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Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), now assigned to the genus Poacevirus of the family Potyviridae , was reported for the first time in 1932 in Louisiana and was believed to be strain F of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) for more than six decades. SCMV-F was renamed SCSMV in 1998 after partial sequencing of its genome and phylogenetic investigations. Following the development of specific molecular diagnostic methods in the 2000s, SCSMV was recurrently found in sugarcane exhibiting streak mosaic symptoms in numerous Asian countries but not in the Western hemisphere or in Africa. In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge on this disease and the progression in research on SCSMV. This includes symptoms, geographical distribution and incidence, diagnosis and genetic diversity of the virus, epidemiology, and control. Finally, we highlight future challenges, as sugarcane streak mosaic has recently been found in Africa, where this disease represents a new threat to sugarcane production., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Blueberries (Vaccinium sp.) are a major crop grown in the Pacific Northwest region. Currently, there are at least 17 known viruses that infect blueberry plants, and some of them cause a wide range of symptoms and economic losses. A new virus, vaccinium-associated virus C (VaVC) (family Totiviridae, genus Totivirus) was identified in an imported blueberry accession from the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, Oregon. The complete genomic sequence of VaVC was determined, but the biological significance of VaVC is unknown and requires further study. Additional Vaccinium sp. accessions should be screened to investigate the incidence of this new virus., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

A novel betaflexivirus, tentatively named "miscanthus virus M" (MiVM), was isolated from Miscanthus sp. The complete genome of MiVM is 7,388 nt in length (excluding the poly(A) tail). It contains five open reading frames and has a genome organization similar to those of members of the families Alphaflexiviridae and Betaflexiviridae (subfamily Quinvirinae). The amino acid sequences of both the replicase and coat protein shared less than 45% identity with the corresponding sequences of members of either family. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that MiVM belongs to the family Betaflexiviridae and subfamily Quinvirinae but it was too distantly related to be included in any currently recognized genus in this family. We therefore propose that miscanthus virus M represents a new species and a new genus in the family Betaflexiviridae., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV, Potyviridae ) can threaten the sustainability of iris production and the marketability of the plants. Effective intervention and control strategies require rapid and early detection of viral infections. The wide range of viral symptoms, from asymptomatic to severe chlorosis of the leaves, renders diagnosis solely based on visual indicators ineffective. A nested PCR-based diagnostic assay was developed for the reliable detection of ISMV in iris leaves and in rhizomes. Considering the genetic variability of ISMV, two primer pairs were designed to detect the highly conserved 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genomic RNA. The specificity of the primer pairs was confirmed against four other potyviruses. The sensitivity of detection was enhanced by one order of magnitude using diluted cDNA and a nested approach. Nested PCR facilitated detecting ISMV on field-grown samples beyond the capabilities of a currently available immunological test and in iris rhizome, which would facilitate ensuring clean stock is planted. This approach dramatically improves the detection threshold of ISMV on potentially low virus titer samples. The study provides a practical, accurate, and sensitive tool for the early detection of a deleterious virus that infects a popular ornamental and landscape plant., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV), the causal agent of yellow leaf, has been reported in an increasing number of sugarcane-growing locations since its first report in the 1990s in Brazil, Florida, and Hawaii. In this study, the genetic diversity of SCYLV was investigated using the genome coding sequence (5,561 to 5,612 nt) of 109 virus isolates from 19 geographical locations, including 65 new isolates from 16 geographical regions worldwide. These isolates were distributed in three major phylogenetic lineages (BRA, CUB, and REU), except for one isolate from Guatemala. Twenty-two recombination events were identified among the 109 isolates of SCYLV, thus confirming that recombination was a significant driving force in the genetic diversity and evolution of this virus. No temporal signal was found in the genomic sequence dataset, most likely because of the short temporal window of the 109 SCYLV isolates (1998 to 2020). Among 27 primers reported in the literature for the detection of the virus by RT-PCR, none matched 100% with all 109 SCYLV sequences, suggesting that the use of some primer pairs may not result in the detection of all virus isolates. Primers YLS111/YLS462, which were the first primer pair used by numerous research organizations to detect the virus by RT-PCR, failed to detect isolates belonging to the CUB lineage. In contrast, primer pair ScYLVf1/ScYLVr1 efficiently detected isolates of all three lineages. Continuous pursuit of knowledge of SCYLV genetic variability is therefore critical for effective diagnosis of yellow leaf, especially in virus-infected and mainly asymptomatic sugarcane plants., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

