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Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is common in children. We hypothesized environmental toxins could drive progression to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and assayed serum toxins and metabolites in children with histologically characterized MASLD/MASH., Methods: Environmental chemicals, common in household items, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated flame retardants (PBDEs), and metabolic profiles were assayed in children enrolled in the multicenter NASH Clinical Research Network Pediatric Database 2. Mixture models, using repeated holdout weighted quantile sum regression (WQSrh) were run in addition to single chemical/metabolite logistic regression. For metabolomic analyses, random subset version of WQSrh was used for the large number of predictors versus participants. Nominal and false discovery rate (FDR) p-values (two-sided) were computed., Results: Four hundred and thirty-five children distributed across MASH (n = 293) and MASLD (n = 142), with 304 (69.9%) males. Mean (standard deviation) for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Score (NAS) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for MASLD were 3.1 (1.0), 67.9 (43.4), and for MASH 4.2 (1.4), 144 (121). There was an inverse association between PFAS/PBDE mixture and MASH versus MASLD, lobular inflammation (p = 0.026), NAS (p = 0.009, FDR p = 0.04), and log-transformed ALT (p = 0.005, FDR p = 0.025) driven by perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). Metabolites from positive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode, biliverdin (p = 0.002) and 1-methylhistidine (associated with meat ingestion, p = 0.02) and reverse phase negative mode, hippuric acid (solvent exposure, p = 0.022) significantly associated with MASH., Conclusions: Significant negative PFAS/PBDE mixture effect and odds of MASH were dominated by PHFXS. Several metabolites are significantly associated with MASH which inform mechanistic pathways and could drive key therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in children., (© 2024 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Objectives: Renal impairment is prevalent in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD/metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease [MASLD]) and is associated with increased mortality. Pediatric data are limited. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of hyperfiltration or chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children with NAFLD/MASLD and determine links with liver disease severity., Methods: Data from children who had previously participated in prospective, multicenter, pediatric studies by the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH-CRN) were collected. Renal function was determined using the calculated glomerular filtration rate (cGFR). Hyperfiltration was defined as cGFR > 135 mL/min/1.73m 2 , while CKD stage 2 or higher as cGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Renal dysfunction progression was defined as transition from normal to hyperfiltration or to CKD stage ≥ 2, or change in CKD by ≥1 stage. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the prevalence of CKD and independent associations between CKD and liver disease severity., Results: The study included 1164 children (age 13 ± 3 years, 72% male, 71% Hispanic). The median cGFR was 121 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ; 12% had CKD stage 2-5, while 27% had hyperfiltration. Hyperfiltration was independently associated with significant liver fibrosis (odds ratio: 1.45). Baseline renal function was not associated with progression in liver disease over a 2-year period (n = 145). Renal dysfunction worsened in 19% independently of other clinical risk factors. Progression of renal impairment was not associated with change in liver disease severity., Conclusions: Renal impairment is prevalent in children with NAFLD/MASLD and hyperfiltration is independently associated with significant liver fibrosis. Almost 1/5 children have evidence of progression in renal dysfunction over 2 years, not associated with change in liver disease severity. Future assessments including additional renal impairment biomarkers are needed., (© 2024 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Background: Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) refers to structural and functional changes of the liver caused by the physiology of the Fontan palliation. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard to assess liver fibrosis of FALD., Aim: Investigate biomarkers correlating with severity of liver biopsy fibrosis in FALD., Methods: A retrospective study of post-Fontan patients ≥ 10 years of age who underwent liver biopsy was conducted. Advanced liver disease (ALD) was defined as bridging fibrosis and/or cirrhosis on liver biopsy. AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) and Liver Stiffness Measurement (LSM) from FibroScan were used as non-invasive fibrosis scores., Results: Sixty-six patients (26/47; 55.3% adults and 13/19 children; 68.4%) had ALD on biopsy. ALD was associated with lower platelet count (151 vs. 198 K/uL, p = 0.003), higher APRI (0.64 vs. 0.32, p = 0.01), higher FIB-4 (0.64 vs. 0.32, p = 0.02). Liver fibrosis score correlated with APRI (0.34, p = 0.02) and FIB-4 (0.47, p = 0.001) in adults. LSM had a high sensitivity at 81.3% with 45.5% specificity at a cut-off 18.5 kPa., Conclusions: APRI and FIB-4 had modest discrimination to identify adults with advanced liver disease, but not children, indicating that these values may be followed as a marker of FALD progression in older patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest All authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: High levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) have been linked to biliary atresia (BA), with wide variation in concentration cutoffs. We investigated the accuracy of serum MMP-7 as a diagnostic biomarker in a large North American cohort., Approach and Results: MMP-7 was measured in serum samples of 399 infants with cholestasis in the Prospective Database of Infants with Cholestasis study of the Childhood Liver Disease Research Network, 201 infants with BA and 198 with non-BA cholestasis (age median: 64 and 59 days, p = 0.94). MMP-7 was assayed on antibody-bead fluorescence (single-plex) and time resolved fluorescence energy transfer assays. The discriminative performance of MMP-7 was compared with other clinical markers. On the single-plex assay, MMP-7 generated an AUROC of 0.90 (CI: 0.87-0.94). At cutoff 52.8 ng/mL, it produced sensitivity = 94.03%, specificity = 77.78%, positive predictive value = 64.46%, and negative predictive value = 96.82% for BA. AUROC for gamma-glutamyl transferase = 0.81 (CI: 0.77-0.86), stool color = 0.68 (CI: 0.63-0.73), and pathology = 0.84 (CI: 0.76-0.91). Logistic regression models of MMP-7 with other clinical variables individually or combined showed an increase for MMP-7+gamma-glutamyl transferase AUROC to 0.91 (CI: 0.88-0.95). Serum concentrations produced by time resolved fluorescence energy transfer differed from single-plex, with an optimal cutoff of 18.2 ng/mL. Results were consistent within each assay technology and generated similar AUROCs., Conclusions: Serum MMP-7 has high discriminative properties to differentiate BA from other forms of neonatal cholestasis. MMP-7 cutoff values vary according to assay technology. Using MMP-7 in the evaluation of infants with cholestasis may simplify diagnostic algorithms and shorten the time to hepatoportoenterostomy., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background and Aims: Liver fibrosis is common in children with NAFLD and is an important determinant of outcomes. High-performing noninvasive models to assess fibrosis in children are needed. