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© 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission., In this paper, a fuel cell system supervisory controller is developed for a fuel cell-based hybrid electric vehicle to safely control the interactions between powertrain components, maximize efficiency and minimize the degradation of the fuel cell. The proposed fuel cell supervisory controller includes three main elements: a state machine, an optimal setpoint generator and a power limit calculator. The state machine, as the top layer of the supervisory controller, is responsible for coordinating the various subsystems of the fuel cell, including the three subsystems, anode, cathode, thermal, and the DC/DC converter. The primary purpose of the state machine is to ensure global control over these subsystems as well as facilitate communication between the fuel cell system, diagnosis system, and Vehicle Control Unit (VCU). The state machine not only allows for the appropriate transitions between states but also governs the fuel cell system operation in all its different operating states such as Start-up, Shutdown and Run. The optimal setpoint generator is responsible for determining the operating conditions of the fuel cell system that maximizes the system's efficiency. It is designed by taking into account the comprehensive model of the fuel cell stack, considering manufacturing constraints, and incorporating the compressor map which then provides the optimal setpoints for all the subsystems' local controllers. A power limit calculator is also developed to compute the stack available power and feeds this information to the energy management system in the VCU. This information is used by the VCU to split the requested power between the fuel cell and the battery. The experimentally validated stack model and the complex model of the subsystems based on the Inn-Balance project data are used in the simulation. Furthermore, the subsystems' local controllers used in the MATLAB-Simulink were validated in a real vehicle test bench. The Common Artemis 130 km/h Driving Cycle (CAD, This work was supported in part by the Spanish State Research Agency through the Maria de Maeztu Seal of Excellence to IRI (MDM-2016-0656), and and in part by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under Grant INN-BALANCE 735969. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and Hydrogen Europe and N.ERGHY . Finally, the work acknowledges the support of the MAFALDA project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2021-126001OB-C31)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., This paper presents the development and implementation of a system supervisory controller in a hydrogen-based fuel cell electric vehicle. The controller's primary function is to ensure the safe control of the fuel cell system processes while facilitating coordination among various subsystems, including the balance of plant subsystems, vehicle control unit, diagnosis unit, and powertrain. The supervisory controller comprises of three primary parts: a State Machine, an Optimal Setpoint Generator, and a Power Limit Calculator. The State Machine, which serves as the central part of the supervisory controller, coordinates the fuel cell system's different operational states, including the complex processes of start-up and shutdown. To maximize the fuel cell system's efficiency and minimize the stack's degradation, the Optimal Setpoint Generator produces the subsystem's setpoints by solving an optimization problem and considering the manufacturer's requirements. The Power Limit Calculator assesses the stack's power output capability and calculates the current setpoint for the DC/DC converter. It then provides this data to the Energy Management System (EMS), which oversees the distribution of power between the fuel cell system and the batteries. The proposed fuel cell system supervisory controller is verified using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) in a real-world car. The designed control structure is implemented in a prototype hydrogen-based electric car at both PowerCell and CEVT facilities under the framework of the INN-BALANCE Horizon 2020 European project., This work was supported in part by the Spanish national project DOVELAR (RTI2018-096001-B-C32, MINECO/FEDER) also in part by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under Grant INN-BALANCE 735969. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and Hydrogen Europe and N. ERGHY, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This study proposes an anti-slip control system for electric trains based on the fuzzy logic theory, which prevents the wheels from slipping during the acceleration and simultaneously tracks the desired speed profile. To improve the control performance, the train longitudinal velocity and the slip ratio are estimated. By using a field-oriented control (FOC), the angular speed of the traction motor is controlled. The fuzzy control system determines the desired angular speed of the traction motor as the reference input of FOC to obtain the desired slip ratio and track the desired speed profile. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the control system in various wheel–rail surface conditions based on the real parameters of ER24PC locomotive.

In this paper, a state machine-based control architecture for a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is proposed. The considered Fuel Cell System (FCS) is a complex system with multiple different states of operation. This includes the start-up, run, shut-down and idle states, which have been identified as the states of a State Machine (SM). Furthermore, the FCS incorporates several subsystems; namely, as the cathode, anode and thermal subsystems and the DC/DC converter that all have different modes of operation. In each specific state of the FCS, the subsystems should operate in a specific predefined mode. A control structure is therefore necessary to coordinate these subsystems and the stack in the different FCS operation states and the operation modes of the different subsystems. This work describes in detail the SM designed for the fuel cell system of the FCEV of the INN-BALANCE project.

This study proposes an anti-slip control system for electric trains based on the fuzzy logic theory, which prevents the wheels from slipping during the acceleration and simultaneously tracks the desired speed profile. To improve the control performance, the train longitudinal velocity and the slip ratio are estimated. By using a field-oriented control (FOC), the angular speed of the traction motor is controlled. The fuzzy control system determines the desired angular speed of the traction motor as the reference input of FOC to obtain the desired slip ratio and track the desired speed profile. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the control system in various wheel–rail surface conditions based on the real parameters of ER24PC locomotive., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

INN-BALANCE in a nutshell Fuel cells are a mature technology ready for scale-up in the automotive market. It is now about advancing manufacturing through reducing costs of production, while increasing the overall efficiency and reliability of fuel cell systems in cars. These are the goals of INNBALANCE. The EU funded research and innovation project focuses on the Balance of Plant components, developing new features for the supply of hydrogen and air to the stack and improved concepts for the thermal management and advanced control architecture of the fuel cell system. Project duration: 01/2017 – 10/2021 Participant countries: Austria, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland INN-BALANCE guidebook The present guidebook presents the main project activities and the main results generated by the nine partners of INN-BALANCE. It also contains an overview of the current market for hydrogen vehicles in Europe and provides an outlook to future challenges in this field. The main target groups of this document are vehicles OEMs and their suppliers, fuel cell integrators and manufacturers, BoP manufacturers, research institutions, public authorities such as municipalities and policy makers and other stakeholders from the fuel cell, automotive, energy and transport sectors such as utilities, clusters/networks. A brief presentation of the authors who participated in the development of this guidebook is available at the end of the document., Postprint (published version)