Search

Harmonization and standardization of accounting, as well as the overall business, represent a principal feature of present globalization. National legislation is harmonizing with the European Union acquis communautaire by the accession of individual country to the European Union. Regulation (EC) No. 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and the Council introduced a mandatory application of International Accounting Standards, and now known as International Financial Reporting Standards for all listed companies in the EU member states. The goal was to provide a high level of transparency and comparability of financial statements of listed companies through the introduction of the mandatory application of International Accounting Standards. However, national accounting framework is of great importance for financial reporting in every country. National accounting framework has an essential role in determining the major rules of keeping accounting records, defining chart of accounts, preparing annual financial statements and the application of national and/ or international accounting standards. Accountants have a key role in recording of business transactions and preparing of financial statements. In performing these tasks accounting skills are essential. Professional associations have an important role in the promotion and development of the accounting theory and practice. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the regulatory framework of accounting and financial reporting and to examine the organization of the accounting profession in selected EU member states – Croatia, Slovakia and Czechia. The results indicate that there are differences and unevenly practice in the field of accounting regulations as well as in the organization of the accounting profession. The comparison of Croatian, Slovak and Czech accounting regulation focuses not only on differences but as well as on similarities, which can indicate better comprehension the national accounting rules.

The dissertation thesis at large discusses the problems of unlawful conduct in the economic area, possibilities for its exposure and prevention issues. Every human conduct, apart from the legal viewpoint, may also be assessed from the moral viewpoint, whereas in this context, law is designated as the "moral minimum". From this relationship, we arrive at the conclusion that every instance of unlawful conduct is also immoral. On the contrary, conduct that complies with the law always need not be in compliance with the moral norms. In the Czech Republic, the New Criminal Code came into force on 1 January 2010, which also punishes the most severe forms of unlawful conduct and fundamentally affects performance of the accounting and auditing professions. Apart from some concept changes, this Codex also introduced, for instance, changes in the punishability of planning crimes. From the viewpoint of the auditor, tax adviser and accountant, barring of perpetration, whose commitment or planning authentically comes to the knowledge of the auditor, tax adviser or accountant seems to be fundamental. The issues of occupational fraud are mainly related to the problems of the auditing profession. These unlawful acts take various forms, which can be split into three basic groups, which are asset misappropriation, fraudulent statements and corruption. When exposing occupational fraud, as well as other forms of unlawful conduct, confidentiality issues are fundamental. In some cases, the law anticipates breaking through this confidentiality, mainly, for the purpose of exposing the most severe forms of unlawful conduct. Within the framework of prevention of occupational fraud, internal control systems play an essential role. It is possible to evaluate the existence of ethical codices, respectively, building of ethical corporate culture as very fundamental.

This bachelor thesis deals with the changes brought by the amendment of Accounting Law and regulation and their impact on the financial statements of business entities. It mentions number of reasons for this amendment and also particular changes that have affected the reporting of financial information. Specific changes are reflected in financial statements and their explanatory power is analyzed. It also describes the changes in scope of the statutory audit obligation, disclosure requirement and preparation of financial statements in relation to the categorization of entities.

The bachelor thesis deals with the profit from its creation, through taxation to distribution. The theoretical part summarizes information on particular forms of business corporations and work with their profit. Collected information is then used in an illustrative example, which answers the question of the advantage of participation in individual forms of companies. The practical part verifies the observance of the valid legislation about profit in four existing companies. Subsequently, it deals with the financial statements of these companies, the share of profit to partners and the real income of shareholders from the company. In conclusion it examines the differences in the payment of shares between individual forms of companies.

Bachelor thesis with a topic wage accounting describes issues about relationships between employees and employers. In the theoretical part there is concern with labour relationships, rewarding employees, process of calculation net wage and its accounting including payments on health insurance and social security and income tax from dependent activity. The practical part is firstly made of a questionare about basic knowlegde during calculation net wage and the results are implemented into a manual which helps to understand payroll for nonspecialist people.

The Bachelor thesis focuses on the specifics of tax record self-employer by applicable legislation of the Czech Republic. It also deals with the introduction of electronic registration of sales. Even though tax record and registration of sales are two separate systems, the principle of this thesis is to highlight the specific relationship of these systems from the perspective of the self-employer who in the course of business activity accepts especially cash payments and was therefore covered by an responsibility to keep tax record and registration of sales. The aim of the thesis is to show how the entrepreneur can rely on data recorded in the registration of sales for the purpose of determining tax liability of value added tax and personal income tax base and how the registration of sales will be reflected in the keeping of tax record.