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of existing pediatric and adult fibrosis prediction models and to develop a clinical prediction rule for identifying moderate-to-severe fibrosis in children with NAFLD., Approach and Results: We enrolled children with biopsy-proven NAFLD in the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network within 90 days of liver biopsy. We staged liver fibrosis in consensus using the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network scoring system. We evaluated existing pediatric and adult models for fibrosis and developed a new pediatric model using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator with linear and spline terms for discriminating moderate-to-severe fibrosis from none or mild fibrosis. The model was internally validated with 10-fold cross-validation. We evaluated 1055 children with NAFLD, of whom 26% had moderate-to-severe fibrosis. Existing models performed poorly in classifying fibrosis in children, with area under the receiver operator curves (AUC) ranging from 0.57 to 0.64. In contrast, our new model, fibrosis in pediatric NAFLD was derived from fourteen common clinical variables and had an AUC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.77-0.81) with 72% sensitivity and 76% specificity for identifying moderate-to-severe fibrosis., Conclusion: Existing fibrosis prediction models have limited clinical utility in children with NAFLD. Fibrosis in pediatric NAFLD offers improved performance characteristics for risk stratification by identifying moderate-to-severe fibrosis in children with NAFLD., (Copyright © 2023 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background: Granulomas in pediatric liver biopsies (GPLB) are rare with the largest pediatric cohort reported over 25 years ago., Methods: Single-center retrospective study of GPLB., Results: Seventeen liver biopsies from 16 patients with granulomas were identified (9 boys, 56%) with a median age of 13 years (range: 1-18) for which the most common indication was the presence of a nodule/mass (47%). Significant comorbidities were seen in 13 patients (81%) and included: liver transplant (25%), history of a neoplasm (25%), autoimmune hepatitis (6%), Crohn disease (6%), bipolar disorder (6%), severe combined immunodeficiency (6%), and sickle cell disease (6%). Eleven patients were taking multiple medications at the time of biopsy. Granulomas were more commonly pan-acinar (11 cases) followed by subcapsular (4 cases), portal (1 case), and periportal (1 case). Necrosis was seen in 10 cases (59%). GMS stain was positive in 2 cases for Histoplasma -like yeast; microbiological cultures were negative in all cases (no: 4). A 18S and 16S rRNA gene sequencing performed in 15 cases revealed only 1 with a pathogenic microorganism, Mycobacterium angelicum ., Conclusion: In our experience, GPLB are heterogenous with only 3 cases having an identifiable infectious etiology and many of the remaining cases being associated to multiple medications, suggesting drug-induced liver injury as possible etiology., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background & Aims: PNPLA3 G-allele is an important determinant of disease severity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we investigated the effect of age, body mass index (BMI), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the relationship between PNPLA3 G-allele and advanced fibrosis in adults and children with histologically characterized NAFLD., Methods: A total of 1047 children and 2057 adults were included. DNA was genotyped for rs738409 in duplicate. Primary outcome of interest was advanced fibrosis (fibrosis stage ≥3). Regression analyses were performed after controlling for relevant covariates. An additive model was used to assess the effect of PNPLA3 G-allele (CC vs CG vs GG)., Results: PNPLA3 G-allele was significantly associated with advanced fibrosis in children (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-2.09) and adults (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.16-1.54). Across the cohort, older age significantly increased the risk for advanced fibrosis for PNPLA3 CC (OR, 1.019; 95% CI, 1.013-1.026), CG (OR, 1.024; 95% CI, 1.018-1.030), and GG (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.023-1.037) genotypes. BMI significantly increased the relationship between PNPLA3 genotypes and advanced fibrosis in children and adults. A BMI of 30 kg/m 2 was the cutoff beyond which PNPLA3 G-allele had exponential effect on the risk for advanced fibrosis in children and adults. T2DM significantly worsened the relationship between PNPLA3 G-allele and advanced fibrosis in children and adults (interaction P < .01 for both)., Conclusions: Age, BMI, and T2DM modify the risk of advanced fibrosis associated with PNPLA3 G-allele. Preventing or reversing T2DM and obesity in persons carrying PNPLA3 G-allele may lower the risk for advanced fibrosis in NAFLD., (Copyright © 2024 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy extends the life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). However, CFTR modulators have not been well studied in patients with cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD), specifically those with advanced liver disease with portal hypertension. The purpose of this report is to describe the use of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) in pediatric CF patients with advanced CFLD., Methods: This retrospective case series included PwCF < 18 years old with baseline advanced CFLD initiated on ETI., Results: Eleven PwCF and advanced CFLD were treated with ETI; six started a reduced dose regimen. No patient required treatment interruption and four patients received dose changes related to increase in transaminase and/or bilirubin elevations. Mean (SD) change in ppFEV1 from prior to ETI to highest value during therapy was 14.27 % (4.25) (p = 0.007). When evaluating the group as whole, AST decreased from baseline to last reported -15.18 (23.23) units/L (p = 0.054) and ALT slightly increased 0.73 (39.13) units/L (p = 0.96). Bilirubin increased minimally overall for patients with mean change from baseline of 0.83 (1.33) mg/dL [range -0.5-3] (p = 0.17). A model for time on ETI showed a significant decrease in AST over time of 0.955 per month of ETI but no other liver biochemistries were significant. No patient experienced decompensation of CFLD., Conclusion: ETI therapy in pediatric CF patients with advanced CFLD can be beneficial in improving pulmonary and nutritional outcomes without negative impact on liver biochemistries or hepatic outcomes. Close monitoring is recommended to ensure safety and tolerability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: Glycogenic hepatopathy (GH) is a rare complication of type I diabetes mellitus (DM1), resulting in abnormal deposition of glycogen in the liver due to poor glycemic control. Clinical characteristics and natural history of GH are not completely understood in children. In this study, we investigated clinical, biochemical, histologic parameters and outcomes in children with GH., Method: This was a retrospective review of patients less than 18 years old diagnosed with GH and DM. GH was confirmed on liver biopsy. Medical records were reviewed for clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and clinical outcomes. Liver biopsy findings were reviewed by a pediatric pathologist (I. A. G.)., Results: Nine children were diagnosed with GH and type 1 DM. The median age at diagnosis of GH was 16 (IQR 14.5-17) years. Duration of diagnosis of DM until GH diagnosis was 7 (IQR 5-11) years. The median frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis before GH diagnosis was three times (IQR 2-5.25). Peak Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) ranged from 115 to 797, and 83-389 units/L, respectively. Only two children had mild fibrosis. Seven of nine had steatosis without steatohepatitis. There was no correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), or other laboratory tests and liver fibrosis on biopsy. HbA1c was 11.2 (IQR 10.2-12.8) at GH diagnosis and 9.8 (IQR 9.5-10.8) with normalization of liver enzymes., Conclusion: GH appears to be related to poor glycemic control in teenagers with long-term diabetes. GH presents with high to very high aminotransferase especially AST > ALT and resolves with modestly improved glycemic control. Diffuse hepatocyte swelling, steatosis, minimal fibrosis without hepatocyte ballooning or lobular inflammation are most common histological features., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. JPGN Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Background: Mitochondrial hepatopathies (MHs) are primary mitochondrial genetic disorders that can present as childhood liver disease. No recognized biomarkers discriminate MH from other childhood liver diseases. The protein biomarkers growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) differentiate mitochondrial myopathies from other myopathies. We evaluated these biomarkers to determine if they discriminate MH from other liver diseases in children., Methods: Serum biomarkers were measured in 36 children with MH (17 had a genetic diagnosis); 38 each with biliary atresia, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, and Alagille syndrome; 20 with NASH; and 186 controls., Results: GDF15 levels compared to controls were mildly elevated in