The complete genome sequence of a new member of the family Mitoviridae was obtained from walking iris (Trimezia northiana (Schneev.) Ravenna by high-throughput sequencing. This is the first putative mitovirus identified in a monocotyledonous plant. The new mitovirus was tentatively named "walking iris virus 1" (WIV1). The complete genome of WIV1 is 2,858 nt in length with a single ORF encoding a viral replicase (RdRp). The highest level of amino acid sequence identity was 45% to Beta vulgaris mitovirus 1. In the viral replicase, a conserved protein domain for mitovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and six highly conserved motifs were detected, consistent with other members of the family Mitoviridae. Phylogenetic inferences placed WIV1 among members of the genus Duamitovirus (family Mitoviridae) in a monophyletic clade with other plant mitoviruses. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis support the classification of WIV1 as a new member of the genus Duamitovirus (family Mitoviridae)., (© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

An isolate of papaya virus E was identified in tomato fruits from Mexico. The coding-complete genome sequence was determined using high-throughput sequencing. The coding-complete genome is 13,412 nucleotides and contains 8 open reading frames., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

A previously uncharacterized torradovirus species infecting potatoes was detected by high-throughput sequencing from field samples from Peru and in customs intercepts in potato tubers that originated from South America in the United States of America and the Netherlands. This new potato torradovirus showed high nucleotide sequence identity to an unidentified isometric virus (SB26/29), which was associated with a disease named potato rugose stunting in southern Peru characterized over two decades ago. Thus, this virus is tentatively named potato rugose stunting virus (PotRSV). The genome of PotRSV isolates sequenced in this study were composed of two polyadenylated RNA segments. RNA1 ranges from 7,086 to 7,089 nt and RNA2 from 5,228 to 5,230 nt. RNA1 encodes a polyprotein containing the replication block (helicase-protease-polymerase), whereas RNA2 encodes a polyprotein cleaved into a movement protein and the three capsid proteins (CPs). Pairwise comparison among PotRSV isolates revealed amino acid identity values greater than 86% in the protease-polymerase (Pro-Pol) region and greater than 82% for the combined CPs. The closest torradovirus species, squash chlorotic leaf spot virus, shares amino acid identities of ∼58 and ∼41% in the Pro-Pol and the combined CPs, respectively. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Screening of blueberry accessions using high throughput sequencing revealed the presence of a new virus. Genomic structure and sequence are similar to that of nectarine stem pitting associated virus (NSPaV), a member of the genus Luteovirus, family Tombusviridae. The full genome of the new luteovirus, tentatively named blueberry virus L (BlVL), was characterized and analyzed. Similar to NSPaV, BlVL does not contain readily identifiable movement proteins in any of the seven isolates sequenced. More than 600 samples collected from five states were screened and 79% were found infected, making BlVL the most widespread blueberry virus in the United States., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interests associated with the research presented here, (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Weigela (Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC., Family: Caprifoliaceae) are woody shrubs native to North China, Korea, and Japan. In the U.S., weigela are commonly used as landscape ornamental plants (McNamara et al. 2010). Two viruses have been reported in weigela: tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus and impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus (Sastry et al. 2019). Ten weigela plants, originating from commercial nurseries in Minnesota, exhibiting chlorosis, chlorotic line patterns, and necrosis (e-Xtra) were submitted for virus diagnostics as potted plants at the University of Minnesota Plant Disease Clinic and the Virology Lab in 2019 and 2020 (five plants each year). Under greenhouse conditions, symptoms progressed from chlorosis to necrosis and even plant death in two of the five plants in 2019. Electron microscopy revealed rod-shaped particles of ≈20 nm in diameter and lengths between 40-200 nm with similar morphology to members of the genus Tobravirus (e-Xtra). Virus-like particles were enriched by ultracentrifugation and total nucleic acids were extracted from partial purifications using a phenol:chloroform extraction method (Lockhart et al. 1997). Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was identified by cloning and sequencing of the 463bp amplicon obtained with the TRV detection primers described in Robinson, 1992. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) was done to confirm the TRV detection. A cDNA library was prepared from purified viral RNA using the TruSeq Stranded mRNA kit and sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform as 150 bp-paired end reads. A total of 44,316,446 raw data reads were obtained, preprocessed using the BBDuk plugin, and de novo assembled using SPAdes assembler. Viral contigs were identified using the NCBI BLASTX tool. The assembly of TRV RNA1 was 6,842 nt with 20,627,348 reads (47% of total reads) mapped to it and an average coverage per nucleotide at 323,639X. The assembly of TRV RNA2 was 3,033 nt with 22,769,253 reads (52% of total reads) mapped to it and an average coverage per nucleotide at 798,660X. NCBI GenBank accession numbers for the assemblies representing RNA1 and RNA2 are OQ408335 and OQ408336, respectively. NCBI BLASTn analysis showed the highest level of nucleotide identity to TRV genomic RNA segments 1 and 2, with 97% and 99% identity to the TRV isolate RNA1 (GQ903771) and RNA2 (GQ903772), respectively, that originated from Michigan potato. No other viral contigs were detected from the virion nucleic acid extraction by HTS, however this enrichment method doesn't exclude other viruses. In addition to using the detection primers by Robinson 1992, we designed primers based on our HTS data: TRV-WG-DetF3 5'- GACGAAGGAGGCTGTCATTGC-3' and TRV-WG-DetR3 5'-CGGACTATCGTGATGCCCATGC- 3'. RT-PCR amplicons from each of the 10 symptomatic plants were cloned and sequenced. Among these clones, Sanger sequence identities ranged between 96-100% compared to the HTS data and 98-99% to the TRV potato isolate from MI. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TRV infecting the ornamental host W. florida worldwide. TRV is a nematode-transmitted viral pathogen of economic importance, most notably in potatoes (Sastry et al. 2019). In the US, TRV has been reported on several landscape ornamentals, horticultural crops, and native habitats. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of TRV on the ornamental industry and the role of ornamentals as reservoirs for cultivated crops like potatoes.