The thesis deals with the accounting and tax legislation with focus on professional sport not only from the perspective of sport clubs but also of individual sportsmen. The aim of the thesis is to identify accounting and tax specificities of professional sport, including the definition of differences in keeping accounts of non-profit organisations and business entities, and to analyse the current state of the income taxation of professional sportsmen in selected countries of the EU and in the Czech Republic. Significant differences were found not only in the keeping accounts of non-profit organisations and business entities but also in the area of the income taxation of professional sportsmen. In the Czech Republic professional sportsmen are considered to be an independent profession while in the other selected countries of the European Union they are classic employees. The thesis is based on legislation valid on 1st January 2016.

In this research, I present the analysis of the relationship between credit rating and tax avoidance. I found out that the lower the cash effective tax rate the stronger the association with credit rating. Sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of falling into more favorable credit rating category is increases and the probability of falling into less favorable category decreases if cash effective tax rate increases at least by 1%. Also, the negative association between book-tax differences and credit rating found.

This diploma thesis deals with specifics for reporting of construction contracts in financial statements according to czech accounting regulations, IFRS and US GAAP. These are contracts that are custom-made, so they are not serial production and they are long-term, so most of their production goes into more accounting periods. In 2018, new Standards for Recognition of Revenue from contracts with customers IFRS 15 and ASC 606 will enter into force. The aim of the thesis is to characterize individual approaches to the reporting of revenues from construction contracts with a focus on the specifics in this sector and their comparison. To achieve this goal, a comparison method will be used. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part describes requirements and aspects related to building contracts, individual accounting standards including new revenue standards. In the practical part, an example is illustrated that shows a different approach to reporting revenue from these contracts in accordance with Czech accounting regulations and IFRS or US GAAP and comments on the changes that may occur through the application of new standards. At the end of the thesis, individual approaches are compared.

The thesis "Limitations of professional liability in relation to the professions of auditor, tax adviser and accountant with regard to the duty of confidentiality" focuses on a more detailed elaboration of the selected specific segment of professional liability of the given professions, on the legal and ethical obligations in the field of confidentiality and the possibility of its breaking. The introductory part of the thesis deals with confidentiality in terms of historical development and its importance in the present. Further, it outlines the area of moral and ethical responsibility, legal liability in general, and confidentiality as a specific duty. The concept of confidentiality of the professions of auditors, tax advisers and accountants represents the core of the presented work. The duty of confidentiality of the profession of auditors is significantly influenced by the public interest in the presented information in the form of opinion on the financial statements of the audited entities, and thus the possibilities of the legally supported breaking of this obligation are the most extensive, as evidenced by the amendment to the Act on Auditors, effective from 1 October 2016. The duty of confidentiality of the tax adviser has until recently been strictly defined on a legal basis. The change was brought by the Supreme Court's case law in November 2015, which by comparing the principally equivalent conditions for the exercise of legal liability in the area of confidentiality of the tax adviser and attorney, also deduces the similarities of competencies of both professions in cases of breaking the confidentiality. The accounting profession is not regulated by law, and therefore the confidentiality obligation is also not legally enforceable. However, professional certified accountants are required to comply with the Code of Conduct issued by the Professional Chamber. The final part of the thesis focuses on comparing the duty of confidentiality of the selected professions of auditors, tax advisers and professional accountants with the attorney-at-law profession.

This bachelor thesis is focused on comparison of the management of tax records and the accounting of an individual entrepreneur engaged in craft trades, in one year. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with the description of the systems which the entrepreneur can choose to record his business activities. Furthermore, their legal regulations, the ways in which they can be used, and the procedure in case the entrepreneur decides to change the registration system or if he is forced to do so. In order to compare the two systems, an opening balance sheet is compiled in the example, and the economic transactions entered into in the course of 2016 are based on both methods. The solution of the example is divided into two parts in which the theoretical knowledge is applied. The first part is devoted to the accounting solution of the example, the second one is solved if the entrepreneur has led the tax records. The results of both systems are achieved by analytical processing of individual transactions, which are then compared between the two systems.

The bachelor thesis deals with law recodification as well as its impact on accounting and tax legal regulations. The aim is to present certain selected issues, assess their impacts and development, and analyse their possible solutions. The first part introduces the issue of gratuitous income. It consists of the analyses of the Business Corporations Act and the Civil Code, followed by a tax and accounting analysis of the solution. The second part focuses on the payment or possible return of profit sharing advancements and contains the analysis on the Business Corporations Act and the Civil Code and their link to the existing accounting and tax complexities. Related to the former is the publication of Chamber of Deputies print No 873/0, known as the Tax Package. The third part deals with the issues of authorized capital and contingency fund. Similarly to the former ones, this part also presents analyses of the Business Corporations Act and the Civil Code as well as tax and accounting solutions. The thesis also features illustrations and graphic examples.