patients with α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Alagille syndrome, and biliary atresia-young subgroup, but markedly elevated in MH (p<0.001). FGF21 levels were mildly elevated in NASH and markedly elevated in MH (p<0.001). Both biomarkers were higher in patients with MH with a known genetic cause but were similar in acute and chronic presentations. Both markers had a strong performance to identify MH with a molecular diagnosis with the AUC for GDF15 0.93±0.04 and for FGF21 0.90±0.06. Simultaneous elevation of both markers >98th percentile of controls identified genetically confirmed MH with a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 96%. In MH, independent predictors of survival without requiring liver transplantation were international normalized ratio and either GDF15 or FGF21 levels, with levels <2000 ng/L predicting survival without liver transplantation (p<0.01)., Conclusions: GDF15 and FGF21 are significantly higher in children with MH compared to other childhood liver diseases and controls and, when combined, were predictive of MH and had prognostic implications., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background: Pediatric metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a global health problem, with lifestyle modification as its major therapeutic strategy. Rigorous characterization of dietary content on MAFLD in children is lacking. We hypothesized an objectively measured healthier diet would positively modulate MAFLD., Methods: Diet was assessed using the Nutrition Data System for Research in children enrolled from 10 tertiary clinical centers to determine the Healthy Eating Index (HEI, 0-100) and individual food components., Results: In all, 119 children were included (13.3 ± 2.7 y), 80 (67%) male, 67 (18%) White, and 90 (76%) Hispanic, with an average body mass index Z-score of 2.2 ± 0.5. Diet was classified as low HEI < 47.94 (n = 39), mid HEI ≥ 47.94 and < 58.89 (n = 41), or high HEI ≥ 58.89 (n=39). Children with high HEI (healthier diet) had lower body weight (p = 0.005) and more favorable lipids. Mean serum triglycerides for low, mid, and high HEI were 163, 148, and 120 mg/dL, respectively; p = 0.04 mid versus high, p = 0.01 low versus high. Mean HDL was 38, 41 and 43 mg/dL; p = 0.02 low vs high. Less severe steatosis was noted with added sugar ≤ 10% of calories (p = 0.03). Higher lobular inflammation is associated with a higher percentage of calories from fat (OR (95% CI) = 0.95 (0.91-1.00), p = 0.04)., Conclusions: In children with MAFLD, high HEI is associated with lower body weight and more favorable lipids, while added sugar and fat intake has individual histologic features. Differential consumption of major dietary components may modify both metabolic risk factors and histologic liver injury, highlighting the importance of objective diet assessments in children with MAFLD., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background: Our objective was to better understand the natural history and disease modifiers of Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), a common genetic liver disease causing hepatitis and cirrhosis in adults and children. The clinical course is highly variable. Some infants present with neonatal cholestasis, which can resolve spontaneously or progress to cirrhosis; others are well in infancy, only to develop portal hypertension later in childhood., Methods: The Childhood Liver Disease Research Network has been enrolling AATD participants into longitudinal, observational studies at North American tertiary centers since 2004. We examined the clinical courses of 2 subgroups of participants from the several hundred enrolled; first, those presenting with neonatal cholestasis captured by a unique study, enrolled because of neonatal cholestasis but before specific diagnosis, then followed longitudinally (n=46); second, separately, all participants who progressed to liver transplant (n=119)., Results: We found male predominance for neonatal cholestasis in AATD (65% male, p=0.04), an association of neonatal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase elevation to more severe disease, and a higher rate of neonatal cholestasis progression to portal hypertension than previously reported (41%) occurring at median age of 5 months. Participants with and without preceding neonatal cholestasis were at risk of progression to transplant. Participants who progressed to liver transplant following neonatal cholestasis were significantly younger at transplant than those without neonatal cholestasis (4.1 vs. 7.8 years, p=0.04, overall range 0.3-17 years). Neonatal cholestasis had a negative impact on growth parameters. Coagulopathy and varices were common before transplant, but gastrointestinal bleeding was not., Conclusions: Patients with AATD and neonatal cholestasis are at risk of early progression to severe liver disease, but the risk of severe disease extends throughout childhood. Careful attention to nutrition and growth is needed., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background: Sarcopenia occurs in pediatric chronic liver disease, although the prevalence and contributing factors in genetic intrahepatic cholestasis are not well-described. The objective of this study was to measure muscle mass in school-aged children with genetic intrahepatic cholestasis and assess relationships between sarcopenia, clinical variables, and outcomes., Methods: Estimated skeletal muscle mass (eSMM) was calculated on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry obtained in a Childhood Liver Disease Research Network study of children with bile acid synthesis disorders(BASD) alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (a1ATd), chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (CIC), and Alagille syndrome (ALGS). Relationships between eSMM, liver disease, and transplant-free survival were assessed., Results: eSMM was calculated in 127 participants (5-18 y): 12 BASD, 41 a1ATd, 33 CIC, and 41 ALGS. eSMM z-score was lower in CIC (-1.6 ± 1.3) and ALGS (-2.1 ± 1.0) than BASD (-0.1 ± 1.1) and a1ATd (-0.5 ± 0.8, p < 0.001). Sarcopenia (defined as eSMM z-score ≤- 2) was present in 33.3% of CIC and 41.5% of ALGS participants. eSMM correlated with bone mineral density in the 4 disease groups (r=0.52-0.55, p < 0.001-0.07), but not serum bile acids, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index, or clinically evident portal hypertension. Of the 2 patients who died (1 with sarcopenia) and 18 who underwent liver transplant (LT, 4 with sarcopenia), eSMM z-score did not predict transplant-free survival. eSMM z-score correlated with the Physical Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory score (r=0.38-0.53, p = 0.007-0.04) in CIC and a1ATd., Conclusion: Severe sarcopenia occurs in some children with ALGS and CIC. The lack of correlation between eSMM and biochemical cholestasis suggests mechanisms beyond cholestasis contribute to sarcopenia. While sarcopenia did not predict transplant-free survival, LT and death were infrequent events. Future studies may define mechanisms of sarcopenia in genetic intrahepatic cholestasis., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background: Pediatric radiologists can identify a liver ultrasound (US) pattern predictive of progression to advanced liver disease. However, reliably discriminating these US patterns remains difficult. