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In this paper, we explore the normal form of fully inhomogeneous feed forward network dynamical systems, characterized by a nilpotent linear component. We introduce a new normal form method, termed the triangular $\mathfrak{sl}_2$-style, to categorize this normal form. We aim to establish a comprehensive normal form theory, extending to quadratic terms across all dimensions. To accomplish this, we leverage mathematical tools including Hermite reciprocity, transvectants, and insights derived from the well-known $3$-dimensional normal form related to Sylvester's work on generating functions for quadratic covariants. Furthermore, we formulate the orbital normal form in a general Lie algebraic context as the result of an outer transformation and expand it into block-triangular outer normal form. This extended framework is subsequently employed in both $2$D and $3$D scenarios, leading to noteworthy simplifications that prepare these systems for the study of bifurcations.

We give an account of the various changes in the stability character in the five types of Riemann ellipsoids by establishing the occurrence of different quasi-periodic Hamiltonian bifurcations. Suitable symplectic changes of coordinates, that is, linear and non-linear normal form transformations are performed, leading to the characterisation of the bifurcations responsible of the stability changes. Specifically we find three types of bifurcations, namely, Hamiltonian pitchfork, saddle-centre and Hamiltonian-Hopf in the four-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian system resulting after reducing out the symmetries of the problem. The approach is mainly analytical up to a point where non-degeneracy conditions have to be checked numerically. We also deal with the regimes in the parametric plane where Liapunov stability of the ellipsoids is accomplished. This strong stability behaviour occurs only in two of the five types of ellipsoids, at least deductible only from a linear analysis.

In the computation of the normal form of a colored network vector field, following the semigroup(oid) approach in [19], one would like to be able to say something about the structure of the Lie algebra of linear colored network vector fields. Unlike the purely abstract approach in [10], we describe here a concrete algorithm that gives us the Levi decomposition. If we apply this algorithm to a given subalgebra, it does put the elements in the subalgebra in the block form given by the Levi decomposition, but this need not be the Levi decomposition of the given subalgebra. We show that for $N$-dimensional vector fields with C colors (different functions describing different types of cells in the network) this Lie algebra $net_{C,N}$ is isomorphic to the semidirect sum of a semisimple part, consisting of two simple components $\mathfrak{sl}_C$ and $\mathfrak{sl}_B$, with $B=N-C$, which we write as a block-matrix and a solvable part, consisting of two elements representing the identity $C$ in $c\simeq glC$ and B in $b \simeq glB$, and an abelian algebra $a\simeq\mathfrak{Gr}(C,N)$, the Grassmannian, consisting of the $C$-dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{R}^N$. The methods in this paper can be immediately applied to study the linear maps of colored networks.

The normal form for an n-dimensional map with irreducible nilpotent linear part is determined using sl2-representation theory. We sketch by example how the reducible case can also be treated in an algorithmic manner. The construction (and proof) of the sl2-triple from the nilpotent linear part is more complicated than one would hope for, but once the abstract sl2 theory is in place, both the description of the normal form and the computational splitting to compute the generator of the coordinate transformation can be handled explicitly in terms of the nilpotent linear part without the explicit knowledge of the triple. If one wishes one can compute the normal form such that it is guaranteed to lie in the kernel of an operator and one can be sure that this is really a normal form with respect to the nilpotent linear part; one can state that the normal form is in sl2-style. Although at first sight the normal form theory for maps is more complicated than for vector fields in the nilpotent case, it turns out that the final result is much better. Where in the vector field case one runs into invariant theoretical problems when the dimension gets larger if one wants to describe the general form of the normal form, for maps we obtain results without any restrictions on the dimension. In the literature only the 2-dimensional nilpotent case has been described sofar, as far as we know.

To compute the unique formal normal form of families of vector fields with nilpotent linear part, we choose a basis of the Lie algebra consisting of orbits under the linear nilpotent. This creates a new problem: to find explicit formulas for the structure constants in this new basis. These are well known in the 2D case, and recently expressions were found for the 3D case by ad hoc methods. The goal of the present paper is to formulate a systematic approach to this calculation. We propose to do this using a rational method for the inversion of the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. We illustrate the method on a family of 3D vector fields and compute the unique formal normal form for the Euler family both in the 2D and 3D case.

In this paper, we deal with the solenoidal conservative Lie algebra associated to the classical normal form of Hopf-zero singular system. We concentrate on the study of some representations and $\mathbb{Z}_2$-equivariant normal form for such singular differential equations. First, we list some of the representations that this Lie algebra admits. The vector fields from this Lie algebra could be expressed by the set of ordinary differential equations where the first two of them are in the canonical form of a one-degree of freedom Hamiltonian system and the third one depends upon the first two variables. This representation is governed by the associated Poisson algebra to one sub-family of this Lie algebra. Euler's form, vector potential, and Clebsch representation are other representations of this Lie algebra that we list here. We also study the non-potential property of vector fields with Hopf-zero singularity from this Lie algebra. Finally, we examine the unique normal form with non-zero cubic terms of this family in the presence of the symmetry group $\mathbb{Z}_2$ . The theoretical results of normal form theory are illustrated with the modified Chua's oscillator.

