Search

Summary The tayra Eira barbara is a Neotropical mustelid considered as an endangered species by Mexican environmental authorities. Despite the considerable information available on the biology and ecology of E. barbara, little is known about its helminth fauna. Here, we provided new records of nematodes from a road-killed tayra in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. The species identification of nematodes was based on morphological studies and molecular analysis of fragments of the 28S gene. The tayra specimen was infected by three nematodes: Molineus sp., Physalopterinae gen. sp. and Angiostrongylus vasosum. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the natural infection of E. barbara with Molineus sp. and Physalopterinae gen. sp. Our study provides the first nucleotide sequences of nematodes parasitizing E. barbara providing a starting point against which future studies may be compared.

Nematodes of the genus Oswaldocruzia parasitise the small intestine of amphibians and reptiles. Their biodiversity remains unknown. We studied Oswaldocruzia nematodes from nine species of amphibians and reptiles (Pelophylax ridibundus, Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo, Lacerta agilis, Zootoca vivipara, Anguis fragilis, Natrix natrix, Vipera berus) at six localities in European Russia in 2018–2019. To identify their nematode species, we analysed the morphological characters traditionally used in the taxonomy of nematodes of this genus together with new molecular phylogenetic data. The results of partial sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analysis of CoxI mtDNA gene showed that all Oswaldocruzia specimens in this study belonged to the same species. We observed a broad morphological variability of nematodes both from different host species and from the same host individual. Morphological variation in nematodes from various host species could be host-induced, while that in nematodes from the same host individuals could be due to phenotypic plasticity of the species. Molecular data indicate that only one species of the genus Oswaldocruzia, O. filiformis s.l., which has a broad morphological variability, parasitises amphibians and reptiles in European Russia. The results of our study highlight the necessity of studying the diversity of morphologically similar Oswaldocruzia spp. from the Western Palearctic by molecular genetic methods.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-18 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The richness of metazoan endoparasites associated with 25 anuran species from a transitional area between Cerrado and Atlantic Rain Forest from Brazil is here presented. We present and discuss the type-host and localities, the current taxonomic status, remarks on morphological features, biological cycle, and new records of these parasites. Nine hundred and seventy-eight anurans of four families (Bufonidae, Hylidae, Microhylidae, and Leptodactylidae) were collected during four expeditions in a private forested area from Northwest of São Paulo state. The richness of metazoan parasites was composed of nematodes (21), acanthocephalans (2), digeneans (18), monogeneans (1), cestodes (1), and oligochaetes (1), resulting in 44 taxa that are presented with their respective prevalence and the range of abundance in host populations. Among these parasites, nine were found in immature stages which usually complete their life cycle in fishes, snakes, birds or mammals, attesting the trophic relation of amphibians and their parasites within the regional vertebrate community. We reported 23 anuran species as new hosts resulting in 79 new associations between anurans and parasites. Gorgoderina diaster and Bursotrema tetracotyloides are reported for the first time in Brazil, and our finding of Clinostomum cf. complanatum represents the first in South American anurans. Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências UNESP Rio Claro, Avenida 24 A, 1515 - Jardim Vila Bela Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU Instituto de Ciências Agrárias LMG-746, Km 1, Monte Carmelo Departamento de Parasitologia Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Passeio Monção, 226 Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências UNESP Rio Claro, Avenida 24 A, 1515 - Jardim Vila Bela Departamento de Parasitologia Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Passeio Monção, 226 CNPq: 309125/2017-0

Oswaldocruzia mazzai Travassos, 1935 Hosts (prevalence; range): R. diptycha (1/21; 116). Site of infection: small intestine. Stage: adult. Type host and type locality: Rhinella sp. (= Bufo sp.), Argentina. Comments: the main differences among the species of Oswaldocruzia can be observed in spicules morphology and rays of the male caudal bursa. There are five groups according to spicule morphology and biogeographic distribution (Orient-Ethiopian; Neo-Ethiopian; Holarctic; Neotropical-continental; Neotropical-Caribbean) (Ben Slimane et al. 1996). The relative disposition and origin of rays 6 and 8 in caudal bursa are organized in Type I, Type II and Type III (see Ben Slimane et al. 1996). Oswaldocruzia mazzai presents characters such as vesicle cephalic in two regions (the anterior is wider than posterior), spicules of the Neotropical-continental group (idiomorphic spicules with the bifurcation of fork in the distal third of spicule), there are around ten branches in spicules blade, caudal bursa type II (the ray 8 is independent of ray 6 in origin but with an overlap in the middle of its extension), and absence of lateral flaps in anterior portion of body. Moreover, our specimens also presented excretory pore in a distal third of esophagus, spike in the caudal end of female, and vulva in the middle of body. Rhinella diptycha is a new host for O. mazzai., Published as part of Aguiar, Aline, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Firmino Silva, Lidiane A., Anjos, Luciano Alves Dos, Foster, Ottilie Carolina & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2021, Biodiversity of anuran endoparasites from a transitional area between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes in Brazil: new records and remarks, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 4948 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4948.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4616068, {"references":["Ben Slimane, B., Chabaud, A. G. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1996) Les Nematodes Trichostrongylina parasites d'Amphibiens et de Reptiles: problemes taxonomiques, phyletiques et biogeographiques. Systematic Parasitology, 35, 179 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009639"]}

A new genus and species of Molineinae (Nemata: Trichostrongyloidea) is described. It is similar to Molineus but differs in ray 4 being longest instead of shortest. In addition, a new species of Parastrongyloides is described that is characterized by a short digitiform appendix on the tail and spicule tips with fine points. It is the second species known with two morphotypes of the females. Resumen Se describe un nuevo género y especie de Molineinae (Nemata: Trichostrongyloidea). Es similar a Molineus pero difiere en que el rayo 4 es el más largo en lugar del más corto. Además, se describe una nueva especie de Parastrongyloides que se caracteriza por un apéndice digital breve en la cola y las puntas de las espículas con puntas finas. Es la segunda especie conocida con dos morfotipos de las hembras.

More than 30 species of exotic ungulates are currently kept in the Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve (Kherson Region, Ukraine). During the years 1978–2014, 146 ungulates of 24 species (16 species of Bovidae, 4 — Cervidae, 4 — Camelidae) were examined by partial helminthological dissection; more than 402,700 specimens of helminths were collected and identified. The purpose of the present study was to summarize these data and analyze the species diversity in exotic ungulates. Totally, 38 species of helminths: 3 species of Trematoda, 6 — Cestoda, 29 — Nematoda were found. Ungulates from the family Bovidae were the most infected; they harbored 36 species of helminths, 1–18 species per host. In Camelidae, 15 species were found; 3–10 species per host. Cervidae harbored 9 species; 1–6 species per host. The highest species diversity was detected in the ungulates introduced from regions with climatic conditions similar to those in southern Ukraine: saiga antelope (19 species), European mouflon (18), Barbary sheep (18), and markhor (17). Ten species typical for domestic ruminants (Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus sp., Aonchotheca bovis, Moniezia expansa, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. probolurus and Trichuris ovis) dominated in the parasite communities. Our results indicated reduction in the species diversity and alteration of the parasite community structures in these exotic ungulates kept in the Askania-Nova Reserve compared to their natural habitats.

In the steppe of the Republic of Kazakhstan mature nematodes Oswaldocruzia filiformis were found in the populations of moor frogs (Rana arvalis), sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) and grass snakes (Natrix natrix). In the flood plain biotopes of the Irtysh river Os. filiformis forms simple two-member parasitic systems based only on the population of R. arvalis. In the terrace areas near flood plain of the Irtysh and in a number of biocenoses of the Kazakh Hummocks, where the areas of the frog and lizard populations overlap complex two-member parasitic systems are formed. In last case Os. filiformis plays a key role and provides from 88 to 95% of the invasion flow. Sand lizard populations control only 5–12% of the invasion flow. Optimal conditions of the formation and long-term existence of parasitic systems of Os. filiformis are present on wetted shores overgrown with dense mesophytic vegetation by some lakes, rivers, other streams of the wooded steppe with kolkis, right-bank and left-bank steppe, hillocky area of the Irtysh. The relatively high degree of contamination of R. arvalis and its main role in the parasitic system of nematodes indicates the obligate status of this host species. The subordinate value in maintaining the parasitic system, the low degree of contamination observed only with sympatry with Os. filiformis infected frogs indicates the facultative status of sand lizards. Despite such a rank, the lizard, as a less hygrophilous species, could promote the release of nematodes from ecological gutters (Ural and Irtysh rivers) into biotopes of the lake basins of the wooded steppe with kolkis and steppe.

The morphological and morphometric variability of the nematode Oswaldocruzia filiformis from ten amphibian species (Pelophylax ridibundus, Pelophylax lessonae, Pelophylax esculentus, Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo, Bufotes viridis, Pelobates vespertinus, Bombina bombina and Lissotriton vulgaris) was studied. The sampling was performed during the period of 2018–2020 in fifteen localities of European Russia. We examined the following morphological features: the number of crests in mid-body level, the shape of lateral alae, the shape of cephalic vesicle, shape and structure of spicules in males, the shape and structure of male caudal bursa, the shape and structure of the dorsal ray of bursa; and the measurements of nine morphometric characteristics in nematode females and seven characters in males, subjected to variability. Significant differences in the variability of morphometric characteristics of O. filiformis of both sexes in different amphibian species and amphibians from various regions were revealed. Likewise, significant differences were revealed for most of morphometric features of O. filiformis from amphibians of the same species from different regions of Russia. The type of male caudal bursa and the structure and shape of spicules were identical in all O. filiformis males studied. Likewise, we have not found variability in the structure of the reproductive system in O. filiformis females. Variability was noted in the shape and size of the cephalic vesicle and lateral alae, in the number at the mid-body level, in the shape and structure of the dorsal rib of male caudal bursa. Differences in morphometric characteristics of O. filiformis from amphibians of the same species from different regions of Russia can be explained by the phenotypic plasticity of the species. While variations in the nematode morphology from different amphibian species are caused by the host-induced morphological variability of the parasite. Differences in the size of nematodes and their morphology in different regions of Russia studied may be caused by changes in ecological conditions in amphibian habitats. The broad morphological variability of the nematode O. filiformis increases the adaptive capabilities of the helminth and allows it to parasitize a wide range of hosts.

The morphological variability of the nematodeOswaldocruzia filiformisGoeze, 1782 from five reptile species (Lacerta agilis, Zootoca vivipara, Anguis fragilis, Natrix natrix, Vipera berus) was studied in 2018-2020 in the Smolny National Park and the Mordovia State Nature Reserve. We analyzed the morphological characters traditionally used in the taxonomy ofOswaldocruziaspp. A wide morphological variability of nematodes has been found, both in different host species and within the same host species. Variation of the morphological characters ofO. filiformisfrom different reptile species was due to the host-induced variability. The morphological variability of nematodes from the same host species could be due to the phenotypic plasticity ofO. filiformis.

