar 2015, WAM Z89069 (1). Subclass Synaptacea Cuénot, 1891 (sensu Smirnov 2012), Published as part of O'Loughlin, P. Mark, Harding 1, Caroline & Paulay, Gustav, 2016, The sea cucumbers of Camden Sound in northwest Australia, including four new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 7-52 in Memoirs of Museum Victoria 75 on page 42, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2016.75.02, http://zenodo.org/record/8075992, {"references":["Sluiter, C. P. 1901. Siboga - Expedite. Die Holothurien der Siboga - Expedition 44. 142 pp, 11 pls.","Cuenot, L. 1891. Etudes morphologiques sur les Echinodermes. Archives de biologie. Paris 11: 313 - 680.","Smirnov, A. V. 2012. System of the class Holothuroidea. Paleontological Journal 46 (8): 793 - 832."]}

Molpadia andamanensis (Walsh, 1891) (Fig. 31 A ��� C) Trochostoma andamanense Walsh, 1891: 203 Molpadia andamanensis; Clarck, 1908: 162 (synonymy) Material examined. IE 2007-782 (3 specimens sampled between Majunga and Cape Saint-Andre); IE-2007-817 (2 specimens sampled between Majunga and Cape Saint-Andre), Published as part of Samyn, Yves & Vandenspiegel, Didier, 2016, Sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Northern Mozambique Channel with description of six new species, pp. 451-497 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on page 490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/168273, {"references":["Walsh, J. H. T. (1891) Natural jistory notes from H. M. Indian Marine Survey steamer \" Investigator \" No. 24. List of deep-sae holothurians, collected during seasons 1887 - 91, with description of new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Begal, 60, 197 - 204.","Clarck, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. A monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35, 1 - 231, 13 plates."]}

Molpadia thandari Samyn & VandenSpiegel sp. nov. (Fig. 33 A ��� C) Molpadia sp. indet.; Thandar, 2007: 52, fig. 24 Material examined. Type material: IE-2007-759 (holotype, sampled in front of Nazendry Bay); IE-2007-806 (1 paratype, sampled in front of Nazendry Bay) Type locality. Madagascar, Nazendry Bay, Station CP 3289 (Decimal coordinates: -14,4833; 47,4333) Etymology. This species is named after Prof. Em. Ahmed S. Thandar of the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, who, in 2007, was the first to recognize this species as a separate taxon. Known geographic description. Known from off Tongaat Bluff just North of Durban (Decimal coordinates: - 29.73; 31.42) to Nazendry Bay near Nozi Lava (Decimal coordinates; -14,4833; 47,4333) Taxonomic description (holotype and paratype). Anatomy ��� Holotype 70 mm long and 35 mm wide with tail 5 mm long. Paratype 25 mm long and 12 mm wide, with tail 2 mm long (fig. 33A). Body uniform light chocolate brown, with tail somewhat lighter in color. Muscle bands can be seen through the body wall. Tentacles 15, retracted, morphology could not be determined. Anus surrounded by five minute and slender teeth. Calcareous ring with, plates fused, radials with a terminal bifid posterior projection (broken in holotype); interradial with triangular anterior projection of same length of that of radial plate. 15 short tentacle ampullae; Polian vesicule single, elongated; stone canal not detected. Left respiratory tree reaching mid body, right longer. (see also Thandar (2007) for Molpadia sp. indet.) Gonad well-developed, branching. Longitudinal muscles divided into two lateral bands that unite before reaching the calcareous ring. Ossicles ���Ossicle assemblage of tentacles could not be determined. Body wall with tables of two different morphologies. The first type has their disc, 123 ��� 176 ��m wide, perforated with 4 to 6 holes and with four to six arms 132 ��� 208 ��m long. Disc spire is made of 3 pillars fused over their complete length, 253 ��� 300 high (no trace of cross-beams can be seen). The second type of table does not have long disc arms and has their discs perforated by 3 ��� 5 large holes, 42 ��� 74��m- wide; spire again consistng of three fused pillars, 113 ��� 129��m high. Tables from the tail are the typical fusiform Molpadia type, 360 ��� 412 ��m long, with disc slightly swollen centrally and perforated by 2 ��� 4 small holes; spire low, 37 ��� 51 mm high, ending in four teeth. Remarks. We agree with Thandar (2007) that the large body wall tables with multi-armed discs and 4 ��� 6 holes make this species stand aside from other Molpadia species. We feel it justified to regard this character state important enough to warrant it diagnostic for a species new to science. We decided to picture only the paratype, because the dissected holotype might give a wrong impression of the species., Published as part of Samyn, Yves & Vandenspiegel, Didier, 2016, Sublittoral and bathyal sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the Northern Mozambique Channel with description of six new species, pp. 451-497 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on pages 491-492, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/168273, {"references":["Thandar, A. S. (2007) Additions to the aspidochirotid, molpadid and apodid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the east coast of southern Africa, with the descriptions of new species. Zootaxa, 1414, 1 - 62."]}

