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Hybrid composites have had a more significant impact on the recent development of materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio in engineering applications. The primary objective of this research is to identify the various and unique properties a composite has when different reinforcement fibres are used in different fibres. Many natural fibre composites have good mechanical properties, but there are still application requirements and synthetic carbon-reinforced alternatives that aren't met. The mechanical properties of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with various commonly used synthetic fibres, such as carbon Kevlar, have been evaluated. Epoxy Ly556 is a polymer resin that is used as a matrix. Fabrication hybrid composite s five layers with six different samples used vacuum bag molding technique. After the fabrication of laminates cuts as per the ASTM standard, experimental was conducted, the fracture materials studied microstructure analysis. The investigation is hoped to prove insight into how strength interaction affects the mechanical properties of hybrid composites better strength properties used for structural applications.

In present work, Acrylnitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) copolymer and Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) polymers have been blended with injection molding technique. To improve the thermo-mechanical properties of ABS/PVC blend, Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) at different concentration like (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 wt%) also added. To obtain the best results, the percentage concentration of PVC is maintained at 10 % in ABS. The results of this work showed that due to addition of HNTs up to 1.5 wt% tensile and impact properties improve by 71.73 % and 32.6 % respectively. In addition to this, HNTs also showed the improved thermal stability of composites which is explained with the help of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). ABS/PVC composites will find applications in the piping and electrical insulation systems.

High performance Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) hybrid composite were synthesized by reinforcing different wt% of Graphene (C) and Titanium powder (Ti) using Injection molding for applications such as compressor plate valves, piston parts, impeller wheels for regenerative pumps, shock absorber bearings, gears for oil and gas companies, cams, ball bearing cages aircraft exterior parts. For modeling and prediction of mechanical properties of PEEK/C/Ti composite, a multi layer perceptron feed forward neural network was constructed using input vectors as wt% of PEEK and reinforcements. Hardness, Tensile strength, Tensile elongation, and Modulus of elasticity are output vectors for polymer composite. The proposed ANN model for PEEK composites delivers satisfactory results in comparison to experimental measurements. The correlation factor connected with training and test dataset was greater than 0.9. 3-D plots for the predicted mechanical properties as a function of material compositions were established.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the international scientific community to study natural fiber composites. Natural fibers have interesting mechanical features, such as strength, lightness, and elongation at break. Natural fibers are also bio-sourced, biodegradable and recyclable. When used with plastic or recyclable matrices, natural fiber composites, such as alfa fiber, can also be reused and recycled. The growing global environmental and new environmental regulations have encouraged research on new recyclable composites environment friendly. The recyclable composite must satisfy minimal mechanical properties to be widely used in furniture, automotive or construction industries. To produce a natural fiber composite that can be fabricated widely, in this paper, composite materials were fabricated using the Epoxy resin as matrix and the natural Alfa fiber (tipa tenacissima L.) as reinforcement. The Alfa fibers are short and randomly distributed. Molding technique is used to produce the composite. To judge the usage of the composite in structural applications, the mechanical properties of the biobased composite are identified by numerical homogenization and by experiments. The finite elements numerical homogenization technique is based on a representative cell reinforced with short fibers. Tensile tests were performed. The experimental results validate the numerical model. The results show that reinforcing with Alfa fibers with a 10% volume fraction increase the elastic modulus by about 24.16% compared to Epoxy. Composite failure stresses reached 28.01 MPa which is higher than 14.64 MPa the value of the unreinforced Epoxy failure stress experimentally determined. With better arrangement and higher concentrations, such composites can at least be used for secondary structural uses.

Fresnel lenses are important compact optical components, which are comprised of multiple faceted concentric rings. These lenses are the most widely utilized diffractive optical element in the industry and has been extensively applied in various optical systems due to their distinct advantages. These include the reduction in the lens thickness, smaller occupied volume and less material required compared to their conventional spherical and aspherical counterparts. In general, the processes to manufacture Fresnel lenses can be categorized into two distinct groups: subtractive fabrication and precision forming. Precision forming processes, like molding and embossing, are usually used in mass production to replicate the optical features and profiles usually employ the use of lens molds generated by subtractive fabrication processes. Thus, the process of molding Fresnel lenses are not substantially different from that of conventional molding processes for other optical components, still relying on the accuracies of the molds utilized. Unfortunately, there is a lack of a comprehensive study to summarize and evaluate the recent advances of UPM techniques to generate these optical Fresnel lens structures. Fresnel lenses and molds differ from each other in terms of lens design, work material and tool/workpiece geometries, and such variations will then drive the development of different machining and characterization methods in terms of tool setting, tool wear, tool path generation as well as lens measurement. This paper summarizes the existing fabrication techniques to generate these lens structures, excluding molding. In addition, a discussion and analysis of the strengths and future areas of research interest of the reviewed techniques are conducted. This review is believed to be helpful and educational for the progress and further development of machining of ultra-precision Fresnel lens structures for advanced optical applications.

The integration of fiber materials into modern pottery creation is an attempt to explore its boundaries as a specific material and art form. Fiber materials, such as fabric and paper, are not resistant to high temperatures, and the clay attached to them can retain the surface texture, texture, and original three-dimensional form of the fiber materials intact during the kiln firing process, making up for the defects of single material molding and maintaining the visual effect of ultrathin and highly translucent works. The light source inside the work is more conducive to creating a specific artistic atmosphere. The purpose of this paper is to explore how fiber materials become the basis of ceramic works and the source of decorative expression, so that this expression and process can be systematically analyzed and interpreted in the application of ceramic art creation. Along with the rapid development of nanotechnology, electronics, and optical technology, people’s clothing fabrics have been increasing in demand in terms of function and appearance. This paper focuses on the research and development of fiber textiles from the field of science and technology and discusses the current status of fiber textiles and the possibility of combining fiber art with science and technology. In this paper, wood cellulose-multiwalled carbon nanotube/wood cellulose composite films were prepared, as well as wood cellulose films and wood cellulose/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films. The optimal reaction time for the preparation of the films was 2 h, and the optimal reaction temperature was 70°C. Experimental results show that the dispersibility of multilayer carbon nanotubes in wood cellulose multilayer carbon nanotubes/wood cellulose composite films in wood cellulose multilayer carbon nanotubes composite films is superior. If the amount of multilayered carbon nanotubes was 3 wt%, the fracture point extension and accessibility of the wood cellulose multilayer carbon nanotubes/wood cellulose composite film are 12.2% and 106.7 MPa, respectively. It is 93.7%, respectively. 10.7% is higher than wood cellulose/multilayered carbon nanotube composite films.