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may provide an objective measure of liver disease in cystic fibrosis (CF)., Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if quantitative MRI, including MR elastography, is feasible in children with CF and to determine how quantitative MRI-derived metrics compared to a research US., Materials and Methods: A prospective, multi-institutional trial was performed evaluating CF participants who underwent a standardized MRI. At central review, liver stiffness, fat fraction, liver volume, and spleen volume were obtained. Participants whose MRI was performed within 1 year of US were classified by US pattern as normal, homogeneous hyperechoic, heterogeneous, or nodular. Each MRI measure was compared among US grade groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test., Results: Ninety-three participants (51 females [54.8%]; mean 15.6 years [range 8.1-21.7 years]) underwent MRI. MR elastography was feasible in 87 participants (93.5%). Fifty-eight participants had an US within 1 year of MRI. In these participants, a nodular liver had significantly higher stiffness (P<0.01) than normal or homogeneous hyperechoic livers. Participants with a homogeneous hyperechoic liver had a higher fat fraction (P<0.005) than others., Conclusion: MR elastography is feasible in children with CF. Participants with a nodular pattern had higher liver stiffness supporting the US determination of advanced liver disease. Participants with a homogeneous hyperechoic pattern had higher fat fractions supporting the diagnosis of steatosis., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: This study examines whether heterogeneous (HTG) pattern on liver ultrasound (US) identifies children at risk for advanced cystic fibrosis liver disease (aCFLD)., Methods: Prospective 6-year multicenter case-controlled cohort study. Children with pancreatic insufficient cystic fibrosis (CF) aged 3-12 years without known cirrhosis underwent screening US. Participants with HTG were matched (by age, Pseudomonas infection status and center) 1:2 with participants with normal (NL) US pattern. Clinical status and laboratory data were obtained annually and US bi-annually for 6 years. Primary endpoint was development of nodular (NOD) US pattern consistent with aCFLD., Results: 722 participants underwent screening US, with 65 HTG and 592 NL. Final cohort included 55 HTG and 116 NL with ≥ 1 follow-up US. ALT, AST, GGTP, FIB-4, GPR and APRI were higher, and platelets were lower in HTG compared to NL. HTG had a 9.5-fold increased incidence (95% confidence interval [CI]:3.4, 26.7, p<0.0001, 32.7% vs 3.4%) of NOD versus NL. HTG had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 75% for subsequent NOD. Negative predictive value of a NL US for subsequent NOD was 96%. Multivariate logistic prediction model that included baseline US, age, and log(GPR) improved the C-index to 0.90 compared to only baseline US (C-index 0.78). Based on survival analysis, 50% of HTG develop NOD after 8 years., Conclusions: Research US finding of HTG identifies children with CF with a 30-50% risk for aCFLD. A score based on US pattern, age and GPR may refine the identification of individuals at high risk for aCFLD., Clinical Trial Registration: Prospective Study of Ultrasound to Predict Hepatic Cirrhosis in CF: NCT 01,144,507 (observational study, no consort checklist)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors disclosure the following Sarah Jane Schwarzenberg serves as a: consultant for AbbVie, Michael R Narkewicz serves as a consultant for Vertex, and has received research grants from Gilead, AbbVie and has a family member with stock in Merck. Jean Molleston has research funding from Abbvie, Albireo, Gillead, Shire. Daniel H. Leung has served as a consultant for Merck, Gilead and Vertex and has received research grants from Gilead, Abbvie and Mirum. A. Jay Freeman has done consulting work for AbbVie and Takeda and has received research support from Allergan and Travere Therapeutics. Wikrom Karnsakul has received grants from Albireo Pharma, Gilead, and Travere Therapeutics. Alexander J Towbin received author royalites from Elsevier, served as a consultant to Applied Radiology and received grant funding from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Simon Ling has received research grants from Abbvie and Gilead. The remaining authors disclose no conflicts., (Copyright © 2023 European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Alterations in both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA genes affect mitochondria function, causing a range of liver-based conditions termed mitochondrial hepatopathies (MH), which are subcategorized as mtDNA depletion, RNA translation, mtDNA deletion, and enzymatic disorders. We aim to enhance the understanding of pathogenesis and natural history of MH., Methods: We analyzed data from patients with MH phenotypes to identify genetic causes, characterize the spectrum of clinical presentation, and determine outcomes., Results: Three enrollment phenotypes, that is, acute liver failure (ALF, n = 37), chronic liver disease (Chronic, n = 40), and post-liver transplant (n = 9), were analyzed. Patients with ALF were younger [median 0.8 y (range, 0.0, 9.4) vs 3.4 y (0.2, 18.6), p < 0.001] with fewer neurodevelopmental delays (40.0% vs 81.3%, p < 0.001) versus Chronic. Comprehensive testing was performed more often in Chronic than ALF (90.0% vs 43.2%); however, etiology was identified more often in ALF (81.3% vs 61.1%) with mtDNA depletion being most common (ALF: 77% vs Chronic: 41%). Of the sequenced cohort (n = 60), 63% had an identified mitochondrial disorder. Cluster analysis identified a subset without an underlying genetic etiology, despite comprehensive testing. Liver transplant-free survival was 40% at 2 years (ALF vs Chronic, 16% vs 65%, p < 0.001). Eighteen (21%) underwent transplantation. With 33 patient-years of follow-up after the transplant, 3 deaths were reported., Conclusions: Differences between ALF and Chronic MH phenotypes included age at diagnosis, systemic involvement, transplant-free survival, and genetic etiology, underscoring the need for ultra-rapid sequencing in the appropriate clinical setting. Cluster analysis revealed a group meeting enrollment criteria but without an identified genetic or enzymatic diagnosis, highlighting the need to identify other etiologies., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing problem in children. Children with NAFLD are at potentially high risk for developing T2D; however, the incidence of T2D in this population is unknown. This study aimed to determine the incidence of T2D in children with NAFLD and identify associated risk factors., Methods: Children with NAFLD enrolled in the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network were followed longitudinally. Incidence of T2D was determined by using clinical history and fasting laboratory values. Cumulative incidence curves were developed for time to T2D. A Cox regression multivariable model was constructed using best subsets Akaike's Information Criteria selection., Results: This study included 892 children with NAFLD and with a mean age of 12.8 years (2.7) followed for 3.8 years (2.3) with a total 3234 person-years at risk. The incidence rate of T2D was 3000 new cases per 100,000 person-years at risk. At baseline, 63 children had T2D, and during follow-up, an additional 97 children developed incident T2D, resulting in a period prevalence of 16.8%. Incident T2D was significantly higher in females versus males (hazard ratio [HR], 1.8 [1.0-2.8]), associated with BMI z-score (HR, 1.8 [1.0-3.0]), and more severe liver histology including steatosis grade (HR, 1.3 [1.0-1.7]), and fibrosis stage (HR, 1.3 [1.0-1.5])., Conclusions: Children with NAFLD are at high risk for existing and incident T2D. In addition to known risk factors for T2D (female and BMI z-score), severity of liver histology at the time of NAFLD diagnosis was independently associated with T2D development. Targeted strategies to prevent T2D in children with NAFLD are needed., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Nodular liver (NOD) in cystic fibrosis (CF) suggests advanced CF liver disease (aCFLD); little is known about progression of liver disease (LD) after detection of sonographic NOD., Methods: Clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound (US) data from Prediction by Ultrasound of the Risk of Hepatic Cirrhosis in CFLD Study participants with NOD at screening or follow-up were compared with normal (NL). Linear mixed effects models were used for risk factors for LD progression and Kaplan-Meier estimator for time-to-event., Results: 54 children with NOD (22 screening, 32 follow-up) and 112 NL were evaluated. Baseline (BL) and trajectory of forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, height/BMI z-scores were similar in NOD vs NL. Platelets were lower in NOD at BL (250 vs 331×10 3 /microL; p < 0.001) and decreased by 8600/year vs 2500 in NL. Mean AST to Platelet Ratio Index (1.1 vs 0.4; p < 0.001), Fibrosis-4 Index (0.4 vs 0.2, p < 0.001), and spleen size z-score (SSZ) [1.5 vs 0.02; p < 0.001] were higher in NOD at BL; SSZ increased by 0.5 unit/year in NOD vs 0.1 unit/year in NL. Median liver stiffness (LSM) by transient elastography was higher in NOD (8.2 kPa, IQR 6-11.8) vs NL (5.3, 4.2-7, p < 0.0001). Over 6.3 years follow-up (1.3-10.3), 6 NOD had esophageal varices (cumulative incidence in 10 years: 20%; 95% CI: 0.0%, 40.0%), 2 had variceal bleeding, and 2 underwent liver transplantation; none had ascites or hepatic encephalopathy. No NL experienced liver-related events., Conclusions: NOD developed clinically evident portal hypertension faster than NL without worse growth or lung disease., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background and Aims: In biliary atresia, serum bilirubin is commonly used to predict outcomes after