Nematodirus abnormalis (May, 1920) Hosts: European mouflon (P = 20 %; I = 1015 (1–2029)). Site of infection: abomasum, small intestine. Nematodirus sp. Hosts: American bison (P = 9.1 %; I = 4); Ankole-Watusi (P = 100 %; I = 3); Siberian ibex (P = 100 %; I = 2); common eland (P = 28.9 %; I = 686.2 (1–4,420)); blackbuck (P = 62.5 %; I = 272.8 (5–599)); Barbary sheep (P = 60 %; I = 55 (14–131)); saiga antelope (P = 34.8 %; I = 42.4 (1–194)); markhor (P = 63.6 %; I = 167.6 (2–340)); red deer (P = 33.3 %; I = 2 (1–3)); guanaco (P = 66.7 %; I = 102.1 (75–130)); llama (P = 66.7 %; I = 234 (12–456)); alpaca (P = 100 %; I = 8); nilgai (P = 14.3 %; I = 1). Site of infection: abomasum, small intestine, caecum., Published as part of Zvegintsova, N. S., Kharchenko, V. A. & Kuzmina, T. A., 2018, Helminths Of Exotic Even-Toed Ungulates (Artiodactyla) In The Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine, pp. 471-494 in Vestnik Zoologii 52 (6) on page 479, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2018-0049, http://zenodo.org/record/6454977

Sixteen specimens of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Molineidae) were found in the material from Zootoca vivipara Lichtenshtein, 1823 collected in Ukraine. The nematodes were identified as O. skrjabini Travassos, 1937 due to the presence of well-developed cervical alae and the host species. Based on the specimens examined, an amended description of the species, with new morphological characters and metrical data, was composed; its distribution in Ukraine was outlined. Oswaldocruzia skrjabini differs from other species of the genus by the presence of extra branches on spicular fork and shoe.

Two new species, Oswaldocruzia lisnykiensis sp. n. and Oswaldocruzia lacertica sp. n., are described from Anguis fragilis L. (Reptilia: Anquidae) and Lacerta agilis L. (Reptilia: Lacertidae) respectively. Both species belong to the Palaearctic group of species which have spicules divided in three main branches (blade, fork and shoe) with fork division above its distal third. The new species differs from all previously known Palaearctic species by several morphological characters: type of caudal bursa (type III in O. lisnykiensis and type I in O. lacertica ), shape of spicules (blade distally divided into four tips and specific shape of shoe) and synlophe structure (narrow cervical alae consist of three crests in both species). Illustrated descriptions of O. lisnykiensis and O. lacertica based on 63 and 38 specimens respectively are presented. Host specificity and geographical distribution of the species are discussed. O. dispar is considered as a species inquirenda .

Oswaldocruzia lacertica sp. n. Type material. Holotype male (collection no. NH5), allotype female (NA5); 2 male and 3 female paratypes (NP 5.1). Type specimens are stored in collection of Department of Parasitology of the Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine. Type-host. Lacerta agilis (Reptilia, Squamata: Lacertidae). Type-locality. Vorokhta village (Ivano-Frankivska oblast, Ukraine); [48��17'21.4"N 24��34'39.7"E]. Other localities. Lvivska oblast (4), Kyivska oblast (3), Volynska oblast (2), Cherkaska oblast (2), Ivano- Frankivska oblast (1), Rivnenska oblast (1), Poltavska oblast (1) (Fig. 1). Site of infection. Small intestine. Etymology. The species is named after the generic name of the type-host. Remarks. The new species is assigned to the genus Oswaldocruzia based on the presence of a well-developed cephalic vesicle, longitudinal cuticular ridges, the arrangement of caudal bursal rays and parasitism in squamate reptiles (Durette-Desset, 1985; Anderson, 2000). This species also belongs to the Palaearctic group of Oswaldocruzia species characterised by ���idiomorphic��� spicules consisting of three main branches (blade, fork and shoe), with the spicular fork divided above the level of its distal third (Ben Slimane et al., 1996). The synlophe structure of O. lacertica is similar to that in O. lisnykiensis, though regarding the lateral alae of O. lacertica the dorsal crest is more prominent and the central crest is always conspicuous. Oswaldocruzia lacertica differs from O. lisnykiensis in males possessing a caudal bursa of type I vs. a caudal bursa of type III in O. lisnykiensis. A caudal bursa of type I has previously been described in three species occurring in Western Palaearctic: O. ivanizkii (Ivanitsky, 1940) Sudarikov, 1951, O. molgeta Lewis, 1928 and O. bialata. Oswaldocruzia lacertica differs from O. ivanizkii and O.molgeta in the structure of spicules: in O. lacertica the blade is distally divided into 4 tips, the thin process of the shoe is short, and the fork is without extra branches, while in O. ivanizkii and O. molgeta the blade is undivided, distally rounded, the thin process of the shoe is elongated, and the fork in O. ivanizkii has a small extra process. Oswaldocruzia lacertica may be easily differed from O. bialata by synlophe structure: O. bialata has a synlophe with wide semi-spherical cervical alae and without simple crests within the oesophageal region while O. lacertica has narrow triangular cervical alae and numerous crests within the oesophageal region. Description. General. In both sexes, body thin, elongated, with maximum width near mid-length. Anterior end rounded with cuticular cephalic vesicle. Cephalic vesicle smooth, comparatively small, divided into wider anterior and thinner posterior part; division between parts often poorly visible. Apical structures: 6 externo-labial papillae, 4 cephalic papillae, 2 amphids; oral opening triangular; dorsal oesophageal tooth present (Fig. 4 B; Fig. 5 B). Oesophagus thin, club-shaped, cylindrical in anterior half, then widening posteriorly, posterior end rounded forming oesophageal bulb. Two excretory glands dissimilar in size, both somewhat longer than oesophagus. Position of excretory pore varying within posterior third of oesophagus. Nerve-ring encircling oesophagus near its mid-length. Small deirids situated at level of posterior quarter of oesophagus (Fig. 4 A). Synlophe symmetrical (Fig. 4 C���F; Fig. 5 C���D). Narrow cervical alae present, as long as oesophagus. At level from mid-length to posterior end of oesophagus each ala consisting of three crests: increased triangular ventral crest and small but always conspicuous central and dorsal crests. On transverse sections, at level of anterior part of intestine, cervical alae small, consisting of somewhat increased dorsal and ventral crests and smaller central crest between them. Struts present, well visible at level of maximum width of cervical alae (at posterior third of oesophagus). At level of oesophageal-intestinal junction, 24���25 crests (including cervical alae) present. At body mid-length, synlophe consisting of about 40 equal crests. Males. Measurements in text are given for holotype followed by mean values, ranges of 25 specimens and standard deviation. Body 7.5 (6.9, 4.3���9.3; 1.4) mm long, 130 (156, 100���190; 26.5) wide (Fig. 5 A). Cervical alae (measured in 3 specimens) 555 (340���592) long, appearing at 195 (121���208) from anterior end of body. Cephalic vesicle 78 (79, 63���98; 26.5) long, 30 (37, 30���50; 5.2) wide. Oesophagus 388 (387, 288���445; 35.7) long; 4.8% (5.7%, 4.4%���8.5%; 1.2) of body length. Oesophagus width 23 (23%, 18���30; 3.0), 23 (24, 20���28; 2.3) and 53 (51, 40���73; 8.1) at level of anterior end, mid-length and posterior dilation, respectively. Nerve-ring at 185 (187, 150��� 213; 17.6) from anterior end of oesophagus; 48% (48.7%, 38.7%���57.6%; 5.3) of oesophagus length. Excretory pore at 333 (294, 223���373; 49.6) from anterior end of oesophagus; 4.1% (4.3%, 2.9%���7.2%; 1.1) of body length. Deirids at 333 (319, 243���436; 53.8) from anterior end of body; 4.4% (4.6%, 3.5%���7.9%; 1.1) of body length. Caudal bursa symmetrical, tri-lobed, arrangement of rays corresponding to type I (after Durette-Desset, 1985) (Fig. 4 J; Fig. 5 F���G). Rays 2 and 3 parallel, slightly separated from each other at tips only, reaching edge of bursal membrane; ray 4 not reaching bursal margin, separated from rays 5 and 6; rays 5 and 6 parallel, slightly separated at tips only, almost reaching bursal margin; ray 8 separated from ray 6, almost reaching bursal margin. Dorsal ray of bursa bifurcated into two rays 10 posterior to base of rays 9. Each ray 10 with small extra branch. Genital cone (measured in 3 species) 15 (19, 15���28) long, 21 (22, 22���23) wide, with two papillae 0. Gubernaculum absent. Spicules equal 185 long (192, 168���220; 14.0), surrounded by thin membrane, consisting of three main branches: blade, fork and shoe. Blade distally divided into 4 tips; fork bifurcated in its distal half; shoe bearing thin process, its posterior extremity slightly curved, divided into three rounded tips (Fig. 4 I; Fig. 5 E). Females. Measurements in text are given for allotype followed by mean values, ranges of 14 specimens and standard deviation. Body 8.4 (10.4, 7.0���14.0; 2.6) mm long, 177 (207, 150���280; 44.2) wide. Cervical alae (measured in 4 specimens) 317 (321, 317���327) long, appearing at 166 (161, 144���173) from anterior end of body. Cephalic vesicle 73 (76, 61���100; 12.3) long, 31 (39, 30���53; 6.8) wide. Oesophagus 414 (436, 370���520; 47.8) long; 4.9% (4.4%, 3.2%���5.9%; 1.0) of body length. Oesophagus width 23 (26, 19���33; 3.6), 27 (28, 25���35; 3.1) and 60 (63, 40���75) at level of anterior end, mid-length and posterior dilation, respectively. Nerve-ring at 109 (202, 109��� 253; 40.6) from anterior end of oesophagus; 26.3% (46.5%, 26.3%���54.9%; 8.2) of oesophagus length. Excretory pore at 315 (316, 255���398; 43.2) from anterior end of oesophagus; 3.7% (3.2%, 2.3%���4.1%; 0.6) of body length. Deirids 431 (351, 268���455; 57.1) from anterior end of body; 5.1% (3.4%, 2.6%���5.1%; 0.8) of body length. Tail tapering, 284 (236, 207���284; 19.6) long, including thin cuticular needle on its end (Fig. 4 H). Vulva wide, at 5.4 (6.5, 4.2���9.0; 1.6) mm from anterior end of body, postequatorial in position (at 64% (62.6%, 58.0%���64.7%; 1.9) of body length). Details of female genital system shape and measurements are given for allotype and 3 paratypes. Anterior uterus containing 41 (32, 36���45) eggs, posterior uterus with 43 (38, 28���47) eggs; size of eggs at late morula stage 46���58 �� 70���83 (N=19). All eggs observed in morula stage, in uteri, ovejector and vulva. Vagina vera 57 (54, 51��� 57) long, 15 (14, 14���15) in diameter (Fig. 4 G). Anterior ovary beginning posterior to longer excretory gland, forming 0 (2, 0���4) bends. Posterior ovary beginning slightly anterior to vulva. Distance from anterior end of body to anterior ovary and from end of tail to posterior one 890 (820, 700���890) and 470 (577, 470���640), respectively. Length of anterior infundibulum 112 (116, 112���120), width 52 (55, 52���58). Length of posterior infundibulum 63 (85, 63���127), width 120 (75, 39���120). Anterior sphincter 36 (33, 30���36) long, 32 (38, 32���42) wide; posterior one 34 (33, 24���41) long and 29 (34, 29���41) wide. Length of anterior part of ovejector 159 (135, 94���159), maximum width 72 (65, 51���72), minimum width 66 (45, 31���56). Length of posterior part of ovejector 176 (133, 76���176), maximum width 73 (67, 50���78), minimum width 29 (36, 29���42)., Published as part of Svitin, Roman, 2017, Two new species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Molineidae) parasitising lizards in Ukraine, pp. 358-368 in Zootaxa 4263 (2) on pages 363-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4263.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/573181, {"references":["Durette-Desset, M. C. (1985) Trichostrongyloid nematodes and their vertebrate hosts: reconstruction of the phylogeny of a parasitic group. Advances in Parasitology, 24, 239 - 306.","Anderson, N. C. (2000) Nematode Parasites of Fertebrates: their Development and Transmission. 2 nd Edition. CAB Publishing, London, 672 pp.","Ben Slimane, B., Chabaud, A. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1996) Les Nematodes Trichostrongylina parasites d'Amphibiens et de Reptiles: problemes taxonomiques, phyletiques et biogeographiques. Systematic Parasitology, 35, 179 - 206. [in French] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009639","Ivanitsky, S. (1940) Materials concerning helminth fauna of the vertebrates of Ukraine (fauna of cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephalans). Sbornik Trudov Khar'kovskogo Feterinarnogo Instituta, 19, 129 - 155. [in Russian]"]}

The third part of the catalogue of type material in the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute/FIOCRUZ (CHIOC), comprising types deposited between 1979 and 2016, is presented to complement the first list of all types that was published in 1979. This part encompasses Acanthocephala, Nematoda and the other non-helminth phyla Cnidaria, Annelida, and Arthropoda. Platyhelminthes was covered in the first (Monogenoidea) and second (Rhabditophora Trematoda and Cestoda) parts of the catalogue published in September 2016 and March 2017, respectively. The present catalogue comprises type material for 116 species distributed across five phyla, nine classes, 50 families, and 80 genera. Specific names are listed systematically, followed by type host, infection site, type locality, and specimens with their collection numbers and references. Species classification and nomenclature are updated.