This thesis deals with problematic of non-monetary deposits into basic capital of new emergent capital companies per Czech legislation. It is divided into five chapters, four of them are theoretical and the last one is a practical example. Theoretical part deals with definition of capital companies, their authorities, basic capital and ways of founding. Part of accounting deals with evaluation of non-monetary deposits at the depositors and the acquirer and with disclosure of the assets in the balance sheet. The tax section focuses on all major taxes related to deposits. The application part summarizes theoretical knowledge on the example from practice. The main goal of the thesis is to contain the issue in a comprehensive way. Consider the legal, accounting and tax rules that are closely related to non-monetary deposits and show the impact of non-monetary deposits at the acquirer and the depositor.

The primary objective of this diploma thesis, which focuses on the professional responsibility of auditors and tax advisors, is to provide a comprehensive view of this issue. The diploma thesis is divided into six parts. The first chapter describes general responsibility with an emphasis on professional responsibility. The second and third parts are devoted to the profession of auditors. The second chapter describes the profession of external and internal auditors in detail, and the third chapter deals with their professional responsibility, broken down into a moral and legal level of responsibility. The fourth and fifth chapters are devoted to the profession of tax consultancy, which is discussed in detail, followed by a part devoted to the professional responsibility of tax advisers. The last part of the thesis compares the professional responsibilities of the professions of auditors and tax advisors.

This master's thesis is focused on the system of internal controls which is, in some form or another, implemented in every organization. In the theoretical part, the internal controls are specified according to the worldwide accepted integrated COSO framework for internal controls. Furthermore, there is briefly characterized internal audit, its aims and relation to the system of internal controls. The practical part deals with internal controls implemented in a specific organization. There were analysed control mechanisms implemented into the basic enterprise's process, the Order to Cash process.

The goal of the diploma thesis is to describe problems of accounting valuation and issues connected with prices, which are used for income tax purposes within current valid legislation. The thesis decribes basic valuation principles, characterization and valuation methods of some selected section according to the Czech legislation and IFRS. The thesis compares advantages and disadvantages of some valuation methods and valuation base and their influence on taxes. At the end of the thesis is the issue of transfer pricing or accounting valuation in insolvency.

This presented thesis entitled Fraud Issues Focusing on Fraudulent Financial Reporting deals fraudulent accounting in the Czech Republic and the world. The first part aims to introduce the reader to the cornerstone of accounting, specifically basic accounting principles and regulation. An important starting point of this thesis is also an internal control system and an internal directives. These consist of a set of interconnected controls contributing to the protection of entity's property. After that follows a general description of fraudulent conduct with a partition of misappropriation asset handling, corruption and misstatement of financial statements. The last part consists of an analysis of fraudulent behaviour and selected accounting cases. Specifically, these are the frauds of insurance company M. P. a. s. (which continues to work despite these issues), the Tesco scandal with effects on shares and the case of Skanska

The goal of this bachelors thesis is to discuss the impact of legal, accounting and taxing duties on day to day operation of café as well as to compare the aspects of business for entrepreneur and legal entity. First part of this thesis is devoted to clarifying the topic of business in general and its requirements for entering it, with emphasis on importance of economic transaction registration. Followed by analysis of electronic registration of sales. Last chapter deals with single entry book-keeping and accounting from the view of entrepreneur who runs a cafe.

The bachelor thesis deals with the issue of deferred tax in the Czech accounting. Study describes the reason why the deferred tax has begun to be booked, which entities are required to book it, as well as its formation based on temporary differences. These differences are divided into two groups, those defined as a deferred tax asset or as a deferred tax liability. Furthermore, the study provides information on how the entity calculates the final deferred tax and to which balance sheet accounts it is booked. The last part analyses financial statements of selected companies with an emphasis on the type of deferred tax they report and the differences their tax results from.

This work focuses on accounting and tax consequences of financing a car. These forms of financing are leasing and consumer credit. The issue is recorded at a theoretical level, the work describes characteristics and kinds of forms of financing and points to accounting and tax aspects. Theoretical knowledge is applied to an example of specific payment schedules of financial leasing and consumer credit from a leasing company. The example illustrates accounting and tax impacts and compares both types of financing. As a result, the consumer credit is intended for more favourable form of financing in this particular example, but this statement cannot be applied in all cases, because the course of financing can be affected by several variables aspects.