Molpadia oolitica (Pourtal��s 1851) Figure 34 Chiridota oolitica Pourtal��s 1851: 13. Molpadia oolitica.��� Pawson et al, 2001: 322, figs. 3 C���E. Material examined. DML 1475, N.C., 4 ��22.8���N, 75 ��51.4���W, R/V Eastward E- 60-65, 3 November 29, 1965, 200 m. Diagnosis. Large species up to 150 mm long; phosphatic bodies abundant, therefore adult animals dark red to blackish. Body wall ossicles three-pillared tables (245 ��m in diameter), with up to 12 holes, disc with marginal projections as holes often incomplete; tables reduced with age. Tail with elongate oval tables (110 ��m long), with three-pillared spire and up to 20 perforations. Distribution. MA south to E and W FL, Gulf of Mexico. Habitat. Mud, buried or in shallow depressions in seabed. 90��� 720 m. Remarks. The dark red to blackish body of this species, and the posterior grayish tail, are distinctive., Published as part of Pawson, David L., Pawson, Doris J. & King, Rachael A., 2010, A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 1-48 in Zootaxa 2449 on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195134, {"references":["Pourtales, L. F. (1851) On the Holothuriae of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fifth meeting, held at Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1851, pp. 8 - 16.","Pawson, D. L., D. J. Vance & C. Ahearn (2001) Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the Order Molpadiida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10, 311 - 327."]}

Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826 Figure 3 Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826: 293; H.L. Clark, 1907: 165, Pl. 11; Pawson, 1977: 100, text-figs: 1, 2, 3, 4a���c, e, Map 1 (synonymy). Material examined. SAM-A 28044, ���Nansen 404 ���, Trawl TO 16, west coast of South Africa (33 �� 53.7 ���S, 17 �� 26.9 ���E), 407 m, 10.iv. 2007, Louise Lange, 1 spec. Description. Specimen large, well preserved, barrel-shaped with short tail. Length along ventral surface 80 mm, width of mid-body 15 mm, tail length 2 mm. Colour uniformly violet except at extreme anterior end and the tail which are white to greyish-white. Body wall rough to the touch. Phosphatic deposits abundant (Figure 3 B). Calcareous deposits of body wall delicate, localised mostly in tail and at extreme anterior end, and include fusiform and tri-forked rods, up to 600 ��m, with 1 ��� 4 (usually 3) small central holes and easily fragmented racquet-shaped bodies (Figure 3 A); anchors may be present but only a single broken one detected in the body wall sampled, may be of foreign origin. Distribution. Essentially cosmopolitan but not yet known from above the Arctic Circle, 35���5205 m. (Pawson 1977) Remarks. Pawson (1977) revised the molpadiid sea cucumbers of the Southern, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, describing four new species and presenting a key to the nine species he recognized as valid. Since then, a few more species have been added. After having examined 170 specimens, Pawson showed that Molpadia musculus is a very varied species with its calcareous deposits changing drastically with age. His synonymy of M. musculus hence appears rather drastic but despite this he comments that it is incomplete ���for the limits of variation of the species are far from clearly defined.��� (Pawson 1977: 100). Based on this, the single southern African specimen, briefly described above, appears referable to this species. It is characterized by the presence of fusiform rods in the body wall, best developed in the tail and much smaller racquet-shaped bodies. Pawson states that anchors, rosettes of racquet-shaped plates and tables with three or more perforations and a solid spire are usually absent in specimens over 30 mm, ���having being transformed into very numerous light to dark red phosphatic deposits.���(Pawson 1977: 100). Hence the propensity of phophatic bodies and the scarcity of racquet-shaped bodies and spired tables. This is the second record of this species from southern Africa, the first is that of Cherbonnier (1965) from a single 41 mm specimen collected at 480 m from Cabinda (Angola). The South African material differs from Cherbonnier���s specimen by the rarity of racquet-shaped deposits and spired tables, perhaps due to its size and/or age., Published as part of Thandar, Ahmed S., 2009, New species and a new record of sea cucumbers from deep waters of the South African temperate region (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 30-42 in Zootaxa 2013 on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185850, {"references":["Risso, A. (1826). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe meridionale et particulierement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. 5: 289 - 293. F. - G. Levrault, Paris.","Clark, H. L. (1907) The Apodous Holothurians: A monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadiidae, including a Report on the representatives of these families in the Collections of the United National Museum. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35, 1 - 231.","Pawson, D. L. (1977) Molpadiid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the southern Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. 3. In: Biology of the Antarctic Seas VI. (Pawson, D. L., ed.) American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series, 26: 97 - 123.","Cherbonnier, G. (1965) Expedition Oceanographique Belge dans les Eaux Cotieres Africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948 - 1949). R e sultats Scientifiques: Holothurides. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 3 (2), 3 - 23."]}

Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977 (Figs 9 B���G, 11) Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977: 115 ���116, figs 6 (a���g, i), 7 (a���b, d) Material. M 48 / 1��333: 1 specimen (ZSM 20043068), 1 specimen (ZSM 20043069). M 48 / 1��349: 4 specimens (ZSM 20020025). M 48 / 1��351: 5 specimens (ZSM 20020028). Description. The specimens range from 24 to 63 mm in length, and 6 to 13 mm in width (at calcareous ring). The body is approximately cylindrical, with a tapering posterior end, resulting in a very short tail (only few millimetres long). Preserved specimens are dirty��white with a tinge of pink. Fifteen retracted tentacles encompass the terminal mouth. Likewise, the anus is terminal and in each radius there are few short anal papillae. The calcareous ring is solid, smooth and composed of five radial plates (Fig. 9 B: ldr, lvr), with prominent posterior projections and five much smaller interradial plates (Fig. 9 B: llir). The tentacle ampullae are short. Longitudinal muscle bands are undivided. There is one tubular polian vesicle in the left ventral radius. The single stone canal is long and embedded in the dorsal mesentery and has a large oval madreporite body close to the dorsal body wall. The gonad consists of tufts of branching, tubules on both sides of the dorsal mesentery. The intestine forms a large loop (as long as body) and the respiratory trees are conspicuous. The calcareous deposits of the body wall (Figs 9 C���D) and the tail (Figs 9 E���F) are exclusively tables with 3���9 holes and a large solid spire, derived from three fused pillars, with 4���6 terminal hooklets. The tables of the body wall in the current specimens on average range from 95 to 121 (Tab. 2) and usually have 4 or 5 holes, while the tables from the tail are smaller, on average 86 to 105 in diameter (Tab. 2) and have fewer holes (3 or 4). There are no phosphatic deposits, but anal teeth are present (Fig. 9 G). Remarks. The current specimens agree in all details with Molpadia liska as characterised by Pawson (1977): body wall and tail deposits similar, exclusively tables with solid spires composed of three fused pillars, with usually three perforations but often with more up to a maximum of eight. Table deposit diameters of the current specimens are also in accordance with the table sizes as presented by Pawson (Tab. 2). There is only one other species known to possess similar table deposits in the body wall and in the tail: Molpadia discors Pawson, 1977. This species differs from Molpadia liska by its invariable number of three holes per table, which in Molpadia liska may be up to eight or nine (Pawson 1977). Another closely related species, which may result in misidentifications, is Molpadia blakei (Th��el, 1886), which with certainty is known from the northern Atlantic deep��sea (Pawson et al. 2001). This species differs from M. liska by the presence of fusiform rods (mean length: 256) in the tail, which are perforated by large holes and have a low spire (Pawson et al. 2001). TABLE 2. Molpadia liska Pawson, 1977. Means, standard deviations (in parentheses) and range of diameter of tables from body wall (D bw,) and from tail (D t,) compared to range of mean values as presented by Pawson (1977) for the type specimens. n ���number of measurements. This is the first record of this species for the Atlantic Ocean, and the known depth range is considerably increased from 4740 to more than 5420 m. Distribution. (Fig. 11) South��eastern Atlantic Ocean, south��western Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean, 3111���5426 m (Pawson 1977; herein)., Published as part of Bohn, Jens Michael, 2006, Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin ��� Results of the DIVA�� 1 expedition of FS " Meteor " (Cruise M 48 / 1), pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1276 on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173337, {"references":["Pawson, D. L. (1977) Molpadiid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the southern Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Biology of the Antarctic Seas VI. Antarctic Research Series, 26, 97 - 123.","Pawson, D. L., Vance, D. J. & Ahearn, C. (2001) Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the order Molpadiida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10, 311 - 327."]}