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2. Data for 'Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems' (1.0) [Data set]

Author

Mammola, S., Meierhofer, M.B., Borges, P.A.V., Colado, R., Culver, D.C., Deharveng, L., Delić, T., Di Lorenzo, T., Dražina, T., Ferreira, R.L., Fiasca, B., Fišer, C., Galassi, D.M.P., Galassi, L., Gerovasileiou, V., Griebler, C., Halse, S., Howarth, F.G., Isaia, M., Johnson, J.S., Komerički, A., Martínez, A., Milano, F., Moldovan, O.T., Nanni, V., Nicolosi, G., Niemiller, M.L., Pallarés, S., Pavlek, M., Piano, E., Pipan, T., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Santangeli, A., Schmidt, Susanne Isabel, Wynne, J.J., Zagmajster, M., Zakšek, V., Cardoso, P., Mammola, S., Meierhofer, M.B., Borges, P.A.V., Colado, R., Culver, D.C., Deharveng, L., Delić, T., Di Lorenzo, T., Dražina, T., Ferreira, R.L., Fiasca, B., Fišer, C., Galassi, D.M.P., Galassi, L., Gerovasileiou, V., Griebler, C., Halse, S., Howarth, F.G., Isaia, M., Johnson, J.S., Komerički, A., Martínez, A., Milano, F., Moldovan, O.T., Nanni, V., Nicolosi, G., Niemiller, M.L., Pallarés, S., Pavlek, M., Piano, E., Pipan, T., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Santangeli, A., Schmidt, Susanne Isabel, Wynne, J.J., Zagmajster, M., Zakšek, V., and Cardoso, P.

Abstract

Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of

Published
2022

3. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems

Author

Mammola, S., Meierhofer, M.B., Borges, P.A.V., Colado, R., Culver, D.C., Deharveng, L., Delić, T., Di Lorenzo, T., Dražina, T., Ferreira, R.L., Fiasca, B., Fišer, C., Galassi, D.M.P., Galassi, L., Gerovasileiou, V., Griebler, C., Halse, S., Howarth, F.G., Isaia, M., Johnson, J.S., Komerički, A., Martínez, A., Milano, F., Moldovan, O.T., Nanni, V., Nicolosi, G., Niemiller, M.L., Pallarés, S., Pavlek, M., Piano, E., Pipan, T., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Santangeli, A., Schmidt, Susanne Isabel, Wynne, J.J., Zagmajster, M., Zakšek, V., Cardoso, P., Mammola, S., Meierhofer, M.B., Borges, P.A.V., Colado, R., Culver, D.C., Deharveng, L., Delić, T., Di Lorenzo, T., Dražina, T., Ferreira, R.L., Fiasca, B., Fišer, C., Galassi, D.M.P., Galassi, L., Gerovasileiou, V., Griebler, C., Halse, S., Howarth, F.G., Isaia, M., Johnson, J.S., Komerički, A., Martínez, A., Milano, F., Moldovan, O.T., Nanni, V., Nicolosi, G., Niemiller, M.L., Pallarés, S., Pavlek, M., Piano, E., Pipan, T., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Santangeli, A., Schmidt, Susanne Isabel, Wynne, J.J., Zagmajster, M., Zakšek, V., and Cardoso, P.

Abstract

Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of

Published
2022

5. Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry

Author

Jean-Jacques Hublin, Benjamin M. Peter, Qiaomei Fu, Nikolay Zahariev, Mateja Hajdinjak, Silviu Constantin, Sarah Nagel, Oana Teodora Moldovan, Birgit Nickel, Virginie Sinet-Mathiot, Laurits Skov, Tsenka Tsanova, Benjamin Vernot, Helen Fewlass, Rosen Spasov, Svante Pääbo, Matthias Meyer, Lindsey Paskulin, Julia Richter, Fabrizio Mafessoni, Pontus Skoglund, Geoff M. Smith, Elena Endarova, Elena Essel, Frido Welker, Shannon P. McPherron, Janet Kelso, Nikolay Sirakov, Alexander Hübner, Sahra Talamo, Zeljko Rezek, Svoboda Sirakova, Hajdinjak M., Mafessoni F., Skov L., Vernot B., Hubner A., Fu Q., Essel E., Nagel S., Nickel B., Richter J., Moldovan O.T., Constantin S., Endarova E., Zahariev N., Spasov R., Welker F., Smith G.M., Sinet-Mathiot V., Paskulin L., Fewlass H., Talamo S., Rezek Z., Sirakova S., Sirakov N., McPherron S.P., Tsanova T., Hublin J.-J., Peter B.M., Meyer M., Skoglund P., Kelso J., and Paabo S.

Subjects
Male, Neanderthal, Early human migrations, Pleistocene, Population genetics, Evolutionary biology, DNA, Radiocarbon, Bacho Kiro, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cave, biology.animal, Assemblage (archaeology), Animals, Humans, East Asia, DNA, Ancient, Bulgaria, Alleles, History, Ancient, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Neanderthals, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Human migration, business.industry, Asia, Eastern, Genome, Human, CC, Caves, Geography, Archaeology, Ethnology, Female, Americas, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Modern humans appeared in Europe by at least 45,000 years ago1–5, but the extent of their interactions with Neanderthals, who disappeared by about 40,000 years ago6, and their relationship to the broader expansion of modern humans outside Africa are poorly understood. Here we present genome-wide data from three individuals dated to between 45,930 and 42,580 years ago from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria1,2. They are the earliest Late Pleistocene modern humans known to have been recovered in Europe so far, and were found in association with an Initial Upper Palaeolithic artefact assemblage. Unlike two previously studied individuals of similar ages from Romania7 and Siberia8 who did not contribute detectably to later populations, these individuals are more closely related to present-day and ancient populations in East Asia and the Americas than to later west Eurasian populations. This indicates that they belonged to a modern human migration into Europe that was not previously known from the genetic record, and provides evidence that there was at least some continuity between the earliest modern humans in Europe and later people in Eurasia. Moreover, we find that all three individuals had Neanderthal ancestors a few generations back in their family history, confirming that the first European modern humans mixed with Neanderthals and suggesting that such mixing could have been common., Genome-wide data for the three oldest known modern human remains in Europe, dated to around 45,000 years ago, shed light on early human migrations in Europe and suggest that mixing with Neanderthals was more common than is often assumed.

Published
2021

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