Molineus lotoris n. sp. (Fig. 1, A–J) Type host. Procyonidae: Procyon lotor L., Raccoon. Type locality. Motozintla, Chiapas State, Mexico, 15°22’ 00’’N latitude, 92°15’00’’ W longitude. Type specimens. Holotype, male (CNHE 9238); allotype, female (CNHE 9774); paratypes, 3 females, 1 male (CNHE 9309). Site of infection. Stomach. Prevalence and intensity. 1 of 1 raccoon infected with 11 worms. Etymology. The species epithet refers to the specific name of the host. Description. Nematodes of medium size, body not coiled. Females greater than males. Prominent and globular cephalic vesicle present, terminating in several transverse striations (Fig. 1A). Lips absent; in apical view, 6 externolabial, and 4 cephalic papillae and 2 small amphids present (Fig. 1B). Deirids not observed. Cervical groove absent. Excretory pore opening at mid-length of claviform esophagus (Fig. 1A). Males with symmetrical caudal bursa type 2–1–2 (Fig. 1C). Females didelphic and amphidelphic (Fig. 1D). Cuticle with fine, transverse striations. Synlophe composed of uninterrupted ridges. Number of ridges variable in both sexes and at body regions. Synlophe studied in one male and two females. Cuticular ridges begin immediately after the cephalic vesicle and terminate anterior to the anus or cloaca. Ridges orientated perpendicularly to body surface. At anterior level of females, two lateral ridges of the synlophe run closely, protruding from the rest of the ridges. Number of ridges in males: 11 just posterior to cephalic vesicle (Fig. 1E), 17 at mid-body level (Fig. 1F), and 24 at posterior end (Fig. 1G); in females, number of ridges 19–20 just posterior to cephalic vesicle (Fig. 1H), 17–21 at mid-body level (Fig. 1I), and 17 at posterior region (Fig. 1J). Male. Body 2.12 (1.8–2.41 ± 0.30, n=4) length by 0.05 (0.04–0.06 ± 0.005, n=4) maximum width. Cephalic vesicle 0.36 (0.34–0.39 ± 0.02, n=3) long by 0.12 (0.15–0.28 ± 0.1, n=3) wide at anterior end. Distance from anterior end to excretory pore 0.11 (0.10–0.12 ± 0.02, n=4) and to nerve ring 0.12 (0.12–0.14 ± 0.07, n=4). Esophagus 0.13 (0.12–0.16 ± 0.02, n=4) by 0.014 (0.013–0.015 ± 0.001, n=4) in maximum width. The bursa is symmetrical, covered ventrally by minute spine-like structures. The bursal ray pattern is of type 2–1–2. Rays 2 and 3 separate near base, run separately, and reach bursal margin. Rays 4 diverges at base from other lateral rays, deflected ventral, approximately l/2 length of other lateral rays. Rays 5 and 6 diverge close to base, are parallel, and reach bursal margin. Rays 8 originates approximately 1/3 of distance from base of dorsal ray, directed dorsolaterally, not reaching bursal margin. Dorsal ray thick, divided into 2 long primary branches. Each one of these, in turn, forks again into rays 9 and 10. Rays 10 distinctly bifid. External branch (rays 9) longer, curving ventrally. Spicules complex, base of handle with thickenings; equal in size, 0.10 (0.099–0.115 ± 0.008, n=4) long; blade divided approximately at 1/2 distance from proximal end into external and internal processes. Internal process slender, ending in globular swelling. External process terminating in point. Gubernaculum 0.048 (0.043– 0.052 ± 0.004, n=3) long; crosier-like, curving ventrally, with ventral projection and slight anterior protrusion (Fig. 1C). Distal end terminates bluntly. Female. Worms 2.91 (2.46–3.36 ± 0.31, n=7) long by 0.066 (0.006–0.071 ± 0.003, n=7) in maximum width, at the vulva level, tapering at both ends. Cephalic vesicle 0.043 (0.039–0.047 ± 0.002, n=7) long by 0.034 (0.032– 0.039 ± 0.003, n=7) wide. Distance to nerve ring and excretory pore from anterior end, 0.168 (0.162–0.175 ± 0.004, n=6) and 0.144 (0.143–0.147 ± 0.002, n=5), respectively. Esophagus 0.622 (0.318–0.327 ± 0.003, n=7) long by 0.023 (0.019–0.028 ± 0.002, n=7) in maximum width. Didelphic and amphidelphic; vulva located 0.58 (0.47– 0.66 ± 0.069, n=7) from caudal extremity, in the posterior sixth of the body. Vagina vera 0.023 (0.017–0.026 ± 0.003, n=7) long, vestibule 0.073 (0.065–0.078 ± 0.005, n=7) long. Anterior ovejector 0.12 (0.11–0.12 ± 0.003, n=7) long [vestibule, 0.073 (0.065–0.078 ± 0.005, n=7); infundibulum, 0.018 (0.013–0.21 ± 0.004, n=7); sphincter, 0.023 (0.021–0.028 ± 0.003, n=7)]; posterior ovejector 0.025 (0.021–0.032 ± 0.004, n=7) long [vestibule, 0.073 (0.049–0.084 ± 0.016, n=7); infundibulum, 0.022 (0.019–0.026 ± 0.002, n=7); sphincter, 0.025 (0.021–0.032 ± 0.004, n=7)]. Eggs in anterior uterine branch: 17 (12–25 ± 4.6, n=7); eggs in the posterior uterine branch: 8 (6–10 ± 1.64, n=7); embryonated, elliptical 0.037 (0.030–0.049 ± 0.006, n=10) long by 0.022 (0.019–0.023 ± 0.002, n=10) wide, forming a single row in the uterus. Anus without lips, 0.063 (0.052–0.075 ± 0.009, n=7) from posterior end. Body terminating in a sharp spine 0.008 (0.006–0.013 ± 0.002, n=6) long. Remarks. Up to now, 27 species of the genus Molineus have been described around the world (Durette-Desset et al. 1981; Platt & Pence 1981; Wu & Zhang 1984; Durette-Desset & Pesson 1987; Durette-Desset & Corvione 1988; Durette-Desset et al. 2000a, b, 2001): 12 from the Neotropical, 3 from the Ethiopian, 5 from the Oriental, 4 from the Palearctic, and 3 from the Nearctic Realms. Most of the 27 species are parasites of Mammalia (Carnivora 22 species, Primates 4), and only one species associated with Squamata has been collected (M. inexpectatus Durette-Desset, Guerrero & Boyer, 2000). A mix of morphological traits is diagnostic for Molineus lotoris n. sp.: 1) presence of a prominent and globular cephalic vesicle; 2) spicules length The new species described in the present study can be differentiated from 20 of the 27 species contained in the genus by having 2 instead of 3 terminal processes in the spicules. Among species having 3 terminal processes in the spicules, M. inexpectatus, M. inglisi Durette-Desset & Pesson, 1987, M. midas Durette-Desset & Corvione, 1998, M. springsmithi Inglis & Ogden, 1965 and M. vexillarius Dunn, 1961 are distinguished from the Mexican species because males of those species have a smaller number of synlophe ridges at mid-body level (14, 10–12, 14, NEW MOLINEUS IN MEXICO Zootaxa 4320 (2) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 393 11–15, vs 17, respectively) (Dunn 1961; Inglis & Ogden 1965; Durette-Desset & Corvione 1998; Durette-Desset et al. 2000b); in contrast, M. patens (Dujardin, 1845) Petrov, 1928 and M. genettae Cameron, 1927 are differentiated from M. lotoris because they have a greater number of these structures (40 ridges in both species vs 17 in the new one) (Travassos 1937; Durette-Desset & Pesson 1987). Three other species can be separated from the new species described herein, because its spicules are longer than those of M. lotoris (0.099–0.115): M. nasuae Lent & Freitas, 1938 (0.119–0.184), M. petrovi Durette-Desset & Pesson, 1987 (0.154–0.175) and M. sichuanensis Wu & Zhang, 1984 (0.132–0.159) (Petrov 1928; Lent & Freitas 1938; Wu et al. 1984). The Palearctic distribution of M. legerae Durette-Desset & Pesson, 1987 and the Nearctic distribution of M. mustelae Schmidt, 1965 as well as the greater body size of males (about twice the size of the Mexican species, i.e., 5.6–7 and 4.2–6 vs 1.8–2.41, respectively) allows distinguishing these 2 species from the new species described herein (Schmidt 1965; Durette-Desset & Pesson 1987). Molineus europeaus Zunker, 1929 and M. torulosus (Molin, 1861) have a larger size of body (8.5 and 7.9–9.7, respectively) and spicules (0.145 and 0.172–0.180, respectively), than M. lotoris (1.8–2.41 and 0.099– 0.115, respectively). In addition, M. europaeus is distributed in the Palearctic Realm, while M. lotoris is a Neotropical species, and M. torulosus parasitizes primates and the new species carnivores (Zunker 1929; Durette- Desset et al. 2001). Molineus major Cameron, 1936, Molineus pardalis Cameron, 1936 and M. planicipitis (Cameron, 1928) Travassos, 1937 differ from M. lotoris n. sp. by having the dorsal lobe separated from lateral lobes while in the new species, the dorsal lobe is merged with the contour of the bursa. In addition, the size of body of M. major (5–5.5) and M. planicipitis (4.3) is greater than that of M. lotoris n. sp. (1.8–2.41) and spicules and gubernaculum of M. pardalis are smaller (0.075 and 0.037) than in the new species (0.10 and 0.048, respectively) (Cameron 1936; Travassos, 1937). Finally, the body of males and females of M. barbaris Cameron, 1936 (3.4 and 4.1), M. cati Durette-Desset, Boomker & Malan, 2000 (5.1 and 5.7), and M. samueli Platt & Pence, 1981 (8–11.8 and 12.1– 13.6), is larger than the body of both sexes of M. lotoris (1.8–2.41 and 2.6–3, respectively), and the rays 9 are shorter than the dorsal ray in M. barbaris and M. cati instead of larger as in the new species (Cameron 1936; Durette-Desset et al. 2000a). In addition, M. samueli differs from M. lotoris by having 52 vs 17 synlophe ridges at mid-body level, respectively (Platt & Pence 1981). The remaining 7 species have 2 terminal processes in the spicules as in M. lotoris n. sp.; nonetheless, the length of body and the size of spicules are greater in males of M. brachyurus Costa & Freitas, 1967 (5.8–6.9 and 0.205–0.217) and M. cynictis Leroux, 1933 (5.5 and 0.184) than in the new species (1.8–2.41 and 0.099–0.115); in addition, the dorsal lobe of M. lotoris n. sp. is merged with the lateral lobes, while it is distinct in the 2 former species (Leroux 1933; Costa & Freitas 1967). Molineus barbatus Chandler, 1942 can be separated from the Mexican species because the body size of males is almost twice that of M. lotoris (4.3–4.7 vs 1.8–2.41, respectively); further, males of M. barbatus have 24–28 ridges in the synlophe (Chandler 1942) and males of the new species have 17 in mid-body region. The presence of a globular cephalic vesicle in the new species enables differentiation from M. asiaticus Tubangui & Masilugnan, 1937, M. felineus Cameron, 1923 and M. paraensis Travassos, 1937, which have a cylindrical cephalic vesicle. In addition, these 3 species have the dorsal lobe distinct from lateral lobes (Travassos 1937; Tubangui & Masilugnan 1937) and the latter 2 possess a smaller number of ridges in the synlophe than M. lotoris n. sp. (12–14 and 14, vs 17, respectively). Spicules of the new species are complex, with the internal process slender, ending in a globular swelling, while in M. asiaticus the spicules terminate in 2 needlelike processes (Tubangui & Masilugnan 1937). Molineus lotoris n. sp. most closely resembles M. elegans (Travassos, 1921), particularly because both species have a globular cephalic vesicle. However, M. elegans has a cervical groove (absent in the new species), the body of males as well as spicule length are slightly greater in M. elegans (2.9–3.5 and 0.120–0.134 vs 1.8–2.41 and 0.099–0.115, respectively) and their bursa is trilobed (instead of having lobes merged as in M. lotoris). In addition, number of synlophe ridges in M. elegans is smaller than in M. lotoris (12 vs 17, respectively) (see Travassos 1937).

