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This paper explores the crucial role of cryogenic mediums in driving breakthroughs within the biomedical sector. The objective was to investigate, critically discuss, and present the current knowledge and state-of-the-art practices, along with the challenges and perspectives of the most common applications. Through an extensive literature review, this work aims to supplement existing research, offering a comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of the subject. Biomedical research involving cryogenic mediums is advancing on multiple fronts, including the development of advanced medical technologies, clinical treatments for life-threatening conditions, high-quality biospecimen preservation, and antimicrobial interventions in industrial food processing. These advances open new horizons and present cutting-edge opportunities for research and the medical community. While the current body of evidence showcases the impressive impact of cryogenic mediums, such as nitrogen, helium, argon, and oxygen, on revolutionary developments, reaching definitive conclusions on their efficiency and safety remains challenging due to process complexity and research scarcity with a moderate certainty of evidence. Knowledge gaps further underline the need for additional studies to facilitate cryogenic research in developing innovative technological processes in biomedicine. These advancements have the potential to reshape the modern world and significantly enhance the quality of life for people worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Hair dye may contain mutagenic compounds which could be associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer in women who use it. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the personal use of hair dyes and the risk of breast cancer., Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature review of epidemiological studies reporting breast cancer-specific risks among hair dye users versus non-users. The data for the incidence of breast cancer following the 'ever' use of hair dye in studies which met the inclusion criteria was analysed using a meta-analysis. The relative risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined., Results: A total of eight case-control studies published between 1980 and 2017 met the selection criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to non-users, using a random effects model and the Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure to adjust for publication bias in the presence of between studies heterogeneity, the adjusted RR for women using hair dyes was 1.1885 (95% CI=1.03228-1.36835). This indicates an 18.8% increased risk of future development of breast cancer among hair dye users., Conclusion: Although further work is required to confirm our results and clarify potential mechanisms, our findings suggest that exposure to hair dyes may contribute to an increased breast cancer risk., (Copyright© 2018, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Gynecomastia is a common condition characterized by a benign proliferation of the glandular component of the male breast. It is thought to be due to an increase in the ratio of estrogen to androgen activity. The present article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical features, and contemporary treatment of gynecomastia.

Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with nipple areola complex (NAC) preservation appears to be oncologically safe, provided the tumor is not close to the nipple and a frozen section protocol for the retroareolar tissue is followed.