Carbon fiber recycling has garnered significant attention in recent years due to the large volume of manufacturing waste and upcoming end-of-life products that will enter the waste stream as the current generation of aircraft is retired from service. Recycled carbon fibers have been shown to retain most of their virgin mechanical properties, but their length is generally reduced such that continuous fiber laminates cannot be remade. As such, these fibers are typically used in low-performance applications including injection molding, extrusion/compression molding, and 3D printing that further degrade the fiber length and resulting composite properties. However, recent advances in the processing of long discontinuous fiber textiles have led to medium- to high-performance composites using recycled carbon fibers. This review paper describes the recent advances in recycled carbon fiber textile processing that have made these improvements possible. The techniques used to manufacture high-value polymer composites reinforced with discontinuous recycled carbon fiber are described. The resulting mechanical and multifunctional properties are also discussed to illustrate the advantages of these new textile-based recycled fiber composites over the prior art.

The current trend of replacing metal alloys with composite materials in the manufacture of various types of plain bearings, sealing elements of Assembly units, anti-friction bushings, and other machine parts is very promising for the development of many industries. However, in the manufacture of composite material products by modern methods, such as extrusion, pressing, and injection molding, various types of defects characteristic of these types of processing occur, resulting in the required parameters of the quality of the working surfaces of parts are not provided. This leads to the need for additional mechanical processing the quality of which largely depends on the reliability and durability of the functioning of parts and mechanisms. The article analyzes the main parameters that affect the quality of the surface obtained during turning for metal alloys, as well as for composite materials. The method of obtaining blanks by pressing from the material under consideration was developed, the technological equipment necessary for the research was designed and manufactured, a plan was developed for conducting a full-factor experiment with the creation of a model in the Mathcad program, and an active experiment was carried out to determine the influence of cutting mode parameters on surface roughness. Given the results of the study on the basis of which conclusions about the dependence of various cutting parameters on the quality of the surface layer, defined by the nuances of turning the considered composite material, practical recommendations that will positively affect the timing and success of implementation of fabrication of parts from this material.

Sandwich structures with Miura-ori core are supposed to be a promising substitution to traditional sandwich structures with honeycomb core in the aerospace industry. To reveal the failure mechanism of carbon-fiber-reinforced Miura-ori core sandwich panels subjected to in-plane compressive load, a multi-failure theory considering five potential failure modes, including bending and shear global buckling, face local buckling, face debonding and face crushing, is proposed. The critical failure loads of specific geometrical configurations are predicted and failure mechanism map is deduced to figure out the optimizing route for lightweight design. Three groups of the specimens with different face sheet thickness are designed and fabricated by adopting a hot-press molding and twice curing technique. Two typical failure modes including face local buckling and face debonding are revealed by the in-plane compressive tests, and the analytical results are in a reasonable agreement with the tested. Compared to corrugated core sandwich panels with the same dimension, Miura-ori core sandwich panels possess a higher anti-local-buckling capacity thanks to the stronger constraint of Miura-ori core to the face sheet. It is expected that this work can provide a significant guideline for the practical application and design of such kind of sandwich structures.

Recently, the demand for atypical structures with functions and sculptural beauty is increasing in the construction industry. Existing mold-based structure production methods have many advantages, but building complex atypical structures represents limitations due to the cost and technical characteristics. Production methods using molding are suitable for mass production systems, but production cost, construction period, construction cost, and environmental pollution can occur in small quantity batch production. The recent trend in the construction industry calls for new construction methods of customized small quantity batch production methods that can produce various types of sophisticated structures. In addition to the economic effects of developing related technologies of 3D Concrete Printers (3DCP), it can enhance national image through the image of future technology, the international status of the construction civil engineering industry, self-reliance, and technology export. Until now, 3DCP technology has been carried out in producing and utilizing residential houses, structures, etc., on land or manufacturing on land and installing them underwater. The final purpose of this research project is to produce marine structures by directly printing various marine structures underwater with 3DCP equipment. Compared to current underwater structure construction techniques, constructing structures directly underwater using 3DCP equipment has the following advantages: 1) cost reduction effects: 2) reduction of construct time, 3) ease of manufacturing amorphous underwater structures, 4) disaster prevention effects. The core element technology of the 3DCP equipment is to extrude the transferred composite materials at a constant quantitative speed and control the printing flow of the materials smoothly while printing the output. In this study, the extruding module of the 3DCP equipment operates underwater while developing an extruding module that can control the printing flow of the material while extruding it at a constant quantitative speed and minimizing the external force that can occur during underwater printing. The research on the development of 3DCP equipment for printing concrete structures underwater and the preliminary experiment of printing concrete structures using high viscosity low-flow concrete composite materials is explained.

For the rational use of materials, it is necessary to have data on their ability to resist deformation and destruction. In particular, in each case it is necessary to have information on the stiffness, strength and resistance to destruction of materials in the specified operating conditions of the elements. To determine such strength characteristics of the material, certain studies are carried out. According to the analysis of literature sources in the study of dental composites mainly determine the tensile strength (bending) and compression [2-10], because it is subjected to restore materials during their operation in the oral cavity. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the strength of hybrid composites of domestic and imported production during their local loading: Latelux (Latus, Ukraine), TETRIC N-CERAM (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), CHARISMA CLASSIC (Kulzer, Germany). To conduct research, 10 samples of each dental polymer composite were made. Packaging and molding of the material into a specially designed form was performed in laboratory conditions at an air temperature of 18 210 C with their subsequent polymerization with a LED photopolymer lamp Bluephase 20i (G2) (Ivoclar Vivadent). Before the test, the samples were kept for 24 hours at a temperature of 370 C in saline. The samples were loaded on the SVR-5 installation using a ball indenter (ball diameter mm steel SHX15, modulus of elasticity GPa, Poisson's ratio) with a speed of 0.002 mm/s. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the strength of hybrid composites of domestic and imported production during their local loading. According to the results of experimental studies on the load of PB fracture, the Charisma Classic composite (5.72 ± 0.16 kN) has the highest strength, Latelux (4.23 ± 0.53 kN) the lowest, and Tetric N-Ceram (5, 03 ± 0.71 kN) occupies an intermediate position. To move the indenter, we obtained the following order of materials (in ascending order): Latelux (0.94 ± 0.11 mm); Charisma Classic (1.02 ± 0.04 mm); Tetric N-Ceram (1.03 ± 0.17 mm).