Mata-López, Rosario (2017): A new species of Molineus (Nematoda: Molineidae) parasite of Procyon lotor (Mammalia: Carnivora) in Mexico with a taxonomic key for the species of the genus. Zootaxa 4320 (2): 391-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4320.2.12

Taxonomic key for the species included in Molineus distributed worldwide 1 Spicules with 2 terminal processes........................................................................ 2 - Spicules with 3 terminal processes........................................................................ 9 2 Length of spicules> 0.160.............................................................................. 3 - Length of spicules M. brachyurus Costa & Freitas, 1967 Host: Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora); Neotropical Realm - Spicules with distal end of internal process terminating in point............................ M. cynictis (Leroux, 1933) Host: Cynictis penicillata (Carnivora); Ethiopian Realm 4 Synlophe ridges>14................................................................................... 5 - Synlophe ridges M. barbatus Chandler, 1942 Host: Procyon lotor (Carnivora); Nearctic Realm - Spicules without a conspicuous medially-directed barb anteriorly................................................ 6 6 Spicules complex, with the internal process slender, ending in globular swelling........................ M. lotoris n. sp. Host: Procyon lotor (Carnivora); Neotropical Realm - Spicules simple, terminating in 2 needlelike processes...................... M. asiaticus Tubangui & Masilugnan, 1937 Host: Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Carnivora); Oriental Realm 7 Spicules with 1 straight process and other ending in hook......... M. elegans (Travassos, 1921) Travassos & Darriba, 1929 Host: Saimiri sciureus (Primates); Neotropical Realm - Spicules with both processes with straight distal ends........................................................ 8 8 Bursa not distinctly divided into lobes................................................ M. felineus Cameron, 1923 Host: Puma yagouaroundi (Carnivora); Neotropical Realm - Bursa distinctly divided into lobes................................................. M. paraensis Travassos, 1937 Host: Potos flavus (Carnivora); Neotropical Realm 9 Terminal processes of spicules similar in length............................................................. 10 - Terminal processes of spicules different in length........................................................... 14 10 Length of spicules M. inexpectatus Durette-Desset, Guerrero & Boyer, 2000 Host: Lachesis muta (Squamata); Neotropical Realm - Length of spicules> 0.12.............................................................................. 11 11 Dorsal lobe not differentiated from the lateral lobes...................................... M. europaeus Zunker, 1928 Host: Mustela putorius (Carnivora); Palearctic Realm - Dorsal lobe differentiated from the lateral lobes............................................................. 12 12 Length of spicules> 0.17.......................................................... M. torulosus (Molin, 1861) Host: Cebus capucinus (Primates); Neotropical Realm - Length of spicules M. midas Durette-Desset & Corvione, 1998 Host: Saguinus midas (Primates); Neotropical Realm - Terminal processes of spicules ending in point............................................ M. major Cameron, 1936 Host: Eira Barbara (Carnivora); Neotropical Realm 14 Spicules with two large and one short processes............................................................ 15 - Spicules with two short and one large processes........................................................... 19 15 Dorsal ray shorter than rays 4................................................... M. planicipitis (Cameron, 1928) Host: Prionailurus planiceps (Carnivora); Oriental Realm - Dorsal ray larger or similar in length than rays 4............................................................ 16 16 Terminal processes of spicules not fused nor enveloped by a membrane..................... M. barbaris Cameron, 1936 Host: Eira barbara (Carnivora); Neotropical Realm - Terminal processes of spicules fused or enveloped by a membrane.............................................. 17 17 Terminal processes of spicules enveloped by a membrane................ M. cati Durette-Desset, Boomker & Malan, 2000 Host: Felis catus (Carnivora); Ethiopian Realm - Terminal processes of spicules fused..................................................................... 18 18 Rays 9 bifurcate.................................................................. M. mustelae Schmidt, 1965 Host: Mustela frenata (Carnivora); Nearctic Realm - Rays 9 entire................................................................ M. nasuae Lent & Freitas, 1938 Host: Nasua narica (Carnivora); Neotropical Realm 19 Synlophe ridges> 20.................................................................................. 20 - Synlophe ridges M. sichuanensis Wu & Zhang, 1984 Host: Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora); Oriental Realm - Synlophe ridges> 40.................................................................................. 21 21 Synlophe ridges 52........................................................... M. samueli Platt & Pence, 1981 Host: Taxidea taxus (Carnivora); Nearctic Realm - Synlophe ridges 40................................................................................... 22 22 Length of spicules> 0.200....................................................... M. genettae (Cameron, 1927) Host: Genetta genetta (Carnivora); Ethiopian Realm - Length of spicules M.patens (Dujardin, 1845) Host: Mustela nivalis (Carnivora); Palearctic Realm 23 Length of spicules 0.154-0.175......................................... M. petrovi Durette-Desset & Pesson, 1987 Host: Mustela sibirica (Carnivora); Palearctic Realm - Length of spicules M. legerae Durette-Desset & Pesson, 1987 Host: Vulpes vulpes (Carnivora); Palearctic Realm - Length of gubernaculum M. springsmithi Inglis & Ogden, 1965 Host: Prionailurus bengalensis (Carnivora); Oriental Realm - Gubernaculum not as above............................................................................ 26 26 Medio-internal terminal processes of spicules ending barbed............................... M. vexillarius Dunn, 1961 Host: Saguinus nigricollis (Primates); Neotropical Realm - Terminal processes of spicules ending in point.............................................................. 27 27 Synlophe ridges 10-12.................................................. M. inglisi Durette-Desett & Pesson, 1987 Host: Prionailurus bengalensis (Carnivora); Oriental Realm - Synlophe ridges 16............................................................... M. pardalis Cameron, 1936 Host: Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora); Neotropical Realm, Published as part of Mata-L��pez, Rosario, 2017, A new species of Molineus (Nematoda: Molineidae) parasite of Procyon lotor (Mammalia: Carnivora) in Mexico with a taxonomic key for the species of the genus, pp. 391-400 in Zootaxa 4320 (2) on pages 399-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4320.2.12, http://zenodo.org/record/891694

Moennigia celinae n. sp. collected from the small intestine of Chaetophractus vellerosus and Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) from Argentina is herein described. This new species belongs to the genus Moennigia because it possesses a short uterus with few eggs, atrophied distal branch of the ovejector, vulva near the anus, and a conical tail. The new species has a synlophe with 17 symmetrical ridges and slight ventro–dorsal orientation. The spicule length:body length ratio is similar to that of the other species parasitic of Dasypodidae; however, Moennigia celinae n. sp. differs from Moennigia pintoi and Moennigia lutzi because the latter lack a gubernaculum, and from Moennigia complexus, Moennigia moennigi, Moennigia filamentosus, Moennigia intrusa, Moennigia littlei, Moennigia pulchra and Moennigia dessetae by the latter having very complex spicules with 2 or 3 points at the distal extremity. Moreover, Moennigia celinae n. sp. differs from Moennigia virilis by the length and shape of its spicules. Moennigia celinae n. sp. can be distinguished from Moennigia travassosi by the shape of the dorsal ray of the caudal bursa. Moennigia celinae n. sp. resembles Moennigia pseudopulchra but the gubernaculum of the latter is V-shaped. This is the second report of a species of Moennigia in Argentina and the first for the genus Chaetophractus. Fil: Ezquiaga, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Navone, Graciela Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina

Oswaldocruzia lamotheargumedoi n. sp., inhabiting the intestine of the cane toad, Rhinella marina (L.), in Laguna de Coyuca, Guerrero, México, is described here. The new species differs from 10 congeners infecting bufonid hosts because it has a type I bursa. In contrast, 7 of these species have type II bursa and 3 more a type III bursa. The species most similar to the species described herein is Oswaldocruzia pipiens Walton, 1929 . These 2 species share traits such as body size, bursa type, presence of cervical alae, and dorsal ray morphology. Nevertheless, both species can be distinguished based on the number of synlophe ridges at mid-body (54-56 for O. lamotheargumedoi vs. 45-48 for O. pipiens) and by the presence of a chitinous support in the long, and well developed, cervical alae of O. pipiens. In the new species, these structures are short, poorly developed, and lack chitinous support. Previous records of species of Oswaldocruzia in México include Oswaldocruzia subauricularis (Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1917 in the Neotropical Realm and O. pipiens in the Nearctic.

A new species of Biacantha Wolfgang, 1954 (Nematoda: Molineidae), is described from the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus Geoffroy and St. Hilaire, 1810, from northwest Argentina. Biacantha normaliae n. sp. Oviedo, Ramallo, and Claps, is characterized by the disposition and number of ridges of the synlophe, the excretory pore located on a knob, 2 lateral processes on the tail of females, the male caudal bursa morphology, and lack of gubernaculum. This is the first species of nematode described in a vampire bat from Argentina.

