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Is the Indian summer present in Romania? The first part of the study refers to the occurrence of the Indian summer events in Romania, over the 1961-2019 period. The second part analyses the Indian summer event recorded in Romania in October 2019. The datasets used for the first part were daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded in the past 59 years at 23 climatological weather stations, divided into 6 regions. Regarding the methodology, first step was to determine the annual and seasonal occurrence of the first frost for each weather station, and then the presence of the warm spells (WSs), based on the percentile threshold method. So, we could determine WSs with different types of intensity (using the 90th, 95th, 98th percentile), and durations. For the Indian summer event recorded between 12 and 28 October 2019, daily maximum temperatures from 157 weather stations were compared to absolute maximum temperatures over the period 1961-2018. Synoptic conditions were determined using weather charts at sea level pressure, geopotential height and temperature of 925, 850, 700 and 500 hPa. The main finding is: Indian summer events are frequent in the Carpathians and in the Northern, Central and the Western regions of Romania, especially in November, followed by October; no matter the intensity, short duration events have high number of cases, and severe and extremely severe events were registered in the past 20 years; the Indian summer event from October 2019 was influenced by synoptic and local conditions, as well. Overall the Indian summer is not present in Romania every year, but it is more frequent and intense in the last 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wager of law or compurgation existed in the three Romanian Countries, functioning in the juridical systems of various periods of time and adapting in accordance with them. At first, this institution appeared to be conditioned by kinship relations, being the legal expression of family solidarity. During this time, criminal trials were more frequent, which means that family solidarity, expressed through collective oaths, tended to manifest itself in this type of litigations. In the Middle Ages, in the period of transition from gentilic relations to feudal relations, the wager of law underwent a transformation, becoming the institution of class solidarity. It began to be used in civil lawsuits disputing land and the ownership thereof. In this way, compurgators or oath-helpers and oaths appeared in trials as means of providing legal evidence, functioning as an institution that was well known to the Romanian people. Many historians and jurists refer to the general characteristics of this institution, contending and at tempting to prove that compurgation was borrowed from various other nations. Embarking on an analogous demonstration, we have shown how the wager of law system was regarded by these peoples, with a view to disproving the above claims as unfounded. Although the written legal sources from the first millennium are virtually inexistent, there are sufficient documents from the second millennium that support and emphasise the Romanian origin of this institution. The study of these documents reveals that compurgation represented an ancient practice, being used as a custom, as the law of the land. The method of securing evidence by means of compurgation was used by all the social classes, ranging from litigations among the peasants to lawsuits involving the great nobles or even certain rulers. In almost all the documents describing trials where the wager of law was used, the following indications appeared: "under law and justice," "as done since the beginning of time," "as we know from olden times," "according to the law and custom," after the law of the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main institutions of the old law, beside the institution of judges, witnesses, etc., the vouches shows how contracts were concluded in the past. With influences in both civil and criminal law, the vouches was a legal institution which belonged and which was usually used by a certain social class. The existing documents certify this aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a case study of the dangerous meteorological phenomena which took place in the interval 18 - 20 May 2008, in the Western part of Romania. During this period, the Southern and South-Eastern regions of Europe entered the influence of a very hot air mass of tropical origin. By contrast, a cold, humid and unstable air mass pressed on from the North-West of Europe, carried along by the dorsal of the Greenland Anticyclone. Upon the contact of these two air masses characterised by significant thermobaric differences, in the unstable conditions created, a number of dangerous meteorological phenomena took place, manifested in the West of the country in the form of intense lightning, torrential showers, hail and squall. The effects of these dangerous phenomena were numerous: hundreds of hectares of crops compromised; houses, bridges and roads destroyed by floods, hail and wind; trees brought down by squall; localities suffered shortages in electricity or drinking water; buildings caught fire; livestock and domestic animals perished etc. In the following days the dangerous meteorological phenomena caused massive destruction almost everywhere else in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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