Wearable or portable electronic devices are ubiquitous because those enrich our life considering comfortability, efficiency and healthcare. However, those devices are nothing but accessories without electric power. Exchanging or recharging batteries are not always reachable for the devices. Energy harvesting systems which harvest energy from human motions are a good alternative or assist for batteries to secure electric power. Among other energy harvesters, a triboelectric generator (TEG) has attracted much interest with respect to its simplicity and lightweight. Many works have been done to enhance performance of TEGs to apply them for practical uses. Among them, introduction of structures on surface is a rational approach because triboelectricity is a contact electrification. In this review, works of enhancement of TEG’s output performance are highlighted with respect to structural modification on the surface of triboelectric films. Molding or imprinting straightforwardly introduces micro-, nano-, or hierarchical structures on triboelectric surfaces and the TEG with a film of pyramidal structures exhibited up to 800% increase in the output compared with flat ones. Porous structures with pores on and inside polymeric films also showed up to 800% increase in the output. And TEGs based on nano-fibers with hierarchical structures on them showed up to around 2000% improvement in electrical outputs.

Plastic gears and their numerous applications have become an integral part of industrial practice. In particular, the ability to produce large numbers of gears cost-effectively using injection molding techniques is making a significant contribution to growing market shares. Compared to conventional steel materials, however, the material properties of thermoplastics differ fundamentally. In particular, the high temperature dependence of the material properties and the lower strength pose challenges for designers. Against this background, theoretical and experimental studies on the operating and service life behavior of different thermoplastic materials have been conducted and evaluated. In addition to theoretical investigations on the tooth flank load carrying capacity, comprehensive measurements on temperature behavior were carried out and compared to common methods of temperature calculation for plastic gears. Experimental investigations on the tooth flank load capacity by means of back-to-back tests of different materials and their evaluation show the potential of thermoplastic materials for the application in power transmitting drivetrains. This contribution will give an overview of the performed research work and summarizes main results of these studies.

Geometrical cues in the extracellular environment are essential for cells guiding. Conventional fabrications for well-defined microstructures are usually associated with expensive and time-consuming micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), including lithography and etching. Additionally, the microstructures produced on silicon wafers are not amendable after molding, hindering the applicability. Here, we developed a low-cost and efficient fabrication process to generate highly ordered microstructures for cell culture by designing and fabricating a tunable wrinkled on biocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces based on different mechanical properties of the biomaterials. The mechanical properties, including Young's modulus, tensile strength, and thickness ratio between the stiff and soft bilayers, can be determined by the thickness of PDMS film, curing temperature, UV exposure time, applied strain rates during the fabrication, leading to various amplitudes and wavelengths of the wrinkled topography on polymeric materials. Those wrinkled surfaces with micro-pattern are further applied to hCMEC/D cell culture, an immortalized human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line, to induce cell proliferation and provide guidance for cell arrangement and migration. Therefore, this report sheds light on cell biology and biomedical tissue engineering by delivering an affordable and tunable fabrication process for wrinkles formations on the polymeric thin film.

Uniform molding and demolding of structures on highly curved surfaces through conformal contact is a crucial yet often-overlooked aspect of nanoimprint lithography (NIL). This study describes the development of a NIL tool and its integration into a nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine to achieve high-precision orthogonal molding and demolding for soft ultraviolet-assisted NIL (soft UV-NIL). The process was implemented primarily on the edges of highly curved plano-convex substrates to demonstrate structure uniformity on the edges. High-resolution nanostructures of sub-200-nm lateral dimension and microstructures in the range of tens of microns were imprinted. However, the nanostructures on the edges of the large, curved substrates were difficult to characterize precisely. Therefore, microstructures were used to measure the structure fidelity and were characterized using profilometry, white light interferometry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Regardless of the restricted imaging capabilities at high inclinations for high-resolution nanostructures, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging of the structures on top of the lens substrate and at an inclination of 45° was performed. The micro and nanostructures were successfully imprinted on the edges of the plano-convex lens at angles of 45°, 60°,and 90° from the center of rotation of the rotating NIL tool. The method enables precise imprinting at high inclinations, thereby presenting a different approach to soft UV-NIL on curved surfaces.

The wood and bamboo waste from the exploitation and industry are still not fully utilized where they are now being used as raw material for particleboard. The purpose of this narrative review is to find out the concept of particleboard, the mechanism of particleboard, and the potential for wood and bamboo powder in particleboard applications. The method of creating particleboard was using dehydrated sawdust and bamboo then pouring the powder with adhesive. In this narrative review, there are several types of adhesives which are Polyurethane Resin, Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF), Epoxy, Polystyrene Based Resin (PBR), and Unsaturated Polyester (UP). After molding powder and adhesive mixture, it was hot-pressed to make a particleboard product. Finally, the mixture was tested for the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard products based on Indonesian National Standard. The physical and mechanical properties are increases by particleboard with a proportion of 75%-100% teak wood (T. Grandis) and 25%-50% bamboo. It's known that ironwood has characteristics close to that of the teak species. Therefore, the ironwood and bamboo sawdust has the potential to be used as raw material for particleboard. And the recommended method based on the type of adhesive used is UP.