En el presente trabajo, se describe a Tricholeiperia peruensis n. sp. (Nematoda, Molineidae) en base a 25 especímenes colectados del intestino de 5 murciélagos de la especie Lophostoma silvicolum occidentalis de la localidad de Angostura, distrito Pampas de Hospital, departamento de Tumbes, Perú. La nueva especie se caracteriza por la morfología de la vesícula cefálica en forma de capuchón con escotaduras, por el tamaño y forma de las espículas cuyo extremo distal de la rama externa se divide en dos, de las cuales la rama interna sufre una nueva división; por la disposición de las costillas de la bolsa copulatríz donde, entre otros detalles, las antero y postero-ventrales están separadas y las externo-dorsales nacen cerca de la parte media del tronco dorsal y son gruesas., In the present work, Tricholeiperia peruensis. n sp. (Nematoda, Molineidae) is described on the basis of 25 collected specimens from 5 bat intestines of the Lophostoma silvicolum occidentalis species from Angostura, district of Pampas de Hospital, department of Tumbes, Peru. The new species is characterized by the morphology of the cephalic vesicle in the form of hood with recesses, for the size and form of spikes whose distal end of the external branch is divided in 2 from which the internal branch undergoes a new division; by the disposition of the ribs of the copulatory apparatus where, among others details, the pre- and post ventral ribs are separated and the external-dorsal ribs begin near the half of the dorsal trunk and are heavy.

Oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. (Strongylida: Molineidae) from the small intestine of Chaunus marinus (L.) from Belém, Pará State, Brazil is described and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. is a neotropical species of this genus, harboring caudal bursa Type II, spicules divided in 3 branches, i.e., a blade, shoe, and fork. The blade is divided in 4 points, of which at least 2 are bifurcated. Cervical alae are absent; there is a simple cephalic vesicle and synlophe with low ridges perpendicular to the body without chitinous supports. The most closely related species are O. bonsi and O. lescurei. Oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. differs from O. lescurei and O. bonsi by the number and location of cephalic papillae, rays 2-3 and 5-6 running parallel and slightly separated, ray 6 not overlapping ray 8, and body structure morphometry. Oswaldocruzia belenensis n sp. also differs from O. lescurei by the discontinuity of the longitudinal ridges, the number of subdivisions of the blade, and the absence of extra processes at the bifurcation level of the fork of the spicules. The new species differs from O. bonsi by male and female body dimensions, the symmetry of the caudal bursa, dimension and subdivisions of the spicules without extra processes of the fork, 2 extra processes at the distal division of the blade, and location of ray 7 at the anterior margin of the cloacal aperture. Oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. represents the 82nd species assigned to the genus.

SummaryPithecostrongylus anak sp. nov. (Nematoda: Molineidae) is described from the small intestine of Uromys anak Thomas, 1907 from Papua New Guinea. Pithecostrongylus anak is distinguished from other members of the genus by its larger size, the number of ridges on the synlophe and the length of the spicules. The validity of the name of the type species P. alatus, is discussed. The genus Pithecostrongylus Lubimow, 1930 occurs in primates and sciurid and murid rodents from Africa, Malaysia and Indonesia, with P. anak the first representative described from a murid rodent from Papua New Guinea. Since only primate hosts have been reported from Indonesia, the route of invasion of New Guinea by the rodents, there are no obvious biogeographical links between P. anak and its congeners.

González, Cynthya Elizabeth, Inés, Hamann Monika (2015): Checklist of nematode parasites of amphibians from Argentina. Zootaxa 3980 (4): 451-476, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3980.4.1

Family Molineidae Anoplostrongylus paradoxus Tadarida brasiliensis, Santiago, Chile, Muñoz et al. (2011). Tadarida brasiliensis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Vicente et al. (1997). Tadarida brasiliensis, Texas, U.S.A., Schwartz (1927) in Falcon-Ordaz et al. (2006). Tadarida brasiliensis, Nuevo Mexico and Texas, U.S.A., Jameson (1959) in Falcon-Ordaz et al. (2006). Tadarida brasiliensis, Mexico, Yamaguti (1958-1963) in Winkins (1989). Biacantha desmoda Desmodus rotundus, Nicaragua, Voucher & Durette-Desset (1986). Desmodus rotundus, Jalpa and Zacatecas, Mexico, Wolfgang (1956). Desmodus rotundus, Trinidad and Tobago, Wolfgang (1954). Desmodus rotundus, Costa Rica, Ubelaker et al. (1979). Desmodus rotundus, Jalisco, Mexico, García Vargas (1995), García Vargas et al. (1996), and Perez Ponce de León (1996) in Crespo (2008). Biacantha normaliae Desdodus rotundus, Jujuy, Salta and Tucumán, Argentina, Oviedo et al. (2012 c). Biacantha sp. Desmodus rotundus, Colima, Mexico, García-Marquez (1985) in Crespo (2008). Cheiropteronema globocephala Sturnira lilium, Unspecified locality, Cited in Santos & Gibson (2015). Delicata abbai Dasypus hybridus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Dasypus hybridus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga et al. (2012). Delicata cameroni Dasypus hybridus, Brazil, Cited in Vicente et al. (1997). Delicata ransomi Chaeotophractus villosus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Chaetophractus villosus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga et al. (2015). Chaeotophractus vellerosus, Buenos Aires and Córdoba, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Zaedyus pichiy, Mendoza, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Lagostonema ecasience Lagostomus maximus, La Pampa, Argentina, Foster et al. (2002). Lagostomus maximus, Buenos Aires and Mendoza, Argentina, Sutton & Durette-Desset (1987). Lamanema chavezi Lagidium viscacia, Chubut, Argentina, Sutton & Durette-Desset (1985). Lama guanicoe, Salta, Argentina, Cafrune et al. (2009). Lama guanicoe, Puno, Perú, Hilari (1983) and Hurtado et al. (1985) in Castillo et al. (2008). Phyllotis xanthopygus or P. oscilae, Catamarca, Argentina, Digiani & Durette-Desset (2007). Lamanema sp. Lama guanicoe, Chilean Patagonia, Ruiz-Aravena & Correa (2010). Macielia elongata Tolypeutes matacus, Formosa and Santiago del Estero, Argentina, Navone (1987). Tolypeutes matacus, Chaco region, Argentina, Navone (1990). Macielia jorgei Chaetophractus vellerosus, La Rioja and San Luis, Argentina, Ezquiaga & Navone (2013). Macielia macieli Dasypus hybridus, Brazil, Cited in Vicente et al. (1997). Macielia sp. Chaetophractus vellerosus, La Rioja and San Luis, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Tolypeutes matacus, Catamarca, Argentina, Monferrán & Reyes (2014). Marshallagia sp. Lama guanicoe, Chubut, Argentina, Beldomenico et al. (2003). Lama guanicoe, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, Navone & Merino (1989). Lama guanicoe, Chubut, Argentina, Karesh et al. (1998). Lama guanicoe, Chilean Patagonia, Ruiz-Aravena & Correa (2010). Pudu puda, Southern Chile, Valverde (1988) in Cortés Gutierrez (2006). Moennigia celinae Chaetophractus vellerosus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga & Navone (2014). Chaetophractus villosus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga et al. (2015). Chaetophractus villosus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga & Navone (2014). Moennigia lutzi Dasypus hybridus, Brazil, Cited in Vicente et al. (1997). Moennigia sp. Chaetophractus vellerosus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Chaetophractus villosus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Moennigia virilis Tolypeutes matacus, Santiago del Estero and Chaco, Argentina, Navone (1987). Tolypeutes matacus, Chaco region, Argentina, Navone (1990). Molineus barbatus Puma concolor, Florida, U.S.A., Foster et al. (2006). Puma concolor, Florida, U.S.A., Forrester et al. (1985). Molineus felineus Lycalopex gymnocercus, Río Grande do Sul, Brazil, Rúas et al. (2008). Lycalopex gymnocercus, Unspecified locality, Cited in Lucherini et al. (2004). Lycalopex gymnocercus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Led et al. (1970). Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Brazil, Travassos (1937) in Vicente et al. (1997). Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Unspecified locality, Diaz-Ungria et al. (1964) in Patton et al. (1986). Molineus sp. Conepatus chinga, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Noronha et al. (2002). Conepatus chinga, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Vieira et al. (2008). Lycalopex culpaeus, Argentina, Moleón et al. (2011). Oncifelis geoffroyi, Argentina, Moleón et al. (2011). Puma concolor, Lima, Perú (Captive), Aranda et al. (2013). Puma concolor, Florida, U.S.A., Dunbar (1994) in Aranda et al. (2013). Puma concolor, Argentina, Moleón et al. (2011). Molinostrongylus delicatus Tadarida brasiliensis, Nuevo México, U.S.A., Cain (1966) in Muñoz et al. (2011). Tadarida brasiliensis, Oklahoma, U.S.A., Nickel & Hansen (1967). Tadarida brasiliensis, Perú, Sarmiento et al. (1999). Tadarida brasiliensis, Florida, U.S.A., Cited in Falcon-Ordaz et al. (2006). Tadarida brasiliensis, Texas, U.S.A., Martin (1976) in Wilkins (1989). Tadarida brasiliensis, Lima, Perú, Miranda (1965) in Vargas (2008). Nematodirus abnormalis Lama guanicoe, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina, Olaechea et al. (2011). Nematodirus battus Lama guanicoe, Río Negro, Argentina, Larrieu et al. (1982). Nematodirus filicollis Lama guanicoe, Río Negro, Argentina, Larrieu et al. (1982). Lama guanicoe, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina, Olaechea et al. (2011). Nematodirus helvetianus Lama guanicoe, Mendoza, Argentina, Moreno et al. (2015). Nematodirus lanceolatus Lama guanicoe, Río Negro, Argentina, Larrieu et al. (1982). Nematodirus oiriatianus Lama guanicoe, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina, Olaechea et al. (2011). Nematodirus sp. Hippocamelus bisulcus, Santa Cruz, Argentina, Taglioretti et al. (2013). Lama guanicoe, Chubut, Argentina, Karesh et al. (1998). Lama guanicoe, Mendoza, Argentina, Rago et al. (2008). Lama guanicoe, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina, Olaechea et al. (2011). Lama guanicoe, Magallanes, Chile (Semicaptivity), Correa et al. ( 2012). Lama guanicoe, Chile, Henning (1984) and Cáceres (2000) in Cortés Gutierrez (2006). Lama guanicoe, Magallanes, Chile, Zapata et al. (2006). Lama guanicoe, Mendoza and San Juan, Argentina, Borghi et al. (2004). Lama guanicoe, Río Negro, Argentina, Larrieu et al. (1982). Lama guanicoe, Magallanes, Chile, Cunazza (1982) in Navone & Merino (1989). Lama guanicoe, Chubut, Argentina, Beldomenico et al. (2003). Lama guanicoe, Chubut, Argentina (Captive), Flores (2006) in Correa et al. (2012). Lama guanicoe, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, Navone & Merino (1989). Lama guanicoe, Machaguay, Perú, Castillo et al. (2008). Lama guanicoe, Mendoza, Argentina, Colombo et al. (2009). Lama guanicoe, Mendoza and Chubut, Argentina, Rago et al. (2012). Lama guanicoe, Mendoza, Argentina, Moreno et al. (2010). Lama guanicoe, Chilean Patagonia, Ruiz-Aravena & Correa (2010). Lama guanicoe, Mendoza, Argentina, Moreno et al. (2015). Lama guanicoe, Santa Cruz, Argentina, Petrigh et al. (2013 a). Pudu puda, Southern Chile, Sievers (1992) in Jimenez (2010). Pudu puda, Chile Duval (1990) and Wartluft (1992) in Cortés Gutierrez (2006). Zaedyus pichiy, Mendoza, Argentina, Ezquiaga et al. (2009). Nematodirus spathiger Lama guanicoe, Río Negro, Argentina, Larrieu et al. (1982). Lama guanicoe, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina, Olaechea et al. (2011). Lama guanicoe, Santa Cruz, Argentina, Petrigh & Fugassa (2015). Lama guanicoe, Mendoza, Argentina, Moreno et al. (2015). Nochtia pilosus Tadarida brasiliensis, Santiago, Chile, Muñoz et al. (2011). Ollullanus tricuspis Lycalopex griseus, Magallanes, Chile, Valenzuela et al. (2004). Lycalopex griseus, Magallanes, Chile, Alarcón (2005). Puma concolor, Unspecified locality, Rickard & Hoberg (2000). Puma concolor, Washington, U.S.A., Rickard & Foreyt (1992). Tadaridanema delicatus Tadarida brasiliensis, Puebla, Durango, Nueva León and Zacatecas, Mexico, Guzman Cornejo et al. (2003) in Crespo (2008). Tadarida brasiliensis, Puebla, Zacatecas, Nuevo León and Durango, Mexico, Falcon-Ordaz et al. (2006). Trichohelix sp. Tolypeutes matacus, Catamarca, Argentina, Monferrán & Reyes (2014). Trichohelix tuberculata Chaetophractus vellerosus, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Chaetophractus vellerosus, Chubut, Buenos Aires and Santiago del Estero, Argentina, Ezquiaga & Navone (2013). Chaetophractus villosus, Argentina, Parona & Stossich (1901) in Navone (1987). Chaetophractus villosus, Argentina, Ortlepp (1922) in Navone (1987). Chaetophractus villosus, Unspecified locality, Travassos (1937) in Navone (1987). Chaetophractus villosus, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fé and La Pampa, Argentina, Navone (1987). Chaetophractus villosus, Pampas region, Argentina, Navone (1990). Chaetophractus villosus, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Rioja, San Juan and San Luis, Argentina, Ezquiaga & Navone (2013). Chaetophractus villosus, Chubut and Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Chaetophractus villosus, Buenos Aires and Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, Ezquiaga & Navone (2015). Chaetophractus villosus, Brazil, Travassos (1937) in Vicente et al. (1997). Chaetophractus villosus, Unspecified locality, Martinez (2003) in Monferrán & Reyes (2014). Conepatus chinga, Brazil, Travassos (1937) in Vicente et al. (1997). Zaedyus pichiy, Mendoza and Río Negro, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Tricholeiperia sp. Tadarida brasiliensis, Texas, U.S.A., Martin (1976) in Wilkins (1989)., Published as part of Fugassa, Martin H., 2015, Checklist of helminths found in Patagonian wild mammals, pp. 271-328 in Zootaxa 4012 (2) on pages 294-297, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/192165