The theory of versal normal form has been playing a role in normal form since the introduction of the concept by V.I. Arnol'd. But there has been no systematic use of it that is in line with the semidirect character of the group of formal transformations on formal vector fields, that is, the linear part should be done completely first, before one computes the nonlinear terms. In this paper we address this issue by giving a complete description of a first order calculation in the case of the two- and three-dimensional irreducible nilpotent cases, which is then followed up by an explicit almost symplectic calculation to find the transformation to versal normal form in a particular fluid dynamics problem and in the celestial mechanics \(L_4\) problem.

We introduce a sl_2-invariant family of nonlinear vector fields with a non-semisimple triple zero singularity. In this paper we are concerned with characterization and normal form classification of these vector fields. We show that the family constitutes a Lie algebra structure and each vector field from this family is solenoidal, completely integrable and rotational. All such vector fields share a common quadratic invariant. We provide a Poisson structure for the Lie algebra from which the second invariant for each vector field can be readily derived. We show that each vector field from this family can be uniquely characterized by two alternative representations, one uses a vector potential while the other uses two functionally independent Clebsch potentials. Our normal form results are designed to preserve these structures and representations. The results are implemented in Maple in order to compute vector potential and the Clebsch potential normal forms of a given vector field from this family. Some practical normal form coefficient formulas for degrees of up to four are presented.

A new set of mathematical identities is presented for axi-symmetric sessile drops on flat and curved substrates. The geometrical parameters, including the apex curvature and height, and the contact radius, are related by the identities. The validity of the identities are checked by various numerical solutions both for flat and curved substrates., Comment: 1+12 pages, 4 tables, 7 figs

The Lie algebra generated by Hopf-zero classical normal forms is decomposed into two versal Lie subalgebras. Some dynamical properties for each subalgebra are described; one is the set of all volume-preserving conservative systems while the other is the maximal Lie algebra of nonconservative systems. This introduces a unique conservative--nonconservative decomposition for the normal form systems. There exists a Lie--subalgebra that is Lie-isomorphic to a large family of vector fields with Bogdanov--Takens singularity. This gives rise to a conclusion that the local dynamics of formal Hopf-zero singularities is well-understood by the study of Bogdanov--Takens singularities. Despite this, the normal form computation of Bogdanov-Takens and Hopf-zero singularities are independent. Thus, by assuming a quadratic non-zero condition, complete results on the simplest Hopf-zero normal forms are obtained in terms of the conservative--nonconservative decomposition. Some practical formulas are derived and the results implemented using Maple. The method has been applied on the R\"ossler and Kuramoto--Sivashinsky equations to demonstrate the applicability of our results.

A practical method is described for computing the unique generator of the algebra of first integrals associated with a large class of Hopf-zero singularity. The set of all volume-preserving classical normal forms of this singularity is introduced via a Lie algebra description. This is a maximal vector space of classical normal forms with first integral; this is whence our approach works. Systems with a non-zero condition on their quadratic parts are considered. The algebra of all first integrals for any such system has a unique (modulo scalar multiplication) generator. The infinite level volume-preserving parametric normal forms of any non-degenerate perturbation within the Lie algebra of any such system is computed, where it can have rich dynamics. The associated unique generator of the algebra of first integrals are derived. The symmetry group of the infinite level normal forms are also discussed. Some necessary formulas are derived and applied to appropriately modified R\"{o}ssler and generalized Kuramoto--Sivashinsky equations to demonstrate the applicability of our theoretical results. An approach (introduced by Iooss and Lombardi) is applied to find an optimal truncation for the first level normal forms of these examples with exponentially small remainders. The numerically suggested radius of convergence (for the first integral) associated with a hypernormalization step is discussed for the truncated first level normal forms of the examples. This is achieved by an efficient implementation of the results using Maple.

In this paper we are concerned with the simplest normal form computation of a family of Hopf-zero vector fields without a first integral. This family of vector fields are the classical normal forms of a larger family of vector fields with Hopf-Zero singularity. Indeed, these are defined such that this family would be a Lie subalgebra for the space of all classical normal form vector fields with Hopf-Zero singularity. The simplest normal forms and simplest orbital normal forms of this family with non-zero quadratic part are computed. We also obtain the simplest parametric normal form of any non-degenerate perturbation of this family within the Lie subalgebra. The symmetry group of the simplest normal forms are also discussed. This is a part of our results in decomposing the normal forms of Hopf-Zero singular systems into systems with a first integral and nonconservative systems.