The açaizeiro is a palm tree present on a large scale in the northern region of Brazil and in others countries, such as Colombia and Peru, its fruit constitutes one of the main forest products of great economic potential to exportation. However, a generation of large amounts of waste during its processing represents a serious environmental problem, since about 365 tons of açaí stone are discarded in landfills daily in Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of using açaí stone as a substitute of 25% in mass natural sand with filler function, in the development of structural mortars with reference mixture of ratio 1:2:0.45 (cement:sand:water) and waste mixture with1:1.5:0.5:0.45 (cement:sand:açai stone:water), that both mixtures are relationship adopted for structural mortar in the literature. Three different types of mortar were made for evaluation, the reference (without adding stones) and with the addition of natural stone (without treatment and treated with NaOH). After the incorporation of the stones, consistency, water retention, incorporated air content and density in fresh mortars were analyzed, in the fresh state. For evaluation in a hardened state, cylindrical specimens (50 mm × 100 mm) were molded, for compression strength and density tests. The optimum composition was also analyzed with confocal microscopy. It can be seen that in the compression strength tests, mortars with the addition of natural and treated stone showed a reduction, decreasing from 6.25 MPa (reference), to 5.55 MPa (natural stone) and 1.89 MPa (treated stone), this showed that the natural stone mortar was above the minimum of 5.00 MPa reported in the literature. As for density, the evaluations demonstrate a beneficial effect to the incorporation of the stone, which formed lighter mortars, decreasing from 2.12 to 1.79 g/cm3 in the natural composition and 1.85 g/cm3 in the treated composition, in both situations with additions, the values were within the maximum limit of 2 g/cm3 that the literature suggests for structural mortars. In addition, the results of water retention showed an increase in the treated composition (97.28%) in relation to the reference (95.84%), an increase characterized by the treatment in NaOH that reduced the hygroscopic characteristics of the stones, the mixture mortar with treated seed, as well as the reference, presented values above 95%, which is recommended by other studies. The evaluations show that there is a potential for specific structural applications of these mortars, since in all tests the composition with natural stone is within the ideal parameters by Brazilian standard, in addition to helping to solve the environmental impacts caused by discard this waste. As it is a mortar with low compressive strength, its application is suggested for the purpose of repairing specific structural defects that arise in the molding stage of beams, slabs and columns, located in regions with low load demand.

Microfluidics, as an emerging technology, is highly dependent on the evolution of device materials and fabrication techniques. While replica molding of polydimethylsiloxane and hot embossing/injection molding of thermoplastics are most popular, they are either hard to scale up or inappropriate for laboratory-scale prototyping. Recently, photocurable resins, as a huge class of materials, have attracted extensive interest. However, very few of them can now be used in device fabrication due to the challenge in machining these materials. In response, we herein propose a novel concept of composite elastomers, which can covalently link with and consequently offer a flexible support to photocured thin films. This effect would allow most photocurable resins to be used in microfluidic device fabrication, greatly enriching the material choices for diverse applications. Moreover, the whole fabrication process becomes very simple and rapid, with an impressive throughput of at least hundreds of replicas per day. With these features, it is reasonably expected that the composite elastomer-enabled rapid photofabrication method will be very competent for laboratory prototyping, providing not only the ease of fabrication but also a possibility to select the materials specifically for ultimate applications and promising potential for volume production without the redevelopment process. These may offer a good opportunity to narrow the current gap between academic research and industrial practice.

This paper describes the main methods for assessing the deformed state of porous-body metal frames developed by different authors based on an analysis of yield conditions and governing equations, using the principle of equivalent strains and stresses, and studying the kinetics of metal strain during pressing. Formulas are derived to determine the components of the powder-particle material strain tensor through dyads as scalar products of the basis vectors of the convected coordinate system at each moment of porous molding strain. The expediency of using analytical expressions to determine the deformed state of the particle material is experimentally substantiated, subject to the known displacement-vector parameters of representative elements (macrostrains) of porous billets. The applications of well-known analytical expressions are established, and the proposed formulas prove applicable for assessing the deformed state of particle metal during the pressure processing of powder products of different configurations and designing billets with a defined porosity and geometric parameters as a basis for compiling software algorithms for the computer simulation of porous molding hot stamping.

Expanded polystyrene is widely used as a material for packaging, in modern construction as a heat and sound insulation layer, in thermal insulation systems for buildings, as well as tanks and pipelines. It is additionally used in foundry engineering for the production of models which are gasified during the production of castings from ferrous and non-ferrous alloys under the contact with liquid metal. The use of expanded polystyrene products is associated with waste generation, both in production and in consumption. About 40–50 kg/person of polystyrene waste is generated per year. The peculiarity of polymeric wastes is their resistance to aggressive environments. They do not rot and the destruction processes in natural conditions proceed rather slowly, with the formation of harmful substances that poison the environment. Therefore, the problem of the processing of waste from polymeric materials is of great importance, not only from the standpoint of environmental protection, but also due to the fact that in conditions of a shortage of polymer raw materials, this waste becomes a powerful raw material resource. This article describes the prospects for recycling expanded polystyrene wastes in foundry engineering. In this work, the properties of molding and core sands containing a combined binder, consisting of a solution of expanded polystyrene wastes in turpentine and clay were investigated, and their main characteristics (weight during stretching and crumbling) were determined. Molding and core mixtures, which contain only a binder in the form of a solution of expanded polystyrene in turpentine, have a crude strength of not more than 0.01 MPa. The introduction of a mixture of clay in the amount of 2–3% allows a crude strength of the mixture of up to 0.05 MPa to be obtained. After drying, the investigated mixtures containing a solution of expanded polystyrene wastes and clay have a tensile strength of up to 2.1 MPa. Mixtures into which a solution of polystyrene wastes and clay was introduced have an insignificant gas capacity and satisfactory gas permeability.

Molding in a fixed prosthesis is one of the most important stages in rehabilitative treatment, as it is there that attempts are made to reproduce dental preparations and adjoining regions by using appropriate materials and techniques. Among the fixed prosthesis molding materials available on the market, the elastomers stand out, which are polymers where the prey occurs through the increase of the chain and the establishment of cross-links. The objective of the study is to present a clinical case and perform a literature review on the use of condensation silicone and addition to molds in Fixed Prosthesis. In this literature review, a survey of PubMed, Scielo and Lilacs data was performed, using the descriptors: Denture, Partial, Fixed; Dental Impression Materials and Elastomers. It is possible to conclude that in the field of Dentistry, the elastomers, among them the condensation-cured and addition-cured silicones, both provide high precision models and are the most used materials in works with fixed partial dentures. Therefore, it is up to the professional to know the properties and adapt to the best group of chosen materials.