Oswaldocruzia sp. Host and record: Leptodactylus bufonius Boulenger, 1894 (Co), Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864) (Co). Site of infection: Small intestine. Material deposited: CECOAL 0 0 101005 (L. bufonius), CECOAL 96040901 (P. albonotatus). References: González & Hamann (2006 a; 2012 b). Life cycle: The life cycle of these nematodes is monoxenous; the infective larvae penetrate through the skin of the hosts (Ben Slimane et al. 1996 a; Anderson 2000). Oswaldocruzia mazzai Travassos, 1935 Host and record: Rhinella sp. (Ju), Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (= B. marinus) (Ju) Site of infection: Small intestine. Material deposited: Not specified. References: Travassos (1935; 1937). Notes: Durette-Desset et al. (2006) considered O. mazzai sensu Vicente (1981) nec Travassos (1935) as species inquirenda. Oswaldocruzia proencai Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset, 1995 (= Oswaldocruzia mazzai sensu Lent et al., 1939 nec Travassos, 1935) Host and record: Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) (Co, Sa), Rhinella arenarum (= Ch. arenarum) (Sa). Site of infection: Small intestine, large intestine. Material deposited: CECOAL 0 3091901 (R. schneideri, Co), CH-FML 0 7444 (R. schneideri, Sa), CH-FML 0 7448 (R. arenarum). References: Ramallo et al. (2007 a; 2007 c), González & Hamann (2008). Notes: Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset (1995) established this species from Paraguayan specimens reported as O. mazzai by Lent et al. (1946). Oswaldocruzia subauricularis (Rudolphi, 1819) Host and record: Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) (Co) Site of infection: Small intestine. Material deposited: CECOAL 0 8102211 References: Hamann et al. (2013). Notes: Durette-Desset et al. (2006) established that the species reported as O. subauricularis sensu Freitas, 1955 nec Rudolpphi, 1819 should be considered as a species inquirenda.

Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3

Family Dipyliniidae Dipylidium caninum Lycalopex culpaeus, Central Andes, Perú, Moro et al. (1998). Lycalopex gymnocercus, Argentina, Cited in Lucherini et al. (2004). Lycalopex gymnocercus, Argentina, Cited in Lucherini & Vidal (2008). Lycalopex gymnocercus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Scioscia et al. (2012). Oncifelis geoffroyi, Unspecified locality, Travassos (1965) in Vieira et al. (2008). Joyeuxiella spp. Lycalopex gymnocercus, Argentina, Cited in Lucherini et al. (2004)., Published as part of Fugassa, Martin H., 2015, Checklist of helminths found in Patagonian wild mammals, pp. 271-328 in Zootaxa 4012 (2) on page 301, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/192165

Oswaldocruzia sp. Host and record: Leptodactylus bufonius Boulenger, 1894 (Co), Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864) (Co). Site of infection: Small intestine. Material deposited: CECOAL 0 0 101005 (L. bufonius), CECOAL 96040901 (P. albonotatus). References: Gonz��lez & Hamann (2006 a; 2012 b). Life cycle: The life cycle of these nematodes is monoxenous; the infective larvae penetrate through the skin of the hosts (Ben Slimane et al. 1996 a; Anderson 2000). Oswaldocruzia mazzai Travassos, 1935 Host and record: Rhinella sp. (Ju), Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (= B. marinus) (Ju) Site of infection: Small intestine. Material deposited: Not specified. References: Travassos (1935; 1937). Notes: Durette-Desset et al. (2006) considered O. mazzai sensu Vicente (1981) nec Travassos (1935) as species inquirenda. Oswaldocruzia proencai Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset, 1995 (= Oswaldocruzia mazzai sensu Lent et al., 1939 nec Travassos, 1935) Host and record: Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) (Co, Sa), Rhinella arenarum (= Ch. arenarum) (Sa). Site of infection: Small intestine, large intestine. Material deposited: CECOAL 0 3091901 (R. schneideri, Co), CH-FML 0 7444 (R. schneideri, Sa), CH-FML 0 7448 (R. arenarum). References: Ramallo et al. (2007 a; 2007 c), Gonz��lez & Hamann (2008). Notes: Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset (1995) established this species from Paraguayan specimens reported as O. mazzai by Lent et al. (1946). Oswaldocruzia subauricularis (Rudolphi, 1819) Host and record: Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) (Co) Site of infection: Small intestine. Material deposited: CECOAL 0 8102211 References: Hamann et al. (2013). Notes: Durette-Desset et al. (2006) established that the species reported as O. subauricularis sensu Freitas, 1955 nec Rudolpphi, 1819 should be considered as a species inquirenda., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Cynthya Elizabeth & In��s, Hamann Monika, 2015, Checklist of nematode parasites of amphibians from Argentina, pp. 451-476 in Zootaxa 3980 (4) on pages 459-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3980.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/233431, {"references":["Ben Slimane, B., Chabaud, A. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1996 a) Les Nematodes Trichostrongylina parasites d'Amphibiens et de Reptiles: problemes taxonomiques, phyletiques et biogeographiques. Systematic Parasitology, 35, 179 - 206. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00009639","Anderson, R. C. (2000) Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission. 2 nd Edition. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK, 650 pp.","Travassos, L. (1935) Alguns novos generos e especies de Trichostrongylidae. Revista Medicina Cirugia Brasil, 43, 345 - 361.","Travassos, L. (1937) Revisao da Familia Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912. Monografias. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 1, 1 - 512.","Durette-Desset, M. C., Anjos, L. A. & Vrcibradic, D. (2006) Three new species of the genus Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasites of Enyalius spp. (Iguanidae) from Brazil. Parasite, 13, 115 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 2006132115","Ben Slimane, B. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1995) Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineidea) parasites d'Amphibiens du Bresil et de l'Equateur, avec redefinition de l'espece-type O. subauricularis (Rudolphi, 1819) et d' O. mazzai Travassos, 1935. Revue suisse Zoologie, 102, 635 - 653.","Ramallo, G., Bursey, C. R. & Goldberg, S. R. (2007 a) Chaunus arenarum (Argentine Toad). Endoparasites. Herpetological Review, 38, 319 - 320.","Ramallo, G., Bursey, C. R. & Goldberg, S. R. (2007 c) Primer registro de Oswaldocruzia proencai (Nematoda: Molineoidae), parasito de Rhinella schneideri (Anura: Bufonidae) en Salta, Argentina. Acta zoologica lilloana, 51, 91 - 92.","Gonzalez, C. E. & Hamann, M. I. (2008) Nematode parasites of two anurans species, Rhinella schneideri (Bufonidae) and Scinax acuminatus (Hylidae), from Corrientes, Argentina. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 2147 - 2161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 56 i 4.5785","Lent, H., Teixeira de Freitas, J. F. & Proenca, M. (1946) Alguns helmintos de batraquios colecionados no Paraguai. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 44, 195 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761946000100007"]}