This diploma thesis focuses on the tangible fixed assets of the accounting and tax perspective. The analysis of the first part of this thesis proceeds in basic theoretical and legislative framework, both in Czech and international perspective. There is also analyzed the cycle of tangible fixed assets, which is dealt with in detail their acquisition, use and disposal. In the practical part there are selected facts, which took place at the company engaged in property lease and tangible assets directly related. These facts are then commented on accounting and tax perspective.

The thesis is focused on an accounting and a tax field of the selected countries, the Czech Republic and Finland. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the accounting and tax system of the chosen countries and its reciprocal comparison. The present form of the financial accounting in both countries was influenced by their economic and political development and by other elements through many years. These factors and their impact on the accounting field are described and reviewed in the first part of the thesis. The second part is focused on the comparison of the tax field of both states which is related with an accounting. Among others, the characteristics of the tax system influence the behaviour of people (persons, entities) in connection with their international (and domestic) business activities. The most suitable indicator chosen for comparison of the tax burden between the Czech Republic and Finland is the consolidated tax quota. Due to the interaction to the accounting, there was an emphasis on the differences in the structure of corporate income tax in connection with the comparison of the tax systems.

This bachelor thesis focuses on the issue of transformation of the fiscal results into corporate tax base in the Czech legal environment. Main goal of this thesis is to accent the major costs and revenues, which are subject to adjustment of the tax base in accordance with the Income tax Act No. 568/1993 coll. and to perform transformation of the tax base on a practical case including tax optimization methods. This bachelor thesis also expands on specific sections of the tax return which explicitly mentions transformation of the tax base.

The diploma thesis is focused on the accounting as an evidence, more specifically as a tool for procuring the proof while proving the facts claimed by the taxpayer. Firstly, there are described a financial and tax terms relevant for the topic. Then the rights and obligations of the tax administrator and taxpayer during the tax procedure are described. The last but one chapter deals with the burden of proof and with it´s transfer among the tax administrator and the taxpayer. In conclusion, an evidence that can be used in proving the facts are mentioned.

This diploma thesis entitled Accounting and Tax Frauds from Comparative Perspective of Czech and American Law and Practice analyses accounting frauds and tax frauds in the Czech Republic with added comparative aspects from the US. The purpose of the thesis divided to 6 chapters is to provide a complex and comprehensive analysis from the perspective of accounting, legal and justice system and police investigation and to propose original policy solutions how to improve combating this sophisticated economic criminal activities. This thesis is grounded in an interdisciplinary context and applies economics, taxes, accounting, law, criminology and forensic science. It also combines theoretical background with practical case study analysis. Stemming from the case study analysis and the comparative perspectives from the US, this thesis proposes practical solutions proposals for the police work. One of the common features of both Czech and the US system is the essential role of experts. The added value of this thesis includes 10 different proposals in the legislative, institutional, informational and practical police area, such as establishing special police unit tasked with accounting and audit frauds, protection of whistleblowers, more severe punishments, uniform tax software and electronic evidence, better coordination between police and the tax authorities, improving the education of policemen in the economic, tax and accounting area, cooperation with academia and police internships of economics students and also enhanced international cooperation. One cross-cutting finding is the absolute necessity of close and long-term cooperation and coordination between police, judiciary, tax authorities and academia, sharing knowledge, information and know-how and critically analysing recent trends and practical issues. That is the only way how to effectively improve the fight against this complex white-collar crime.

The Bachelor's thesis deals with the Equity in the Joint-stock company from the perspective of the Business corporation act and Czech accounting system. The first part contains a brief characteristic about a Joint-stock company and interprets its status among other forms of business. The second part examines components of an Equity and operations with it from the perspective of the Business corporation act and Czech accounting system. The third part analyses Joint-stock companies with a focus on reporting of Treasury stock and Paying of prepayments on dividends in these companies.

This thesis is focused on creative accounting in the Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis is to explain the term creative accounting, to introduce motives which lead creators of financial statements to use creative accounting and to outline the consequences of creative accounting in practice. The thesis further discloses methods of creative accounting including space which in the opinion of the author arises in amendment of Accounting Act effective from 1st of January 2016. A practical part of the thesis examines how creative accounting is perceived in the Czech Republic. The result of survey showed that creative accounting in the Czech Republic is evidently commonly used in practice.