This study prepared compression-molded products from ball-milled wood by thermally plasticizing lignin without adhesives or resins. Wet ball milling for 120 min produced smooth, creamy slurries. The resultant products were hot-pressed at 180 °C and exhibited a plastic-like glossy surface and a high Young’s modulus (7.9 GPa), which was attributed to an increased bonding area. However, hydrogen bond formation occurs more predominantly during wood molding than thermoplasticization of lignin, because a hydrophilic surface was formed on wood fragments after wet ball milling in water. In contrast, when wood powder was ball-milled in toluene, drying aggregation due to hydrogen bond formation hardly occurred probably because the hydrophobic regions were preferentially cleaved. In this case, the hot-pressed product at 180 °C was formed mostly through the bonding owing to the thermoplasticization of lignin. These results suggest that the choice of the solvent for the mechanical disintegration of wood allows for control of the wood fragment surface and can affect the properties of the molded products.

In the flow forming technique of wood, a wood block is flowed into metal dies to mold the material into a three-dimensional complex shape. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of molding load and the mechanical properties of the molded material in the case that wood as a raw material was irradiated with electron beam (EB). The EB-irradiated wood board was impregnated with thermosetting resin and was subsequently molded into the material by adding pressure and heating in a closed metal die. It was found that the molding load of the impregnated wood was decreased with increasing the EB absorbed dose. The mechanical properties of the molded material were evaluated using modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in a three-point bending test. With increasing EB dose, MOR decreased greatly, while MOE decreased slightly. The EB irradiation on raw wood made it possible to mold the material at low load, though higher dose irradiation caused larger decreases in the mechanical properties.

With the enhancement of global environmental protection awareness, new eco-friendly packaging materials have gained more and more attention since the new century. Starch is one of the most potential natural biodegradable materials due to its abundant source, low price, and completely degradable characteristics. Starch-based materials with excellent biodegradability can be widely used by improving their properties. This review starts with the structure of starch and summarizes its phase transition during processing related to the packaging materials. Then, we expound on the development stage of starch-based biodegradable materials and starch modification. This part focuses on the research of starch-based composites formed by starch derivatives, including nano-starch. Besides, extrusion molding and other modern molding methods are described in detail. Through the systematic elaboration of the above contents, the connection among structure, phase transition, and processing can be found, which can better broaden the application of starch-based biodegradable materials. Finally, various applications of starch-based materials and prospects for its future research are discussed. It is hoped to provide the basic theory and reference for the research of starch-based biodegradable materials.

Functional materials with high viscosity and solid materials have received more and more attentions in flexible pressure sensors, which are inadequate in the most used molding method. Herein, laser direct writing (LDW) method is proposed to fabricate flexible piezoresistive sensors with microstructures on PDMS/ MWCNTs composites with an 8% MWCNTs mass fraction. By controlling laser energy, microstructures with different geometries can be obtained, which significantly impacts the performances of the sensors. Subsequently, curved microcones with excellent performance are fabricated under parameters of f = 40 kHz and v = 150 mm·s-1. The sensor exhibits continuous multi-linear sensitivity, ultrahigh original sensitivity of 21.80 % kPa-1, wide detection range of over 20 kPa, response/recovery time of ~100 ms and good cycle stability for more than 1000 times. Besides, obvious resistance variation can be observed when tiny pressure (a peanut of 30 Pa) is applied. Finally, the flexible piezoresistive sensor can be applied for LED brightness controlling, pulse detection and voice recognition.

Using the methods of high-speed mixing, screw extrusion, and injection molding, wood-plastic composites (CS-PF-ASFX) with inorganic fibers (aluminum silicate fibers, ASF) and organic agricultural wastes (cotton stalk, CS) as reinforcing fillers were prepared. The effects of different contents of ASF on the properties of wood-plastic composites were analyzed. Materials were characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. The creep, relaxation, and mechanical behavior were also tested. With the increase of ASF contents, the FT-IR peaks at approximately 1740 cm-1 shifted to lower wavenumber, indicating the potential interactions between ASF and CS. The XRD patterns of the composites implied that the crystal structures of each component were maintained. Moreover, the addition of ASF enhanced the mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of CS-PF-ASFX composites, and the tensile strength and impact strength reached maximum of approximately 39.4 MPa and approximately 3.89 kJ/m2, respectively.

The fabrication of soft hydrogel actuators that rapidly respond to multiple stimuli in ambient environments is a challenge. This article describes a method—based on surface molding—to generate multi-stimuli-responsive soft actuators consisting of arrays of geometrically patterned hydrogels on elastomeric supports. The stimuli-responsive properties of these actuators were derived from functional fillers that were added directly to the prepolymer or synthesized within the gels using simple reactions. These actuators respond rapidly and can be rationally controlled by a variety of stimuli, including humidity, magnetic fields, or light, depending on the filler type. The reported fabrication strategies will be useful to the design and production of “programmable” soft actuator systems useful to, for example, soft robotics.

Background Cranioplasty using synthetic materials for restoration of the exact shape of the skull has always remained a challenge until the development of 3D printing technology. However, the high-cost of available 3D printed implants limits their extensive use. Objectives To study the effectiveness of a low-cost, 3D-printed template for molding the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (bone cement) in order to achieve exact contours of the skull specific to each patient. Materials and Methods 10 cranioplasties have been performed between July 2018 to December 2019 in a variety of craniotomy defects using bone cement flaps shaped using custom-made molds. The mold was 3D-printed and based on each patient’s CT images in digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM). Miniplates and screws were used to fix the flap. Postoperatively, clinical and radiological evaluation were done to assess patient satisfaction and accuracy of contour achieved. Results Patient satisfaction as well as accuracy of contouring, as seen on postoperative CT scans, were excellent. There were no notable complications on follow-up. Conclusion PMMA cranioplasty flap, contoured using a 3D-printed mold, is a very cost-effective alternative for restoration of skull contour for various craniotomy defects.Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) molded to form the exact shape of lost calvarium using 3D printed plastic templates is a smart and economical solution.

Finite element models of fiber-reinforced polymer composite elements as a characteristic part of layered structures are considered in order to adapt them to the developed method of calculations of structural elements as multilayered orthotropic bodies and to compare the obtained results with the experimental ones. The problem is solved numerically and analytically using the finite-element method. Finite element meshes of models are constructed by the adaptive method with the introduction of small additional elements in the critical zones in each cycle of the computational analysis. The complex structure of multilayer composite materials is taken into account. The physical and mechanical characteristics of composite materials obtained by experimental studies on samples made by autoclave molding and thermo-vacuum method according to international standards are used.