Family Molineidae Skrjabin & Schulz 1. Cephalic extremity with cuticular spines.................................................................... 2 - Cephalic extremity without cuticular spines................................................................. 5 2. Cephalic extremity with 2 large ventral spines............................................................... 3 - Cephalic extremity surrounded by ring of 8 large spines....................................................... 4 3. Cephalic spines side by side in ventral field................................................. Biacantha Wolfgang Species: B. desmoda Wolfgang, 1954; B. normaliae Oviedo, Ramallo & Claps in Oviedo, Ramallo, Claps & Miotti, 2012 - Cephalic spines opposite (in dorsal and ventral fields).......................... Websternema Vaucher & Durette-Desset Species: W. parnelli (Webster, 1971) 4. Anterior and posterior branches of ovejector vestibule similar in length............... Parahistiostrongylus Pérez Vigueras Species: P. octacanthus (Lent & Freitas, 1940) (also attributed to Stilestrongylus) - Anterior branch of ovejector vestibule longer than posterior................................... Histiostrongylus Molin Species: H. coronatus Molin, 1861; H. paradoxus Travassos, 1918; Histiostrongylus sp. 5. Cephalic extremity with vesicle divided in two regions........................................................ 6 - Cephalic extremity with simple, undivided vesicle........................................................... 9 6. Posterior part of cephalic vesicle equal or longer than anterior part............................................... 7 - Posterior part of cephalic vesicle shorter than anterior part................................. Torrestrongylus Vigueras Species: Torrestrongylus sp. 7. Spicule undivided distally............................................................................... 8 - Spicule divided distally............................................................. Tricholeiperia Travasssos Species: T. leiperi Travassos, 1935; T. peruensis Vargas, Martinez, Tantaleán, Cadenilias & Pacheco, 2009; T. proencai Travassos, 1937 8. Dorsal ray of male copulatory bursa long and divided in distal third; ovejector of female without spines................................................................................................ Anoplostrongylus Boulenger Species: A. paradoxus (Travassos, 1918) - Dorsal ray of male copulatory bursa short and deeply divided; ovejector of female with spines............................................................................................. Molostrongylus Durette-Desset & Vaucher Species: M. acanthocolpos Durette-Desset & Vaucher, 1996; M. mbopi Durette-Desset & Vaucher, 1999 9. Tail of female without appendices/tubercles.......................................... Cheiropteronema Sandground Species: C. globocephala Sandground, 1929; C. striatum Oviedo, Ramallo & Claps, 2010; Cheiropteronema sp. - Tail of female with appendices/tubercles.................................................................. 10 10. Tail of female with two appendices..................................................... Bidigiticauda Chitwood Species: B. embryophilum (Freitas & Dobbin Jr., 1960 (a)); B. vivipara Chitwood, 1938 - Tail of female with five to seven tubercles................................. Carostrongylus Durette-Desset & Vaucher Species: C. touzeti Durette-Desset & Vaucher, 1989, Published as part of Santos, Cláudia Portes & Gibson, David I., 2015, Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats, pp. 471-499 in Zootaxa 3937 (3) on page 475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/240106, {"references":["Wolfgang, R. W. (1954) Studies on the endoparasitic fauna of Trinidad mammals. X. Parasites of Chiroptera. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 32, 20 - 34.","Oviedo, M. C., Ramallo, G., Claps, L. E. & Miotti, M. D. (2012) A new species of Biacantha (Nematoda: Molineidae), a parasite of the common vampire bat from the Yungas, Argentina. Journal of Parasitology, 98, 1209 - 1215. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / ge- 3155.1","Webster, W. A. (1971) Studies on the parasites of Chiroptera. I. Helminths of Jamaican bats of the genera Tadarida, Chilonycteris, and Monophyllus. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 38, 195 - 199.","Lent, H. & Freitas, J. F. T. (1940) Histiostrongylus octacanthus n. sp. (Nematoda: Strongyloidea). Arquivo Instituto Benjamin Baptista, Rio de Janeiro, 6, 91 - 96.","Molin, R. (1861) Il sottordine degli acrofalli ordinato scientificamente secundo e risutamenti delle indagini anatomiche et embriogeniche. Memorie del Real Istituto di Scienze, Lettre ed Arti, Venezia, 9, 427 - 633.","Travassos, L. (1918) Contribuicao para o conhecimento da fauna helmintologica brasileira. VII. Especies brasileiras do genero Thelazia Bosc, 1819. Revista do Museu Paulista, 10, 215 - 230.","Travassos, L. (1935) Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos Trichostrongylidae. Anais Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 7, 355 - 360.","Vargas, M., Martinez, R., Tantalean, M., Cadenilias, R. & Pacheco, V. (2009 a) Tricholeiperia peruensis n. sp. (Nematoda, Molineidae) del quiroptero Lophostoma silvicolum occidentalis (Phyllostomidae) en Tumbes, Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 15 (2008), 23 - 26. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15381 / rpb. v 15 i 2.1697","Travassos, L. (1937) Revisao da Family Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912. Monografia do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 512 pp.","Durette-Desset, M. - C. & Vaucher, C. (1996) Molostrongylus acanthocolpos gen. n. sp. n. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasite de Molossops temmincki (Chiroptera, Molossidae) au Paraguay. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, Geneve, 103, 905 - 913.","Durette-Desset, M. - C. & Vaucher, C. (1999) Molostrongylus mbopi sp. n. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea), parasite de Molossops spp. (Chiroptera, Molossidae) au Paraguay. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, Geneve, 106, 407 - 418.","Sandground, J. H. (1929) Some new parasitic nematodes from Yucatan (Mexico) including a new genus of strongyle from cattle. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 69, 515 - 524","Oviedo, M. C., Ramallo, G. & Claps, L. E. (2010) Una especie nueva de Cheiropteronema (Nematoda, Molineidae) en Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) en la Argentina. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 100, 242 - 246. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0073 - 47212010000300009","Chitwood, B. G. (1938) Some nematodes from the caves of Yucatan. Publications of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, 491, 51 - 66.","Durette-Desset, M. - C. & Vaucher, C. (1989) Trichostrongyloidea (Nematoda) parasites de chiropteres neotropicaux. III. Carostrongylus touzeti gen. n., sp. n. chez Carollia spp. (Phyllostomatidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, Geneve, 96, 697 - 706."]}

Svitin, R. S. (2015): New Data On The Morphology And Distribution Of Os- Waldocruzia Skrjabini (Nematoda, Molineidae). Vestnik Zoologii 49 (5): 447-482, DOI: 10.1515/vzoo-2015-0052, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2015-0052

This is the first record of the nematode parasite Schulzia travassosi (Trichostrongylina, Molineidae) in two Argentinean amphibians, Leptodactylus bufonius and Rhinella major, collected in two localities of the Chaco region, Las Lomitas (Formosa Province) and Taco Pozo (Chaco Province). The species was observed using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared with previous studies of Paraguayan specimens. Regarding metric characters, the measurements found in Argentinean specimens generally did not differ from those of Paraguayan specimens; some differences were observed in the total length of males and females (some longer and some shorter than Paraguayan specimens), length of the oesophagus (in almost all specimens shorter than in Paraguayan ones) and position of the vulva (nearer to posterior end in Argentinean specimens). The branches and sphincter of ovejector are slightly longer than in Paraguayan female specimens. In males, ray 4 is almost the same length as rays 2, 3 and 5, 6. Cephalic end, cephalic vesicle, synlophe and vulvar depression were viewed under SEM. Schulzia melanostictusi Chopra, Shing and Kumar, 1986 is reassigned as Oswaldocruzia melanostictusi (Chopra, Shing and Kumar, 1986) nov. comb. Fil: Gonzalez, Cynthya Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Hamann, Mónika Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina

Seuratoidea gen. sp. are a disparate group of helminth genera, that are thought to connect the Cosmocercoidea to the advanced Ascaridida or Spirurida (Chabaud 1978). Le-Van-Hoa (1966) experimentally found the intermediate hosts of Seuratum nguyenvanaii, a parasite of the house shrew in Vietnam, were the cockroaches Blatta orientalis and Periplaneta americana. Seuratoidea gen. sp. in C. biocellata and C. grismeri are new host records., Published as part of Goldberg, Stephen R., Bursey, Charles R. & Grismer, L. Lee, 2015, Gastrointestinal helminths of nine species of Cnemaspis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia, one species from Cambodia and Thailand and two species from Vietnam, pp. 2683-2691 in Journal of Natural History 49 (43) on page 2688, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1021877, http://zenodo.org/record/4000965, {"references":["Chabaud AG. 1978. No. 6. Keys to genera of the Superfamilies Cosmocercoidea, Seuratoidea, Heterakoidea and Subuluroidea. In: Anderson RW, Chabaud AG, Willmott S, editors. CIH Keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, UK; p. 1 - 71."]}

Bakeria schadi was recently described from Cnemaspis mcguirei from Peninsular Malaysia (Bursey et al. 2014). Bakeria schadi in C. affinis, C. biocellata, C. grismeri, C. limi, C. monarchum and C. pemanggilensisare new host records., Published as part of Goldberg, Stephen R., Bursey, Charles R. & Grismer, L. Lee, 2015, Gastrointestinal helminths of nine species of Cnemaspis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia, one species from Cambodia and Thailand and two species from Vietnam, pp. 2683-2691 in Journal of Natural History 49 (43) on page 2685, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1021877, http://zenodo.org/record/4000965, {"references":["Bursey CR, Goldberg SR, Grismer LL. 2014. New species of Bakeria (Nematoda; Strongylida; Molineidae), new species of Falcaustra (Nematoda; Ascaridida; Kathlaniidae) and other helminths in Cnemaspis mcguirei (Sauria; Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Acta Parasitol. 59: 643 - 652."]}

Three new species of the genus Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 belonging to the sub-family Molineinae are described from the stomach and/or the small intestine of Enyalius spp. from Brazil. They belong to group 6 of Ben Slimane, Chabaud & Durette- Desset (1996). In this group they share along with O. peruensis Ben Slimane, Verhaag & Durette-Desset, 1995, a parasite of Iguanidae from Peru the followings linked characters: (i) a caudal bursa of type II; (ii) cervical alae present; (iii) undulated cuticular ridges. The Peruvian species differs from the Brasilian species by the absence of a strut in the cervical alae, by a small number of cuticular ridges at mid-body and by a spicular fork with a ramified inner twig. Oswaldocruzia fredi n. sp., a parasite of the stomach and the small intestine of Enyalius iheringii, mainly differs from the two other species by the absence of the oesophageal ventral cuticular ridges. Oswaldocruzia benslimanei n. sp., a parasite of the small intestine of Enyalius bilineatus, differs from Oswaldocruzia burseyi n. sp., a parasite of the stomach of Enyalius perditus, by the division of the fork at 23.4 % of spicule length (versus 32 %), and the length of the blade longer than the fork. Oswaldocruzia subauricularis sensu Freitas, 1955 nec Rudolphi, 1819 and O. mazzai sensu Vicente, 1981 nec Travassos, 1935 should be considered as species inquirendae.

Oswaldocruzia cassonei Silmane & Durette-Desset, 1996 Host and locality record: Pristimantis lanthanites (SPB) Distribution: Ecuador Site of infection: small intestine Stage: adult Reference: Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset (1996b), Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492, {"references":["Ben Slimane, B. B. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1996 b) Four new species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasitizing Amphibians and Lizards from Ecuador. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 91 (3), 317 - 328. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761996000300012"]}

Oswaldocruzia mazzai Travassos, 1935 Host and locality record: Leptodactylus fuscus (TO), Leptodactylus latrans (= Leptodactylus ocellatus) (TO), Leptodactylus mystaceus (SC), Leptodactylus pentadactylus (SC), Leptodactylus pustulatus (TO), Pristimantis altamazonicus Barbour & Dunn, Rhinella icterica (RJ), Rhinella marina (RD), Rhinella margaritifera (SC, RD) Distribution: Brazil, Ecuador and Guyana Site of infection: small intestine and large intestine Stage: Adult Reference: Dyer and Altig (1977), Ben Slimane et al. (1996a; 1996b), Goldberg et al. (2009), and McAllister et al. (2010d), Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492, {"references":["Travassos, L. (1935) Alguns novos generos e especies de Trichostrongylideos. Revista de Medicina e Cirurgia Brasileira, 43 (11), 345 - 361.","Dyer, W. G. & Altig, R. (1977) Helminths of some ecuadorian anurans. Herpetologica, 33 (3), 293 - 296.","Ben Slimane, B. B. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1996 a) New Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasites of Amphibians from French Guyana and Ecuador. Miscel-lania Zooloica, 19 (1), 55 - 66.","Ben Slimane, B. B. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1996 b) Four new species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasitizing Amphibians and Lizards from Ecuador. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 91 (3), 317 - 328. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761996000300012","Goldberg, S. R., Bursey, C. R., Caldwell, J. P. & Shepard, D. B. (2009) Gastrointestinal helminths of six sympatric species of Leptodactylus from Tocantins state, Brazil. Comparative Parasitology, 76, 258 - 266. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1654 / 4368.1","McAllister, C. T., Bursey, C. R. & Freed, P. S. (2010 d) Helminth parasites of Herpetofauna from the Rupunini District, Southwestern Guyana. Comparative Parasitology, 77 (2), 184 - 201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1654 / 4420.1"]}