Babaco ( Vasconcellea × heilbornii ) is a subtropical species in the Caricaceae family. The plant is native to Ecuador and represents an important crop for hundreds of families. The objective of this study was to characterize, at the genomic level, two new babaco viruses identified by high-throughput sequencing. The viruses, an ilarvirus and a nucleorhabdovirus, were found in a symptomatic babaco plant from a commercial nursery in the Azuay province of Ecuador. The tripartite genome of the new ilarvirus, provisionally named babaco ilarvirus 1 (BabIV-1), is related to subgroup 3 ilarviruses, including apple mosaic virus, apple necrotic mosaic virus, and prunus necrotic ringspot virus as the closest relatives. The genome of the nucleorhabdovirus, provisionally named babaco nucleorhabdovirus 1 (BabRV-1), showed the closest relation with joa yellow blotch-associated virus and potato yellow dwarf nucleorhabdovirus. Molecular-based detection methods found BabIV-1 and BabRV-1 in 21% and 36%, respectively, of plants surveyed in a commercial babaco nursery, highlighting the importance of enforcing virus testing and nursery certification programs for babaco.

Papaya sticky disease (PSD) is a major virus disorder of papaya ( Carica papaya ). The disease is characterized by fruit damage caused by the oxidation of spontaneously exuded latex. In Brazil, PSD is caused by the coinfection of two viruses, papaya meleira virus (PMeV), a toti-like virus, and papaya meleira virus-2 (PMeV-2), an umbra-like virus. The disorder has also been reported in Mexico and, more recently, in Australia, but the presence of both PMeV and PMeV-2 in symptomatic plants has been documented only in Brazil. In 2021, 2-year-old papaya plants (cultivar Passion Red) exhibiting PSD-like symptoms were observed in Santa Elena Province, Ecuador. Molecular tests of leaf tissue and fruit latex from symptomatic plants failed to detect PMeV. However, papaya virus Q (PpVQ), an umbra-like virus related to but distinct from PMeV-2, and a novel virus, tentatively named papaya sticky fruit-associated virus (PSFaV), were found in the symptomatic samples. PSFaV shares 56% nucleotide identity with the genome of PMeV, suggesting that PSD symptoms can be caused by "couples" of viruses related to but distinct from PMeV (a toti-like virus) and PMeV-2 (an umbra-like virus). This review discusses the history and epidemiology of PSD and the genomic features of newly discovered virus couples involved in this syndrome. Given the unusual etiology of PSD, which involves distinct virus species, the importance of implementing proper diagnostic approaches for PSD is highlighted., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