Kasai portoenterostomy (KP). Infants with persistently high levels invariably need liver transplant, but those achieving normalized levels have a less certain disease course. We hypothesized that serum bile acid levels could help predict outcomes in the latter group., Approach and Results: Participants with biliary atresia from the Childhood Liver Disease Research Network were included if they had normalized bilirubin levels 6 months after KP and stored serum samples from the 6-month post-KP clinic visit ( n  = 137). Bile acids were measured from the stored serum samples and used to divide participants into ≤40 μmol/L ( n  = 43) or >40 μmol/L ( n  = 94) groups. At 2 years of age, the ≤40 μmol/L compared with >40 μmol/L group had significantly lower total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, bile acids, and spleen size, as well as significantly higher albumin and platelet counts. Furthermore, during 734 person-years of follow-up, those in the ≤40 μmol/L group were significantly less likely to develop splenomegaly, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, or clinically evident portal hypertension. The ≤40 μmol/L group had a 10-year cumulative incidence of liver transplant/death of 8.5% (95% CI: 1.1%-26.1%), compared with 42.9% (95% CI: 28.6%-56.4%) for the >40 μmol/L group ( p  = 0.001)., Conclusions: Serum bile acid levels may be a useful prognostic biomarker for infants achieving normalized bilirubin levels after KP., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background and Aims: Detailed investigation of the biological pathways leading to hepatic fibrosis and identification of liver fibrosis biomarkers may facilitate early interventions for pediatric cholestasis., Approach and Results: A targeted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based panel of nine biomarkers (lysyl oxidase, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, connective tissue growth factor [CTGF], IL-8, endoglin, periostin, Mac-2-binding protein, MMP-3, and MMP-7) was examined in children with biliary atresia (BA; n = 187), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT; n = 78), and Alagille syndrome (ALGS; n = 65) and correlated with liver stiffness (LSM) and biochemical measures of liver disease. Median age and LSM were 9 years and 9.5 kPa. After adjusting for covariates, there were positive correlations among LSM and endoglin ( p = 0.04) and IL-8 ( p < 0.001) and MMP-7 ( p < 0.001) in participants with BA. The best prediction model for LSM in BA using clinical and lab measurements had an R2 = 0.437; adding IL-8 and MMP-7 improved R2 to 0.523 and 0.526 (both p < 0.0001). In participants with A1AT, CTGF and LSM were negatively correlated ( p = 0.004); adding CTGF to an LSM prediction model improved R2 from 0.524 to 0.577 ( p = 0.0033). Biomarkers did not correlate with LSM in ALGS. A significant number of biomarker/lab correlations were found in participants with BA but not those with A1AT or ALGS., Conclusions: Endoglin, IL-8, and MMP-7 significantly correlate with increased LSM in children with BA, whereas CTGF inversely correlates with LSM in participants with A1AT; these biomarkers appear to enhance prediction of LSM beyond clinical tests. Future disease-specific investigations of change in these biomarkers over time and as predictors of clinical outcomes will be important., (Copyright © 2023 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background and Aims: NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in children. Large pediatric studies identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with risk and histologic severity of NAFLD are limited. Study aims included investigating SNPs associated with risk for NAFLD using family trios and association of candidate alleles with histologic severity., Approach and Results: Children with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD were enrolled from the NASH Clinical Research Network. The Expert Pathology Committee reviewed liver histology. Genotyping was conducted with allele-specific primers for 60 candidate SNPs. Parents were enrolled for trio analysis. To assess risk for NAFLD, the transmission disequilibrium test was conducted in trios. Among cases, regression analysis assessed associations with histologic severity. A total of 822 children with NAFLD had mean age 13.2 years (SD 2.7) and mean ALT 101 U/L (SD 90). PNPLA3 (rs738409) demonstrated the strongest risk ( p = 2.24 × 10 -14 ) for NAFLD. Among children with NAFLD, stratifying by PNPLA3 s738409 genotype, the variant genotype associated with steatosis ( p = 0.005), lobular ( p = 0.03) and portal inflammation ( p = 0.002). Steatosis grade associated with TM6SF2 ( p = 0.0009), GCKR ( p = 0.0032), PNPLA3 rs738409 ( p = 0.0053), and MTTP ( p = 0.0051). Fibrosis stage associated with PARVB rs6006473 ( p = 0.0001), NR1I2 ( p = 0.0021), ADIPOR2 ( p = 0.0038), and OXTR ( p = 0.0065). PNPLA3 rs738409 ( p = 0.0002) associated with borderline zone 1 NASH., Conclusions: This study demonstrated disease-associated SNPs in children with NAFLD. In particular, rs6006473 was highly associated with severity of fibrosis. These hypothesis-generating results support future mechanistic studies of development of adverse outcomes such as fibrosis and generation of therapeutic targets for NAFLD in children., (Copyright © 2022 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Objectives: Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) begins early in life. Symptoms may be vague, mild, or nonexistent. Progressive liver injury may be associated with decrements in patient health before liver disease is clinically apparent. We examined Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in children enrolled in a multi-center study of CFLD to determine the impact of early CFLD on general and disease-specific QOL., Methods: Ultrasound (US) patterns of normal (NL), heterogeneous (HTG), homogeneous (HMG), or nodular (NOD) were assigned in a prospective manner to predict those at risk for advanced CFLD. Parents were informed of results. We assessed parent/child-reported (age ≥5 years) HRQOL by PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core and CF Questionnaire-revised (CFQ-R) prior to US and annually. HRQOL scores were compared by US pattern at baseline (prior to US), between baseline and 1 year and at 5 years. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with Hotelling-Lawley trace tested for differences among US groups., Results: Prior to US, among 515 participants and their parents there was no evidence that HTG or NOD US was associated with reduced PedsQL/CFQ-R at baseline. Parents of NOD reported no change in PedsQL/CFQ-R over the next year. Child-report PedsQL/CFQ-R (95 NL, 20 NOD) showed improvement between baseline and year 5 for many scales, including Physical Function. Parents of HMG children reported improved CFQ-R scores related to weight., Conclusions: Early undiagnosed or pre-symptomatic liver disease had no impact on generic or disease-specific HRQoL, and HRQoL was remarkably stable in children with CF regardless of liver involvement., Competing Interests: S.J.S. serves as a consultant for Nestle, UpToDate, and AbbVie. A.J.F. has grant/research support through Travere Therapeutics and Allergan; serves as an advisor for Abbvie and Takeda. W.K. has received research grants from Gilead Sciences and Albireo Pharma; serves as an advisor for Mirum and Travere Therapeutics. D.H.L. has grant/research support from Abbvie, Gilead, and Mirum; serves as a consultant for Gilead, Vertex, and Merck. S.C.L. receives research funding from Abbvie and Gilead and serves as a consultant for Abbvie JPM has research funding from Gillead, Abbvie, Albireo, Mirum. K.F.M. is a consultant for Albireo and Gilead. M.R.N. serves as a consultant for Vertex, has received research grants from Gilead, AbbVie, and has a family member with stock in Merck. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 by European Society for European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Objectives: Pediatric gastroenterologists are often consulted to perform diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy in infants with gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). The value of endoscopy and risk of complications in this population are not well characterized. We aimed to describe findings and outcomes of infants with GIB who undergo endoscopy., Methods: Retrospective, single-center, cohort study of hospitalized infants ≤12 months who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and/or colonoscopy/flexible sigmoidoscopy (COL) for GIB. Current procedural technology codes, international classification of diseases codes, and quality control logs identified infants., Results: Fifty-six infants were identified from 2008 to 2019 (51.8% female; mean age 161.6 days). Seven endoscopies identified sources of GIB: gastric ulcers, a duodenal ulcer, gastric angiodysplasia, esophageal varices, and an anastomotic ulcer. Three infants underwent therapeutic interventions of banding/sclerotherapy of esophageal varices and triamcinolone injection of an anastomotic ulcer. Six infants underwent abdominal surgery for GIB or suspected intestinal perforation after endoscopy, where a gastric perforation, jejunal perforation at an anastomotic stricture, necrotizing enterocolitis totalis with perforation, Meckel's diverticulum, and a duodenal ulcer were identified. No source of bleeding was identified surgically in 1 infant with GIB. Respiratory failure, use of vasopressors or octreotide, administration of blood products, and high blood urea nitrogen were associated with increased likelihood of requiring surgery ( P &lt; 0.05 for all)., Conclusions: There was limited utility to performing endoscopy in infants ≤12 months old with clinical GIB. Endoscopy in these sick infants carries risk, and 3 infants in this series presented with a gastrointestinal (GI) perforation shortly after the procedure. These limitations and risks should influence clinical decision-making regarding endoscopy in infants with GIB., Competing Interests: Dr Molleston has relationships with Abbvie, Albireo, Mirum, and Gilead biopharmaceutical companies and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation that do not affect this work. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 by European Society for European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Background and Aims: The natural history of gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage (VH) in biliary atresia (BA) is not well characterized. We analyzed risk factors, incidence, and outcomes of VH in a longitudinal multicenter study., Approach and Results: Participants enrolled in either an incident (Prospective Database of Infants with Cholestasis [PROBE]) or prevalent (Biliary Atresia Study of Infants and Children [BASIC]) cohort of BA were included. Variceal hemorrhage (VH) was defined based on gastrointestinal bleeding in the presence of varices accompanied by endoscopic or nontransplant surgical intervention. Cumulative incidence of VH and transplant-free survival was compared based on features of portal hypertension (e.g., splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia) and clinical parameters at baseline in each cohort (PROBE: 1.5 to 4.5 months after hepatoportoenterostomy [HPE]; BASIC: at enrollment > 3 years of age). Analyses were conducted on 869 children with BA enrolled between June 2004 and December 2020 (521 in PROBE [262 (51%) with a functioning HPE] and 348 in BASIC). The overall incidence of first observed VH at 5 years was 9.4% (95% CI: 7.0-12.4) in PROBE and 8.0% (5.2-11.5) in BASIC. Features of portal hypertension, platelet count, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, and AST-to-platelet ratio index at baseline were associated with an increased risk of subsequent VH in both cohorts. Transplant-free survival at 5 years was 45.1% (40.5-49.6) in PROBE and 79.2% (74.1-83.4) in BASIC. Two (2.5%) of 80 participants who had VH died, whereas 10 (12.5%) underwent transplant within 6 weeks of VH., Conclusions: The low risk of VH and associated mortality in children with BA needs to be considered in decisions related to screening for varices and primary prophylaxis of VH., (© 2022 The Authors. Hepatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

There is growing interest in, but limited data about, intestinal bile acid transport inhibitors as treatment for cholestatic liver disease. The current analyses combine two similar randomized placebo-controlled trials with subsequent extension phases investigating the impact of maralixibat in children with severe cholestasis secondary to Alagille Syndrome (n = 57). The primary outcomes were measures of pruritus (ItchRO[Obs]) and clinician scratch scale (CSS), both increasing in severity from 0 to 4) and quality of life (QoL) (Parent PedsQL and Multidimensional Fatigue Scale module [MFS] scaled 0-100 with increased QoL) at week 48 of the extension phase relative to the baseline of the placebo-controlled trials (week 13). Secondary assessments included other clinical and biochemical parameters assessed in participants at week 72 or end of treatment (after week 48). At week 48, statistically and clinically significant least square mean (95% CI) improvements in pruritus and QoL were observed (ItchRO[Obs] -1.59 [-1.81, -1.36], CSS -1.36 [-1.67, -1.05], PedsQL +10.17 [4.48, 15.86], and multidimension fatigue [MFS] +13.97 [7.85, 20.08]). At week 48, serum bile acids, platelet count, and cholesterol decreased, whereas alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased and total bilirubin (TB) and albumin were stable. Changes were durable at week 72 and end of treatment. There were no deaths; 2 participants underwent liver transplantation. Study drug was discontinued in 9 participants after treatment-emergent adverse events, 6 of which were events of increased ALT or TB. Conclusion: Maralixibat administration was associated with marked improvement in pruritus and QoL. Interpretation of these findings is complicated by the complex natural history of severe cholestasis in Alagille syndrome., (© 2022 The Authors. Hepatology Communications published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

The conduct of long-term conventional randomized clinical trials in rare diseases is very difficult, making evidenced-based drug development problematic. As a result, real-world data/evidence are being used more frequently to assess new therapeutic approaches in orphan diseases. In this investigation, inclusion and exclusion criteria from a published trial of maralixibat in Alagille syndrome (ALGS, ITCH NCT02057692) were applied to a prospective longitudinal cohort of children with cholestasis (LOGIC NCT00571272) to derive contextual comparator data for evolving clinical trials of intestinal bile acid transport inhibitors in ALGS. A natural history/clinical care cohort of 59 participants who met adapted inclusion and exclusion criteria of ITCH was identified from 252 LOGIC participants with ALGS with their native liver. Frequency weighting was used to match the age distribution of ITCH and yielded a cohort (Alagille Syndrome Natural History [ALGS NH]) that was very similar to the baseline status of ITCH participants. During a 2-year prospective follow-up there was a significant reduction in pruritus in the weighted ALGS NH cohort as assessed by the clinician scratch score (-1.43 [0.28] -1.99, -0.87; mean [SEM] 95% confidence interval). During the same time period, the total bilirubin, albumin, and alanine aminotransferase levels were unchanged, whereas platelet count dropped significantly (-65.2 [16.2] -98.3, -32.1). Weighted survival with native liver was 91% at 2 years in the ALGS NH. These investigations provide valuable real-world data that can serve as contextual comparators to current clinical trials, especially those without control populations, and highlight the value and importance of funded multicenter, prospective, natural history studies., (© 2022 The Authors. Hepatology Communications published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background and Aims: To date, no pharmacotherapy exists for pediatric NAFLD. Losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, has been proposed as a treatment due to its antifibrotic effects., Approach and Results: The Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network conducted a multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial in children with histologically confirmed NAFLD at 10 sites (September 2018 to April 2020). Inclusion criteria were age 8-17 years, histologic NAFLD activity score ≥ 3, and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥ 50 U/l. Children received 100 mg of losartan or placebo orally once daily for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was change in ALT levels from baseline to 24 weeks, and the preset sample size was n = 110. Treatment effects were assessed using linear regression of change in treatment group adjusted for baseline value. Eighty-three participants (81% male, 80% Hispanic) were randomized to losartan (n = 43) or placebo (n = 40). During an enrollment pause, necessitated by the 2019 coronavirus pandemic, an unplanned interim analysis showed low probability (7%) of significant group difference. The Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended early study termination. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The 24-week change in ALT did not differ significantly between losartan versus placebo groups (adjusted mean difference: 1.1 U/l; 95% CI = -30.6, 32.7; p = 0.95), although alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly in the losartan group (adjusted mean difference: -23.4 U/l; 95% CI = -41.5, -5.3; p = 0.01). Systolic blood pressure decreased in the losartan group but increased in placebo (adjusted mean difference: -7.5 mm Hg; 95% CI = -12.2, -2.8; p = 0.002). Compliance by pill counts and numbers and types of adverse events did not differ by group., Conclusions: Losartan did not significantly reduce ALT in children with NAFLD when compared with placebo., (© 2022 The Authors. Hepatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Abstract: Incidental liver lesions are identified in children without underlying liver disease or increased risk of hepatic malignancy in childhood. Clinical and imaging evaluation of incidental liver lesions can be complex and may require a multidisciplinary approach. This review aims to summarize the diagnostic process and follow-up of incidental liver lesions based on review of the literature, use of state-of-the-art imaging, and our institutional experience. Age at presentation, gender, alpha fetoprotein levels, tumor size, and imaging characteristics should all be taken into consideration to optimize diagnosis process. Some lesions, such as simple liver cyst, infantile hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), and focal fatty lesions, have specific imaging characteristics. Recently, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the evaluation of pediatric liver lesions. CEUS is most specific in lesions smaller than 3 cm and is most useful in the diagnosis of infantile hemangioma, FNH, and focal fatty lesions. The use of hepatobiliary contrast in MRI increases specificity in the diagnosis of FNH. Recently, lesion characteristics in MRI were found to correlate with subtypes of hepatocellular adenomas and associated risk for hemorrhage and malignant transformation. Biopsy should be considered when there are no specific imaging characteristics of a benign lesion. Surveillance with imaging and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) should be performed to confirm the stability of lesions when the diagnosis cannot be determined, and whenever biopsy is not feasible., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Objective: To evaluate neurodevelopmental status among children with inherited cholestatic liver diseases with native liver and variables predictive of impairment., Methods: Participants with Alagille syndrome (ALGS), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT) enrolled in a longitudinal, multicenter study and completed the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III or Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) was analyzed continuously and categorically (>100, 85-99, 70-84, <70). Univariate linear regression was performed to study association between FSIQ and risk factors, stratified by disease., Results: Two hundred and fifteen completed testing (ALGS n = 70, PFIC n = 43, A1AT n = 102); median age was 7.6 years (3.0-16.9). Mean FSIQ in ALGS was lower than A1AT (94 vs 101, P = 0.01). Frequency of FSIQ < 85 (>1 standard deviation [SD] below average) was highest in ALGS (29%) versus 18.6% in PFIC and 12.8% in A1AT, and was greater than expected in ALGS based on normal distribution (29% vs 15.9%, P = 0.003). ALGS scored significantly lower than test norms in almost all Wechsler composites; A1AT scored lower on Working Memory and Processing Speed; PFIC was not different from test norms. Total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, hemoglobin, and parental education were significantly associated with FSIQ., Conclusions: Patients with ALGS are at increased risk of lower FSIQ, whereas our data suggest A1AT and PFIC are not. A1AT and ALGS appear vulnerable to working memory and processing speed deficits suggestive of attention/executive function impairment. Malnutrition, liver disease severity, and sociodemographic factors appear related to FSIQ deficits, potentially identifying targets for early interventions., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: D.H.L. reports grant/research support from Abbvie, Gilead, and CF Foundation; he also serves on advisory panels for Merck and Gilead. B.M.K. is a consultant for Mirum, Albireo and Audentes; she has unrestricted educational grants from Mirum and Albireo. V.L.N. is a consultant for Albireo. P.R. reports grants from Gilead, Merck, BMS, AbbVie, Travere Therapeutics, Albireo, and Mirum, Arrowhead; and serving as a consultant for Gilead, Mirum, Albireo, Audentes, and Vertex. R.J.S. reports consulting for Albireo, Mirum/Shire, and Retrophin (all <$10,000 per year). K.M.L. reports consulting for Albireo, Mirum and Retrophin (now known as Travere Therapeutics). The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest. The study sponsors did not have a role in study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the paper for publication., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Objectives: To study the diagnostic performance of the enhanced liver fibrosis score (ELF) for detecting different stages of fibrosis and its usefulness in detecting histologic response to vitamin E or metformin in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who participated in the Vitamin E or Metformin for the Treatment Of NAFLD In Children (TONIC) trial., Study Design: ELF was measured at baseline and weeks 24, 48, and 96 on sera from 166 TONIC participants. Associations between ELF with baseline and end of trial (EOT) fibrosis stages and other histologic features were assessed using χ 2 tests and logistic regression models., Results: ELF was significantly associated with severity of fibrosis at baseline and EOT. ELF areas under the curve for discriminating patients with clinically significant and advanced fibrosis were 0.70 (95% CI, 0.60-0.80) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69-0.89), respectively. A 1-unit decrease in ELF at EOT was associated with overall histologic improvement (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.11-3.14; P = .02), resolution of steatohepatitis (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.09-3.25; P = .02), improvement in steatosis grade (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06-2.82; P = .03), and hepatocellular ballooning (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.06-3.00; P = .03), but not with improvement in fibrosis stage (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.78-2.03; P = .34)., Conclusions: ELF was associated with fibrosis stage in children who participated in TONIC. Although not associated with improvement in fibrosis, a decrease in ELF at EOT was associated with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis resolution and improvement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease histology. ELF may be a useful noninvasive test to monitor treatment response in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and natural history of infantile idiopathic cholestasis (IC) in a large, prospective, multicenter cohort of infants., Methods: We studied 94 cholestatic infants enrolled up to 6 months of age in the NIDDK ChiLDReN (Childhood Liver Disease Research Network) "PROBE" protocol with a final diagnosis of IC; they were followed up to 30 months of age., Results: Male sex (66/94; 70%), preterm birth (22/90 with data; 24% born at < 37 weeks' gestational age), and low birth weight (25/89; 28% born at <2500 g) were frequent, with no significant differences between outcomes. Clinical outcomes included death (n = 1), liver transplant (n = 1), biochemical resolution (total bilirubin [TB] ≤1 mg/dL and ALT < 35 U/L; n = 51), partial resolution (TB > 1 mg/dL and/or ALT > 35 U/L; n = 7), and exited healthy (resolved disease per study site report but without documented biochemical resolution; n = 34). Biochemical resolution occurred at median of 9 months of age. GGT was <100 U/L at baseline in 34 of 83 participants (41%)., Conclusions: Frequency of IC and of death or liver transplant was less common in this cohort than in previously published cohorts, likely because of recent discovery and diagnosis of genetic etiologies of severe/persistent cholestasis that previously were labeled as idiopathic. Preterm birth and other factors associated with increased vulnerability in neonates are relatively frequent