In this study, a scientific analysis of the gold leaf layers and internal structure of the Clay Seated Vairocana Buddha Triad in Seonunsa Temple, Gochang (Treasure No. 1752) was conducted. The surface of the Buddha statues is a gold foil, and the gold leaf layer consists of four layers. The gold leaf layer first composed on the molding clay was produced in the order of lacquer-fabrics-lacquer-gold foil. Subsequently, it was confirmed that the work was performed three times in the same way. The composition of the Buddha statues was divided into the head, body or upper body, lower body, and pedestal. The body was made in a cylindrical form by connecting vertically oriented wooden materials, and the head and lower body were also connected to the body in an empty form. Thus, the head, body, and lower body are grafted structures that are connected to a single Bokjang-gong. It was confirmed that the Clay Seated Vairocana Buddha Triad in Seonunsa Temple was made using wood materials for the basic form, after which the detailed form was created with molding clay, and the surface was finished with a process of layering gold foil and substances presumed to be lacquer.

The purpose of this research is to overcome the shortcomings of the current direct ventricular assist device in structure design, material selection and design a pneumatic flexible actuator that can be used to drive a fully flexible cup-shaped direct ventricular assist device according to the human heart shape. In this study, the structural parameters of the flexible actuator are initially determined based on the existing research, then the flexible actuator model is constructed with SOLIDWORKS, then the model is imported into ABAQUS for finite element simulation, lastly, the actuator structure is optimized according to the simulation results. The flexible actuator is made by molding, and its mold is made by 3D printing. Finally, the final structural plan is determined by testing the mechanical properties of the flexible actuator. The pneumatic flexible actuator designed in this research can be combined into the required direct ventricular assist device in a reasonable way, which will provide ideas for the design of a fully flexible direct ventricular assist device.

Summary Constructing nanoparticles (NPs) with spatial organization of complex components and precisely defined structures in a scalable yet simplistic way is critical for advancing many applications. Here we report a nanoscale Kirkendall-like conversion of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via asymmetrical monomer exchange (AME) for precise architecture of hollow NPs. Easy manipulation of feeding strategies by adding one or more monomers simultaneously or sequentially can regulate AME and produce hollow NPs possessing single or multiple COF components with controlled spatial distributions. The NPs can be used as “cells” to construct centimeter-sized monolithic materials with Young's modulus of 263 MPa, compressive strength of 45 MPa, and elastic deformations over 20% via cold molding. The monolith shows antifragility that can be remolded after crushing and grinding into powders five times with the modulus little changed. Such an AME method provides precise yet convenient pathways for building organic nanoarchitectures and macroscopic materials that are otherwise inaccessible.

The expansion of environment-friendly materials based on natural sources increases dramatically in terms of biodegradable, recyclable, and environmental disputes throughout the world. Plant-based natural fiber, a high potential field of the reinforced polymer composite material, is considered as lightweight and economical products as they possess lower density, significant material characteristics, and extraordinary molding flexibility. The usage of plant fibers on the core structure of composite materials have drawn significant interest by the manufacturers to meet the increasing demand of the consumers for sustainable features with enhanced mechanical performances and functionalities. The plant fiber-based composites have widespread usage in construction, automotive, packaging, sports, biomedical, and defense sectors for their superior characteristics. Therefore, this critical review would demonstrate an overview regarding the background of natural fiber composites, factors influencing the composite properties, chemical interaction between the fiber and matrices, future potentiality, and marketing perspectives for triggering new research works in the field of biocomposite materials.

Properties of polymer gears were tested using coordinate measurement methods. This study is a follow-up to research on geometric accuracy of gears manufactured by injection molding. Spur gears were measured on a coordinate measuring machine running the GINA software by Klingelnberg. Measurement results were output in the form of measurement sheets which included values required in the DIN 3962 standard. The article also analyses the topography of test gear teeth. The topography was presented for a single tooth of the gear and determined on the basis of the measurements of 9 profiles distributed evenly over a specific profile assessment interval (interval Lα defined in the standard) and 7 tooth traces located within a relevant tooth trace assessment interval (interval Lβ defined in the standard). All gears tested in this study were placed outside accuracy class 12.

As one of the basic manufacturing industries in China, injection molding industry is faced with the problems of low degree of informatization and intelligence, resulting in low production efficiency and high costs. It is urgent to integrate deeply with new generation of information technology to achieve transformation and upgrade. In this paper, an integrative industrial Internet architecture of “integration of intelligent equipment, intelligent production lines, intelligent workshops, intelligent factories, and intelligent formats” was described. The injection molding intelligent control system, the production management, control platform based on the MES system, and other key technologies were researched. Also, the smart factory architecture based on digital twin was established, and the implementation method of the smart factory digital twin system was elaborated. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method had been verified through the industrial application, which provided the technical supports for the injection molding industrial Internet system. Finally, the intelligent manufacturing industrial Internet cloud platform for injection molding industry was prospected.

Vitrimers are expected to combine features of thermosets and thermoplastics but their continuous reprocessing is still a challenge; poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been widely used in our daily life, while its cross-linking upcycle contradicts with processability. Herein, we combined polyol with a tertiary amine structure and diepoxy to transform PET to continuously reprocessable vitrimers through an industrial twin-screw extruder. The cross-linking of PET was determined by swelling and rheology experiments, and the vitrimer feature was characterized by stress relaxation and oscillatory frequency sweep experiments. Creep resistance and mechanical properties of PET vitrimers were improved greatly relative to neat PET. Meanwhile, PET vitrimers exhibited excellent reprocessability via compression, extrusion, and injection molding suitable for industrial production. According to this work, any thermoplastics containing ester bonds should be able to be upgraded to vitrimers for additional advantages such as creep resistance, dimensional stability, insolubility, etc., without sacrificing the original processability.