The complete genomic sequence of a previously uncharacterized virus provisionally named "Bursera graveolens associated totivirus 1" (BgTV-1) was obtained from Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch., a tree known as "palo santo" in Ecuador. The BgTV-1 genome is a monopartite double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is 4794 nucleotides (nt) long (GenBank accession number ON988291). Phylogenetic analysis of the capsid protein (CP) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) placed BgTV-1 in a clade with other plant-associated totiviruses. Amino acid (aa) sequence comparisons of putative BgTV-1 proteins showed the highest sequence similarity to those of taro-associated totivirus L (QFS21890.1-QFS21891.1) and Panax notoginseng virus A (YP_009225664.1- YP_009225665.1), with 51.4% and 49.8% identity, respectively, in the CP and 56.4% and 55.2% identity, respectively, in the RdRp. BgTV-1 was not detected in total RNA from either of the two endophytic fungi cultured from BgTV-1-positive B. graveolens leaves, suggesting that BgTV-1 may be a plant-infecting totivirus. Based on its distinct host and the low aa sequence similarity between the CP of BgTV-1 and its counterparts from the closest relatives, the virus described in this study should be assigned as a new member of the genus Totivirus., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Currently, many viruses are classified based on their genome organization and nucleotide/amino acid sequence identities of their capsid and replication-associated proteins. Although biological traits such as vector specificities and host range are also considered, this later information is scarce for the majority of recently identified viruses, characterized only from genomic sequences. Accordingly, genomic sequences and derived information are being frequently used as the major, if not only, criteria for virus classification and this calls for a full review of the process. Herein, we critically addressed current issues concerning classification of viruses in the family Betaflexiviridae in the era of high-throughput sequencing and propose an updated set of demarcation criteria based on a process involving pairwise identity analyses and phylogenetics. The proposed framework has been designed to solve the majority of current conundrums in taxonomy and to facilitate future virus classification. Finally, the analyses performed herein, alongside the proposed approaches, could be used as a blueprint for virus classification at-large.

Cereal chlorotic mottle virus (CCMoV) is a cicadellid-transmitted plant rhabdovirus associated with chlorotic and necrotic streaks on several gramineous hosts and weeds. The virus was initially described in 1979 in Australia, but its genome has never been sequenced. In this study, the complete genome sequence of a Moroccan isolate of CCMoV was generated by high-throughput sequencing from infected oat leaves (Avena sativa). The genome is 13,800 nt long, containing seven open reading frames (ORFs) arranged in the canonical organization of rhabdoviruses: 3'-nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), unknown protein (p3), unknown protein (p4), matrix (M), glycoprotein (G), viral polymerase (L)-5'. Pairwise analysis showed that maize fine streak virus (MFSV, genus Gammanucleorhabdovirus) was the closest relative. The amino acid identity values between homologous proteins from CCMoV and MFSV are as follows: 59.27% (N), 36.7% (P), 24% (P3), 62% (P4), 43.70% (M), 49.15% (G), 60.93% (L). Based on its phylogenetic relationship and analogous genome architecture, CCMoV should be assigned as member of the genus Gammanucleorhabdovirus. The low sequence similarity observed between CCMoV and MFSV suggests that CCMoV is a member of a distinct virus species., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Two newly described viruses belonging to distinct families, Rhabdoviridae and Geminiviridae , were discovered co-infecting Hyptis pectinata from a tropical dry forest of Ecuador. The negative-sense RNA genome of the rhabdovirus, tentatively named Hyptis latent virus (HpLV), comprises 13,765 nucleotides with seven open reading frames separated by the conserved intergenic region 3'-AAUUAUUUUGAU-5'. Sequence analyses showed identities as high as 56% for the polymerase and 38% for the nucleocapsid to members of the genus Cytorhabdovirus. Efficient transmission of HpLV was mediated by the pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ) in a persistent replicative manner. The single-stranded DNA genome of the virus tentatively named Hyptis golden mosaic virus (HpGMV) shared homology with members of the genus Begomovirus with bipartite genomes. The DNA-A component consists of 2,716 nucleotides (nt), whereas the DNA-B component contains 2,666 nt. Pairwise alignments using the complete genomic sequence of DNA-A of HpGMV and closest relatives showed identities below the cutoff (<91% shared nt) established by the ICTV as species demarcation, indicating that HpGMV should be classified in a distinct begomovirus species. Transmission experiments confirmed that the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) is a vector of HpGMV.