and may contribute to IC. Overall outcome in IC is excellent. Low/normal GGT was common, possibly indicating a role for variants in genes associated with low-GGT cholestasis-this warrants further study., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Objectives: Inadequate bowel preparation (IBP) for colonoscopy leads to missed diagnosis, longer anesthesia time, higher chance of complications and increased costs. Adult studies have demonstrated that patient characteristics such as male gender and obesity are associated with IBP. Little is known about factors affecting bowel preparation in children. Our aim was to determine factors associated with IBP in children., Methods: We prospectively enrolled children undergoing outpatient colonoscopy. Quality of bowel preparation was assessed using Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score (range 0-9). Data collected included patient demographics, indication, and type of insurance. Patients were divided into two groups based on BBPS score-adequate (BBPS score > 5) and inadequate (BBPS score < 5) and groups were compared using Student t-test and chi-square test. Possible predictors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models., Results: A total of 334 children were prospectively enrolled of whom 321 were studied further (age range 2-18 years; mean age 12.4 years; 60.4% female; 85.9% Caucasian). The mean BBPS score was 6.8 (standard deviation of ±2). IBP was reported in 12.8% (41/321). Multivariable logistic regression analysis did not show statistical differences between the groups in studied patient factors including age, gender, obesity, race, insurance type, and indication for colonoscopy., Conclusion: Contrary to several adult studies, the results of our prospective study did not show any relationship between examined patient factors and IBP in children. Interestingly, IBP was less prevalent in our pediatric study compared to published adult data (12.8% vs 20-40%)., Competing Interests: S.K.G. reports personal fees from Allakos, Abbott, Adare, Celgene, Gossamer Bio, QOL, Medscape, Viaskin, research grants from Shire, and royalties from UpToDate. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Methods to identify children with cystic fibrosis (CF) at risk for development of advanced liver disease are lacking. We aim to determine the association between liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) with research ultrasound (US) patterns and conventional hepatic markers as a potential means to follow liver disease progression in children with CF. ELASTIC (Longitudinal Assessment of Transient Elastography in CF) is a nested cohort of 141 patients, ages 7-21, enrolled in the Prediction by US of Risk of Hepatic Cirrhosis in CF (PUSH) Study. We studied the association between LSM with research-grade US patterns (normal [NL], heterogeneous [HTG], homogeneous [HMG], or nodular [NOD]) and conventional hepatic markers. In a subgroup (n = 79), the association between controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and US pattern was explored. Among 133 subjects undergoing VCTE, NOD participants (n = 26) had a significantly higher median (interquartile range) LSM of 9.1 kPa (6.3, 15.8) versus NL (n = 72, 5.1 kPa [4.2, 7.0]; P  < 0.0001), HMG (n = 17, 5.9 kPa [5.2, 7.8]; P  = 0.0013), and HTG (n = 18, 6.1 kPa [4.7, 7.0]; P  = 0.0008) participants. HMG participants (n = 14) had a significantly higher mean CAP (SD) (270.5 dB/m [61.1]) compared with NL (n = 40, 218.8 dB/m [46.5]; P  = 0.0027), HTG (n = 10, 218.1 dB/m [60.7]; P  = 0.044), and NOD (n = 15, 222.7 dB/m [56.4]; P  = 0.041) participants. LSM had a negative correlation with platelet count (r s  =  - 0.28, P  = 0.0071) and positive correlation with aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (r s  = 0.38, P  = 0.0002), Fibrosis-4 index (r s  = 0.36, P  = 0.0007), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; r s  = 0.35, P  = 0.0017), GGT-to-platelet ratio (r s  = 0.35, P  = 0.003), and US spleen size z-score (r s  = 0.27, P  = 0.0073). Conclusion: VCTE is associated with US patterns and conventional markers in patients with liver disease with CF., (© 2021 The Authors. Hepatology Communications published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Objectives: To use a large administrative database to determine the mortality, risk factors, and comorbidities of esophageal variceal bleeding in children., Study Design: Retrospective cohort study using Pediatric Health Information System data from 50 tertiary children's hospitals in the US. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes (FY 2020 ICD-10 update and revision 10 of ICD-9) from 2004 through 2019 identified children 18 years and younger with variceal bleeding and complications. Univariate analyses used the Student t -test for continuous variables (age) and the χ 2 test for categorical variables (all others). A mixed-effects linear regression was performed for multiple variables., Results: There were 1902 patients who had 3399 encounters for esophageal variceal bleeding. The mortality rate for variceal bleeding was 7.3%, increasing to 8.8% by 6 weeks; any mortality during the study was 20.1%. Transfusion was required in 54.7% of encounters, and 42.6% were admitted to the intensive care unit. Variceal bleeding encounters were complicated by peptic ulcer disease (6.9%), bacteremia (11.4%), acute renal failure (5.1%), mechanical ventilation (18%), ascites (21.3%), and peritonitis (3.3%). Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression showed that Black race (OR, 2.59; P < .001) or Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 2.31; P = .001), but not sex, household income, or insurance type, were associated with increased mortality. Bacteremia, peritonitis, mechanical ventilation, acute renal failure, and transfusion were associated with higher mortality (ORs of 2.29, 2.18, 1.93, 6.33, and 1.81, respectively; P < .001, .005, .011, <.001, and .005, respectively)., Conclusions: The 6-week mortality rate for variceal bleeding in children is 8.8%. Black or Hispanic children are at higher risk of dying. Serious morbidities associated with variceal hemorrhage impact mortality. These data can inform consideration of prophylactic or therapeutic interventions for children at risk., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Predictive, noninvasive tools are needed to monitor key features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children that relate to improvement in liver histology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between liver chemistries and liver histology using data from the CyNCh (Cysteamine Bitartrate Delayed-Release for the Treatment of NAFLD in Children) clinical trial., Approach and Results: This study included 146 children. Improvement in liver histology, defined as decrease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Activity Score ≥2 points without worsening of fibrosis, occurred in 43 participants (30%). There were 46 participants with borderline zone 1 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) at baseline, with resolution in 28% (12 of 46). Multivariate models were constructed using baseline and change in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) at 52 weeks, for improvement in (1) liver histology primary outcome, (2) borderline zone 1 NASH, and (3) fibrosis. For improvement in histology, the model (P < 0.0001) retained baseline and change in GGT (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC], 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-0.87). For borderline zone 1 NASH, the model (P = 0.0004) retained baseline and change in ALT (AUROC, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.93). For fibrosis, the model (P < 0.001) retained baseline and change in ALT (AUROC, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.93). Additional clinical parameters were added to the models using Akaike's information criterion selection, and significantly boosted performance: improvement in histology with AUROC of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.82-0.95), borderline zone 1 NASH with AUROC of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83-0.99), and fibrosis with AUROC of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.82-0.94). Models were validated using data from the TONIC (Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children) trial., Conclusions: In children with NAFLD, dynamic changes in serum ALT and GGT are associated with change in liver histology and appear to be powerful indicators of histological response., (© 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)