Rapid prototyping is swiftly gaining acceptance in the healthcare sector as it is helping surgeons to create patient specific implants in a fraction of time as compared to traditional approaches like injection molding or Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining. The inputs provided by Surgeons have a major role in designing the implant that is better fit for the patient. It includes usage of techniques such as Three-Dimensional (3D) printing to create patient specific implants made of biologically compatible polymers like Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK), Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), that replace traditional materials like Steel, Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics and Titanium. Polymers like PEEK have shown better bio compatibility and stability when used for implants as compared to traditional materials but lack in osseointegration due to their bio-inert nature. In this study we have surveyed materials such as PEEK, PMMA for Rapid prototyping or 3D Printing of orthopedic implants which are used in craniofacial reconstruction surgery. The outcome of this study may help researchers and surgeons in designing better implants for patients.

Conventional thermosets cannot be recycled once they reach their end-of-life creating unavoidable waste. Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are a promising circular solution as they can be reprocessed by conventional techniques employed for processing thermoplastics. In this work, strong and chemically resistant, long-chain polyamide (PA) CANs were developed by introducing intrinsically reactive disulfides in PA networks. Following a solvent-free strategy and utilizing ethylene brassylate, a renewable cyclic diester, our approach brings together the high strength and chemical resistance of long-chain, crosslinked PAs with the reprocessability of dynamic networks in a sustainable fashion. The structure of the PA CANs was elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis, and the effect of the disulfides on the thermal, mechanical, viscoelastic and dynamic properties was evaluated. The PA CANs had high gel content (86–98%) and they were reprocessable over three grinding-compression molding cycles, retaining their strength (15–20 MPa), crosslink density and gel content. They exhibited rapid stress relaxation with relaxation times as low as 1.06 s and were healable within 5 min. The long-chain PA CANs are easy to prepare and feature several elements of sustainable materials design, highly valued in plastics’ circular economy.

Thermosetting polyurethane (PU) foams, which cannot be recycled economically and efficiently due to their permanently crosslinked structures, have caused significant environmental concerns after service. To improve the sustainable development of the PU foam industry, herein, we report malleable PU foams that contain a dynamic disulfide bond. The disulfide exchange reaction under heat enables the rearrangement of the network topology of the PU foam, imparting malleability and thermal processability. The disulfide containing PU foams (PUSFs) have similar appearance and physical properties to common PU foams and were prepared using conventional foaming technology without any modification. The PUSFs can be easily recycled into PU films through thermal compression molding. The recycled PU films show excellent and tunable mechanical properties depending on the compositions of the original malleable PU foams. Furthermore, the PU film recycled from PU foam with a well-designed composition can be further reprocessed several times without obvious loss in mechanical proprieties and change in chemical structures. This investigation provides a novel methodology to recycle and reuse PU foams and is expected to promote the sustainable development of the PU foam industry.

This paper aims to characterize recycled carbon fiber reinforced plastics through simulations and predict the behavior of Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6) and Polypropylene (PP) when reinforced with short carbon fibers. By modeling ASTM 638D test specimen and simulating injection molding on Moldflow software, a fiber orientation factor was obtained. This factor was used to predict the tensile strength of the fiber reinforced plastics using modified Kelly-Tyson equation. Digimat software was further used to predict the young’s modulus and micro-analysis of the carbon fiber reinforced plastics. These mechanical properties were calculated for variations in the fiber content (by volume) and fiber length. An efficient CFRP recycling method and the corresponding characterization of the recycled composite can provide a solution to the problem of excessive carbon fiber waste generation and find newer applications for the recycled polymers, thus provide alternatives to the traditionally used materials.

Nowadays, research and development is focused on environmentally benign, sustainable materials to replace and reduce the dependence on existing petroleum-based products. In this framework, the growth of natural and man-made fiber reinforced composite materials is rising at a faster rate in the field of engineering and technology due to its promising characteristics. The current research work is focused on the development of coir fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (PPC) that is having widespread variety of applications and their characteristics are equivalent to present synthetic composites. The work is focused on the study of fracture toughness behavior of these composites and further characterization of mechanical properties. The fabrication of the specimen was carried out using Injection molding technique. Fracture toughness (Compact Tension) tests were done as per ASTM D-5045 standards. The Tensile, Impact, Flexural Strength, and Hardness tests were done to evaluate the mechanical characteristics. It is found that natural coconut coir fiber reinforced composites showed higher fracture toughness values and improved mechanical properties when compared to neat polypropylene.

In this letter, a compact ±45° polarized base station antenna array fabricated using laser direct structuring (LDS) technique is presented. The proposed antenna array operates in fifth-generation (5G) NR band 41 (2496–2690 MHz). The simple antenna elements of the array consist of a modified patch radiator fed by Y -shaped probes realized by injection molding, which are amenable to efficient mass production. An antenna unit (AU) is investigated to meet the specification requirements in practical base-station applications. A prototype of the AU was manufactured and measured, and the results showed that it is able to fulfill the design requirements within the operating band. These features also show that this LDS-based antenna array would be a promising solution for 5G base station applications.

The use of cork in polymers is an effective approach to develop new sustainable materials, with the current challenges facing the world regarding on the environmental impact of synthetic polymers. Cork granules are delivered as waste by the industry preparing coating plate and cork ventures. These granules can be used in the preparation of composites, to the reason of their low density. This work presents the preparation of biocomposites resulting from the combination of the poly (e-caprolactone) with cork (10–30 wt and maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene (MAPE) as compatibiliezr agent. A twin-screw extruder and injection molding are used in order to obtain the tensile samples. The obtained composites were characterized for mechanical and thermal properties, morphology, and water absorption behavior. All composites demonstrated a better dispersion of cork and a solid interfacial bond between the cork particles and the PCL matrices as confirm by SEM. The Young's modulus values of the composites were little affected by a rate of 10% of fillers; but for higher loads, a significant decrease in this parameter was observed, resulting in more flexible materials. The treatment delayed thermal degradation. These attractive performances reveal that sustainable cork based materials proposed in this work could be a good alternative to traditional and could find applications in a number of domains.