Leaves from the ornamental plant Chaenostoma cordatum (Thunb.) Benth. expressing virus-like symptoms were collected for pathogen testing. A virus with features consistent with those of members of the genus Potexvirus was identified by high-throughput sequencing. The genome sequence was confirmed and completed using RT-PCR, cloning, rapid amplification of cDNA ends kits, and Sanger sequencing, revealing a complete viral genome of 6,071 nucleotides, excluding the poly-A tail. Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequence from the viral genome indicated that its closest relative is Plantago asiatica mosaic virus. Further analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed that it had diverged enough from other potexviruses to be considered a member of a new species., (© 2022. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

A new virus was detected in common fleabane (Erigeron annuus) showing virus-like symptoms including leaf yellowing, mosaic, and mottling. This virus is tentatively named "fleabane yellow mosaic virus" (FbYMV). The complete genome sequence consists of two RNA segments of 7,133 nt (RNA 1) and 4,810 nt (RNA 2), excluding the poly(A) tract. Sequence analysis showed a genome organization comparable to that of members of the genus Torradovirus. The level of sequence identity between FbYMV and known members of the genus Torradovirus was below the cutoff established by the ICTV for species demarcation. Therefore, FbYMV should be classified as a new member of the genus Torradovirus., (© 2022. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

A new badnavirus was sequenced from fragrant pandan grass (Pandanus amaryllifolius) displaying mosaic and chlorosis on the leaves. The complete genome sequence was determined by high-throughput sequencing. The new badnavirus was tentatively named "pandanus mosaic associated virus" (PMaV). Similar to those of other members of the genus Badnavirus, the genome of PMaV consists of a circular DNA molecule of 7,481 bp with three open reading frames (ORF) potentially coding for three proteins. ORF3 encodes a polyprotein with conserved protein domains including zinc finger, trimeric dUTPase, aspartic protease, reverse transcriptase (RT), and RNase H domains. Pairwise comparisons of the highly conserved RT + RNase H region revealed the highest nucleotide (nt) sequence identity (70.71%) to taro bacilliform CH virus-Et17 (MG017324). In addition to PMaV, viral sequences corresponding to orchid fleck dichorhavirus (OFV) were detected in the same plant sample. The complete sequence of the OFV coding region shared >98% nt sequence identity with other isolates of OFV available in the GenBank database. Disease symptoms could not be attributed exclusively to PMaV or OFV, as both viruses were present in the pandan grass exhibiting mosaic and chlorosis., (© 2022. This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

A new potyvirus was found in Thevetia ahouai L. (Fam. Apocynaceae) plants exhibiting white spots on leaves and fruit discoloration in Ecuador. The complete genome sequences of two isolates of this virus, tentatively named "thevetia white spot virus" (ThWSV), were determined and found to be 9,912 (isolate 1) and 9,904 (isolate 2) nucleotides (nt) in length, each encoding a polyprotein of 363 kDa. Sequence comparisons between the two isolates showed 80 and 87% identity at the nt and amino acid (aa) level, respectively, whereas the overall sequence identity between ThWSV and its closest relative was 69% and 71% at the nt and aa level, respectively., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

The complete genome sequences of two isolates of spiraea yellow leafspot virus (SYLSV) were determined. Spiraea (Spiraea x bumalda) 'Anthony Waterer' plants showing virus-like symptoms including yellow spotting and leaf deformation were used for sequencing. The viral genome of SYLSV-MN (Minnesota) and SYLSV-MD (Maryland) is 8,017bp in length. The sequences share 95% identity at the nucleotide level. Both isolates have the same genome organization containing three open reading frames (ORFs), with ORF3 being the largest, encoding a putative polyprotein of 232 kDa with conserved domains including a zinc finger, pepsin-like aspartate protease, reverse transcriptase (RT), and RNase H. Pairwise comparisons between members of the genus Badnavirus showed that gooseberry vein banding associated virus GB1 (HQ852248) and rubus yellow net virus isolate Baumforth's Seedling A (KM078034) were the closest related virus sequences to SYLSV, sharing 73% identity at the nucleotide level. Bacilliform virions with dimensions of 150 nm × 30 nm were observed in virus preparations from symptomatic, but not asymptomatic, plants., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)