Oswaldocruzia sp. Hosts and locality records: Hypsiboas boans (= Hyla boans) (AM), Hypsiboas sp. (MS), Leptodactylus bufonius (CO), Leptodactylus fuscus (= Leptodactylus sibilatrix) (ES), Leptodactylus latrans (= Leptodactylus ocellatus) (PA), Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Comté), Pseudis limellum (= Lysapsus limellum) (PA), Physalaemus albonotatus (CO), Rhinella crucifer (= Bufo crucifer) (RJ), Rhinella fernandezae (RS), Rhinella icterica (= Bufo ictericus and Chaunus ictericus) (ES, RJ, SC), Rhinella granulosa (= Bufo granulosus) (PA), Rhinella marina (= Bufo marinus) (AM, PA) and Rhinella schneideri (= Chaunus schneideri) (MS) Distribution: Argentina, Brazil and French Guyana Site of infection: intestine Stage: adult Reference: Travassos et al. (1939); Travassos et al. (1964), Travassos and Freitas (1941; 1964), Rodrigues (1986), Rodrigues et al. (1982), Durette-Desset (1983), Vicente et al. (1991), Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset (1996a), Gonçalves et al. (2002), Luque et al. (2005), González and Hamann (2006b; 2012a), Lux Hoppe et al. (2008) and Santos and Amato (2010a), Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492, {"references":["Travassos, L., Freitas, J. F. T. & Lent, H. (1939) Relatorio da excursao cientifica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz realizada na zona da Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil, em outubro de 1938. II Pesquisas helmintologicas. Boletim Biologico, 4, 221 - 249. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761940000300004","Travassos, L. & Freitas, J. F. T. (1941) Relatorio da terceira excursao a zona da Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil realizada em fevereiro e marco de 1940. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 35 (3), 607 - 696. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761940000300013","Rodrigues, H. O. (1986) Contribuicao ao estudo da fauna helmintologica de vertebrados de Nova Iguacu, RJ. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, 26, 27 - 28.","Rodrigues, H. O., Rodrigues, S. S. & Cristofaro, R. (1982) Contribuicao ao conhecimento da fauna helmintologica de Barra do Pirai, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, 23, 5 - 8.","Durette-Desset, M. C. (1983) Keys to the genera of the superfamily TrichostrongyIoidea. In: Anderson, R. C., Chabaud, A. G. & Willmott, S. (Eds.), CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Commonweth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal Bucks, England, 10, 86 pp.","Vicente J. J., Rodrigues, H. O., Gomes, D. C. & Pinto, R. M. (1991) Nematoides do Brasil 2 a parte: nematoides de Anfibios. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 7, 549 - 626. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0101 - 81751990000400015","Ben Slimane, B. B. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1996 a) New Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasites of Amphibians from French Guyana and Ecuador. Miscel-lania Zooloica, 19 (1), 55 - 66.","Goncalves, A. Q., Vicente, J. J. & Pinto, R. M. (2002) Nematodes of amazonian vertebrates deposited in the helminthological collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute with new records. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 19, 453 - 465. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0101 - 81752002000200011","Luque, J. L., Martins, A. N. & Tavares, L. E. R. (2005) Community structure of metazoan parasites of the yellow Cururu toad, Bufo ictericus (Anura, Bufonidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Acta Parasitologica, 50, 215 - 220.","Gonzalez, C. E. & Hamann, M. I. (2006 b) Helmintos parasitos de Leptodactylus bufonius Boulenger, 1894 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) de Corrientes, Argentina. Revista Espanola de Herpetologia, 20, 39 - 46.","Gonzalez, C. E. & Hamann, M. I. (2012 a) First report of nematode of Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864) (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Corrientes, Argentina. Neotropical Helminthology, 6, 9 - 23.","Lux Hoppe, E. G., Pedrassani, D., Hoffmann-Inocente, A. C., Tebaldi, J. H., Storti, L. F., Zanuzzo, F. S., Avancini, N. & Nascimento, A. A. (2008) Estudos ecologicos em taxocenoses helminticas de Chaunus ictericus (Spix, 1824) e C. schneideri (Werner, 1894) (Anura: Bufonidae) simpatricos, capturados no distrito de Sao Cristovao, municipio de Tres Barras, Santa Catarina. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 17, 166 - 169.","Santos, V. G. T. & Amato, S. B. (2010 a) Helminth fauna of Rhinella fernandezae (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Rio Grande do Sul coastland, Brazil: analysis of the parasite community. Journal of Parasitology, 96, 823 - 826. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / ge- 2388.1"]}

Oswaldocruzia albareti Silmane & Durette-Desset, 1996 Host and locality record: Hypsiboas calcaratus (SPB), Hypsiboas fasciatus (SPB), Hypsiboas geographicus (SPB), Leptodactylus pentadactylus (CA), Rhinella margaritifera (CA) and Rhinella marina (= Chaunus marinus) (CA) Distribution: Ecuador and French Guyana Site of infection: small intestine Stage: adult Reference: Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset (1996a)., Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492, {"references":["Ben Slimane, B. B. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1996 a) New Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasites of Amphibians from French Guyana and Ecuador. Miscel-lania Zooloica, 19 (1), 55 - 66."]}

Oswaldocruzia lopesi Freitas & Lent, 1938 Hosts and locality records: Ameerega picta (= Epipedobates pictus) (CU), Hamptophryne boliviana (CU), Hypsiboas fasciatus (= Hyla fasciata) (CU), Leptodactylus bolivianus (CU), Leptodactylus latrans (= Leptodactylus ocellatus) (MS, RJ, MO), Leptodactylus podicipinus (MS), Pristimantis fenestratus (= Eleutherodactylus fenestratus) (CU), Rhaebo glaberrimus (= Bufo glaberrimus) (CU), Rhinella icterica (= Bufo ictericus) (RJ) Rhinella margaritifera (= Bufo typhonius) (CU), Rhinella marina (= Bufo marinus) (AM) and Trachycephalus coriaceus (= Phrynohyas coriacea) (CU) Site of infection: stomach and intestines Distribution: Brazil, Peru and Uruguay Stage: adult Reference: Freitas and Lent (1938), Rodrigues et al. (1982), Rodrigues (1986), Baker (1987), Travassos et al. (1939), Vicente et al. (1991), Bursey et al. (2001), Gonçalves et al. (2002), Luque et al. (2005) and Campião et al. (2009), Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492, {"references":["Freitas, J. F. T. & Lent, H. (1938) Novo nematodeo parasito de ra sul-americana. Memorias do lnstituto Oswaldo Cruz, 33 (4), 477 - 479. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761938000400004","Rodrigues, H. O., Rodrigues, S. S. & Cristofaro, R. (1982) Contribuicao ao conhecimento da fauna helmintologica de Barra do Pirai, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, 23, 5 - 8.","Rodrigues, H. O. (1986) Contribuicao ao estudo da fauna helmintologica de vertebrados de Nova Iguacu, RJ. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, 26, 27 - 28.","Baker, M. R. (1987) Synopsis of the Nematoda parasitic in amphibians and reptiles. Memorial University of Newfoundland, Occasional Papers in Biology, 11, 1 - 325.","Travassos, L., Freitas, J. F. T. & Lent, H. (1939) Relatorio da excursao cientifica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz realizada na zona da Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil, em outubro de 1938. II Pesquisas helmintologicas. Boletim Biologico, 4, 221 - 249. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0074 - 02761940000300004","Vicente J. J., Rodrigues, H. O., Gomes, D. C. & Pinto, R. M. (1991) Nematoides do Brasil 2 a parte: nematoides de Anfibios. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 7, 549 - 626. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0101 - 81751990000400015","Bursey, C. R., Goldberg, S. R. & Pamarlee, J. R. (2001) Gastrointestinal helminths of 51 species of anurans from Reserva Cuzco Amazonico, Peru. Comparative Parasitology, 68, 21 - 35. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1654 / 4132","Goncalves, A. Q., Vicente, J. J. & Pinto, R. M. (2002) Nematodes of amazonian vertebrates deposited in the helminthological collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute with new records. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 19, 453 - 465. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0101 - 81752002000200011","Luque, J. L., Martins, A. N. & Tavares, L. E. R. (2005) Community structure of metazoan parasites of the yellow Cururu toad, Bufo ictericus (Anura, Bufonidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Acta Parasitologica, 50, 215 - 220.","Campiao, K. M., Silva, R. J. & Ferreira, V. L. (2009) Helminth parasites of Leptodactylus podicipinus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from south-eastern Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Helminthology, 83, 345 - 349. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0022149 x 09289358"]}

Oswaldocruzia filiformis Goeze, 1782 Host: Ceratophrys aurita (locality not reported) and Leptodactylus latrans (= Leptodactylus ocellatus) Distribution: Brazil Site of infection: small intestine Stage: adult Reference: Walton (1935), Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492, {"references":["Walton, A. C. (1935) The nematoda as parasites of Amphibia II. Journal of Parasitology, 21 (1), 27 - 50. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3271792"]}

Oswaldocruzia tcheprakovae Bem Slimane &Durette-Desset, 1996 Host and locality record: Pristimantis altamazonicus (SPB) Distribution: Ecuador Site of infection: small intestine Stage: adult Reference: Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset (1996b)

Shulzia subventricosa (= Oswaldocruzia subventricosa) (Schneider, 1866) Travassos, 1937 Hosts and locality records: Ceratophrys cornuta (locality not reported), Ischnocnema guentheri (= Hylodes guentheri) (locality not reported), Leptodactylus latrans (= Leptodactylus ocellatus) (locality not reported), Rhinella crucifer (= Bufo crucifer) (locality not reported) and Thoropa miliaris (locality not reported) Distribution: Brazil Site of infection: large intestine and gall bladder Stage: adult Reference: Travassos (1925; 1937) and Vicente et al. (1991), Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492, {"references":["Travassos, L. (1937) Revisao da Familia Trichostrongylidae Leiper 1912. Monographias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 1, vi + 512 pp.","Travassos, L. (1925) Contribuicoes para o conhecimento da fauna helmintologica dos batrachios do Brasil. Nematodeos intestinais. Sciencia Medica, 3 (1), 673 - 687.","Vicente J. J., Rodrigues, H. O., Gomes, D. C. & Pinto, R. M. (1991) Nematoides do Brasil 2 a parte: nematoides de Anfibios. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 7, 549 - 626. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0101 - 81751990000400015"]}

Oswaldocruzia vaucheri Bem Slimane & Durette-Desset, 1993 Host and locality record: Leptodactylus fuscus (PA) Distribution: Brazil Site of infection: small intestine Stage: adult Reference: Ben Slimane and Durette-Desset (1993) and Goldberg et al. (2007), Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492, {"references":["Ben Slimane, B. B. & Durette-Desset, M. C. (1993) Quatre nouvelles especes du genre Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) parasites d'Amphibiens d'Equateur. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 100, 113 - 136.","Goldberg, S. R., Bursey, C. R., Caldwell, J. P., Vitt, L. J. & Costa, G. C. (2007) Gastrointestinal helminths from six species of frogs and three species of lizards, sympatric in Para state, Brazil. Comparative Parasitology, 74, 327 - 342. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1654 / 4268.1"]}