The plastic injection molding process, including thermoplastic injection, is nowadays used in several industrial processes, including in the automotive industry for bowden cables. This process makes possible to produce a wide range of products with different sizes, shapes, and for varying applications. During the years, many challenges emerged, which obliged the injection machine manufacturers to adapt and continuously innovate in their equipment, and made the design process of these equipment highly complex. This work aims to design a thermoplastic micro over injection molding station adapted to the current injection rates in a real company, in order to increase efficiency, and that can be implemented in automated production lines, reducing the number of operators. The equipment should be used in the production lines of bowden cables, which are used to command different systems inside the car. These cables can have zamak terminations covered with plastic, or terminations entirely made of plastic. These plastic parts of the cables are over-injected using polyethylene, polyamide with and without the addition of glass fibers, and polyacetal. As a result of this work, the designed injection machine has an estimated production rate of 7 injected cable ends in a maximum of 39 seconds, which is equivalent to 5.57 seconds per cable end.

This paper reports the design of an innovative mono-lateral external fixator made of carbon fiber composite materials. The designed system can be easily assembled in comparison with commercial fixators and follows orthopedic requirements with sufficient stability and stiffness. The change of operation mode between distraction and fixation is achieved with a wedge that blocks axial translation in one position, while allows sliding with a 90º rotation. The prototypes were produced by the method of molding by compaction. A mold was developed for each part; the rail, the clamp and the cover. Each mold consisted of a cavity that gave form to the piece and a piston that exerted pressure on the composite. Mechanical tests were performed to determine the stiffness under axial compression, and anteroposterior and mediolateral bending. For comparison, tests were also performed on two Orthofix commercial systems, one with the rail made of carbon fiber and the other with an aluminum rail. The axial compression, anteroposterior and mediolateral bending stiffness of the developed system were 200.7, 13.4 and 87.0 N/mm, respectively, which were 38%, 35% and 27% lower than those obtained for the Orthofix system. However, these values were in the range of other similar systems reported in the literature. Therefore, the developed system presented promising results and may be clinically evaluated.

This study investigated the influence of fuel absorption on the mechanical properties of glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite. Three types of fuel, namely, aviation fuel, biofuel, and a blended fuel mixture between kerosene and biofuel, were used to perform complete immersion on the GFRP specimens through immersion-bath technique. The degradation of the tension and compression properties of GFRP composite caused by fuel attack were experimentally investigated. Three types of aviation fuel were used to environmentally age the GFRP specimens through immersion-bath technique. The GFRP specimens were manufactured using vacuum-assisted resin-transfer molding to achieve a volume fraction of 0.55 with

Introduction: This study compares anthropometric outcomes of 2 sagittal synostosis repair techniques: spring-assisted surgery and endoscope-assisted craniectomy with molding helmet therapy. Methods: Patients undergoing spring-assisted surgery (n = 27) or endoscope-assisted craniectomy with helmet therapy (n = 40) at separate institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Pre- and 1-year postoperative computed tomography (CT) or laser scans were analyzed for traditional cranial index (CI), adjusted cranial index (aCI), and cranial vault volume (CVV). Nine patient-matched scans were analyzed for measurement consistency. Results: The spring-assisted group was older at both time points ( P < .050) and spring-assisted group CVV was larger preoperatively and postoperatively ( P < .01). However, the change in CVV did not differ between the groups ( P = .210). There was no difference in preoperative CI (helmet vs spring: 70.1 vs 71.2, P = .368) between the groups. Postoperatively, helmet group CI (77.0 vs 74.3, P = .008) was greater. The helmet group also demonstrated a greater increase in CI (6.9 vs 3.1, P < .001). The proportion of patients achieving CI of 75 or greater was not significantly different between the groups (helmet vs spring: CI, 65% vs 52%, P = .370). There was no detectable bias in CI between matched CT and laser scans. Differences were identified between scan types in aCI and CVV measurements; subsequent analyses used corrected CVV and aCI measures for laser scan measures. Conclusions: Both techniques had equivalent proportions of patients achieving normal CI, comparable effects on cranial volume, and similar operative characteristics. The study suggests that there may be greater improvement in CI in the helmet group. However, further research should be performed.

Examples of the implementation of powder metallurgy methods and their individual elements in the processes of producing materials with special properties and products thereof are considered. The possibility is shown and the results of producing radar-absorbing and radar-transparent materials in the form of solid bodies and coatings are evaluated. The addition of technological transitions, traditional for powder metallurgy, providing in general the production of radar-transparent materials, with the processes of mechanically activated synthesis and mechanically activated self-propagating high-temperature synthesis at the stages of preparing powders for molding, makes it possible to make the transition to the production of radar-absorbing materials. The high efficiency of both has been confirmed experimentally. The transition from a single-component composition of the initial charge mixture through the formation of the phase composition of the material due to the inclusion of powder components into the mixed charge, the composition and crystal structure of which remain unchanged at all stages of its preparation, to the synthesis of the required phase composition due to the interaction of powder components at one of the stages of technological conversion makes it possible to synthesize, for example, silicon carbide ceramics directly in practically useful products, particularly, substrates of optical mirrors for remote sensing of the Earth. The technological operations developed in powder metallurgy have become a background for the production of energy-saturated heterogeneous composite materials. Actively developing additive technologies, as a relatively new branch of powder metallurgy, expands its capabilities practically boundless.

The asphalt pavement easily shows the diseases like cracking, rutting, and structural water damage during the early service life in Fujian province for the complex effects of very high temperature, easily rainy climatic condition, and high-frequency heavy loading. However, the corresponding studies and strategies are still rare. Herein, in order to study the relationship of compaction methods on the stress-strain characteristics and shear strength of graded crushed stone mixtures, 11 kinds of typical graded crushed stone mixtures, which were taken from the five different expressways under construction in Fujian Province, were molded by both the modified vibration compaction and modified Proctor compaction. The results indicate that the modified vibration molding method matches much better with the compaction of practical projects and can be used to evaluate the performance of graded crushed stone mixtures. Further, the performance indexes got by the modified vibration compaction and the modified Proctor compaction have strong correlations. Therefore, based on the modified vibration compaction, the guidelines for standardized mix design of graded crushed stone mixture in Fujian province are proposed: the resilient modulus of 300 MPa and the deformation rate of 10–8 in the dynamic triaxial test are used as the performance indicators of the bearing capacity and the antideformation ability; the shear strength of 400 kPa in the static triaxial test is used as the performance indicators of the shear failure resistance. Besides, most limestone mixtures perform well and have the advantages of good resistance to permanent deformation and shear resistance.