This bachelor thesis discusses the legal institute of right to build, which has been reintroduced into our lives by Act 89/2012 Coll, Civil Code, and which is related to a wide number of changes, not only in private law. The thesis firstly introduces the right to build from the point of view of the Civil Code, which characterizes and explains its use in private relations. Further on the thesis explains the effect which the institute has in tax and accounting, therefore, in public law. The thesis introduces the way of accounting about the institute, which taxes is it subject to and it also presents the issues that arise from the specificity of the institute.

This diploma thesis deals with business transactions in terms of their accounting and VAT treatment according the statutory regulations in the Czech Republic. Firstly, accounting and VAT essentials are defined, the status of VAT in the European context is described as well. The thesis focuses not only on accounting of VAT in general, but it also shows some specific cases. The thesis deals with the right to deduct input VAT in connection with tax evasions in more detail. This issue was described using judicature. In the end, the possible ways how to deal safely with business partners are also discussed.

The thesis deals with financial accounting and taxation; i.e. areas with increased risk of unethical behaviour. It presents and critically evaluates the measures introduced by the European Union, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the authors of Taxparency project - the nongovernmental organisation Transparency International Česká republika and Lexperanto association. The introductory chapters of the thesis offer a brief excursion into the realms of philosophy, law and psychology. Their purpose is to provide a comprehensive summary of the most important findings from these disciplines for better understanding of the meaning and fundamentals of ethics. Subsequently, three key areas of financial accounting and taxation are discussed - non-transparent ownership structures, virtual offices and transfer prices - with the objective to determine the motives of entrepreneurs to use these practices. LuxLeaks case is mentioned as a practical example of unethical behaviour of entrepreneurs, tax advisers as well as of civil servants. The conclusion outlines the Taxparency project. The aim of the thesis is not only to introduce but also critically evaluate the project. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey, the possibilities of the project implementation in the conditions of the Czech Republic are analysed. The official websites of individual institutions and organisations became the main information source for the thesis.

This diploma thesis deals with legal, accounting and tax consequences of superficies and easements under the legal system of the Czech Republic. Description of the legal context both subjected institutes is focused on domestic evolution process, as well as historical excursion into the jurisdiction of other states and registration in the Land Registry. Further there is an analysis of superficies and easements reporting approaches of Czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IAS/ IFRS. This section focuses mainly on the reporting of the superficies in the balance sheet of accounting entity according to the Czech accounting law with regard to the change between 2014 and 2015 and IAS/IFRS standards. Tax chapter deals with income tax, value added tax, transfer tax imposed on both institutes in the Czech tax law, including tax burden on inheritance and donation.

The thesis deals with an ethical behavior of professional accountants and their respective codes of ethics. The first part focuses on ethics in a broader sense, influences that could explain unethical behavior, and the core philosophies of ethics. The Importance of the Codes of Ethics is the introduction to presenting several important regulatory bodies for professional accountants - the authors of the codes of ethics. The next part of the thesis analyzes two of the most important codes - the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants by International Federation of Accountants and the Code of Professional Conduct by American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The goal of this thesis is their comparison, while highlighting some of the differences.

The thesis is dedicated to the exploration and analysis of the implementation of employee benefits such as the types of benefits provided by employers to employees according to Czech accounting and tax regulations. In the theoretical part deals with the topic of employee motivation at the work and describes the best known motivational theories. It tries to highlight the interconnections of social policy, evaluation and remuneration system with the level of employee satisfaction and its impact on the quality of work performance. Employee benefits are a modern tool of personnel policy to reward, motivate and satisfy employees. From the other side, they could be considered as a legal tool to reduce the tax liability of the employer. The main focus in this work is devoted on accounting and tax system, which is displayed on a selected group of benefits with illustrative examples. The practical part is focused on the exploration of application of employee benefits in the specific company and on the basis of their analysis assesses their impact on job satisfaction. Based on the information is quality of employee benefit system in the company assessed and at the end of the thesis brings some possible recommendations for improving.

This bachelor thesis deals with the reasons of the amendment of Accounting Law and implementing regulations. Furthermore there are described single changes including the interpretation of impacts on business entities. Particular changes and their impacts are demonstrated on illustrative example of fictive manufacturing company.

The Bachelor thesis deals with the connection between accounting and tax approach to the alteration of the trading result to the tax base and with its impact on the accounting. The particular parts of the thesis describe the accounting and taxation point of view on the business activity, some of the items altering the trading result and deferred tax as the consequence of the different accounting and tax approach. The last part presents this topic in practice using a model example.