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Background and Aim: Diabetes is more prevalent in obese individuals compared to non-obese individuals. This study aimed to examine the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) combined with quercetin supplementation on the gene expression levels of peroxisome gamma coactivator alpha-1 (PGC1-α) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) in the heart tissue of obese male diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 35 male rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of five: Diabetic control, healthy control, quercetin control, HIIT, MICT, HIIT with quercetin, and MICT with quercetin. The training protocols were conducted daily for eight weeks. Additionally, intraperitoneal injections of quercetin (15 mg/kg) were administered for eight weeks (5 days in each week) in the supplement groups. The expression levels of PGC1-α and NRF-1 genes in rat heart tissue were assessed using the qRT-PCR method. Results: Following the 8-week intervention, a significant decrease in blood glucose levels was observed in the quercetin control group and the four other training groups (P

Background: The use of complementary medicine in healthcare is increasing rapidly. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training with quercetin supplementation on the gene expression of FOXO1 and ATG5 in the liver of diabetic obese rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats were considered research samples at eight weeks. Rats were induced with diabetes after eight weeks of a high-fat diet and familiarization with a laboratory environment and treadmill. Rats were divided into seven groups, and six rats were placed in each group (n=6): healthy control group, diabetes control group, diabetic quercetin group, high-intensity interval training with diabetes group, moderate-intensity continuous training with diabetes group, diabetic high-intensity interval training with quercetin group, and diabetic moderate-intensity continuous training with quercetin group. For one training group, eight weeks of high-intensity interval training, and for the other group, eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training on the treadmill were performed. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, liver tissues were isolated to check the gene expression of FOXO1 and ATG5. One-way analysis of variance test was used to check the difference between groups by SPSS version 26 software. Results: Findings showed that by inducing type 2 diabetes, gene expression of FOXO1 increased (3.14 unit) (P0/05). Conclusion: Both exercises with and without quercetin had a modulating effect on the gene expression of indicators related to the process of autophagy and blood glucose levels in the liver of diabetic obese rats.

Background: Histone Dacetylases-4 (HDAC4) is phosphorylated by calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMKII) that plays an important role in cardiac tissue hypertrophy. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of moderate intensity exercise on HDAC4 and CaMKII genes expression in myocardial Wistar male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 19 adult male rats with 10 weeks of age and weighing of (243±8.2 g) were divided into 2 groups (endurance training=9) and (control=10) based on weight matching. Training program consisted of 6 weeks of endurance training, 5 days per week and moderate intensity. 24 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue samples were extracted to measure the expression levels of HDAC4 and CaMKII by in vitro Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test was used. Results: The results showed that the expression of both HDAC4 and CaMKII genes in the exercise group was lower than the control group, significantly (P

Background & Objectives: Based on the probably positive role of exercise on total oxidative status (TOS) and total antioxidant system (TAS) and their effect on the process of angiogenesis, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of one course of moderate-intensity endurance training on the gene expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) and angiopoietin-1(ANGPT-1) and TAS and TOS status in cardiac tissue of male rats. Methods: In this study, 20 male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups as follows: 1-training group and 2- control group: no sports activities were performed on them. Rats in the training group performed moderate endurance training for 6 weeks and 5 sessions per week from the twelfth week of life. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, heart tissue samples were extracted to measure gene expression levels of VEGF-B and ANGPT-1 and the TAS and TOS status in heart tissues. T-test with the statistical level of (p˂0.05) was used for between groups comparison. Results:­ Findings showed that after six weeks of endurance training, the expression level of ANGPT-1 and VEGF-B and the amount of TAS in the exercise group significantly increased (p=0.001) and the amount of TOS significantly decreased compared to the control group (p=0.008). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that moderate-intensity endurance training can be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease by increasing factors involving in angiogenesis, improving TAS and reducing TOS in heart tissue of rats.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8-week aerobic training (AT) and saffron supplementation on inflammation and metabolism in middle-aged obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Thirty-two obese women with T2DM were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 in all groups): saffron + training (ST), placebo + training (PT), saffron supplementation (SS), and placebo (P). The ST and PT groups performed eight weeks of aerobic training (AT) (three sessions/week at 60–75% HRmax). A daily dose of 400 mg saffron powder was consumed by the ST and SS groups for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken after 12 h of fasting, 48 h before the first AT session, 48 h and two weeks after the last AT session. Results: AT, saffron supplementation, and their combination affected body mass index (BMI), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum levels of insulin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) (p < 0.05). However, body weight, body fat percentage, and serum levels of glucose, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), irisin, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed significant changes in the ST group only (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant difference was seen between all factors in post-training and follow-up in the ST group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Saffron supplementation at a dose of 400 mg/day, when combined with AT, could improve inflammation, metabolism, glycemic status, and lipid profile in T2DM patients, and these changes are sustainable at up to 2 weeks of detraining.

Background & objectives: Recently it has been shown that some adipose tissue-derived hormones, such as apelin and omentin, can be effective in regulating metabolic metabolism. So the aim of the current study was to examine the effect of 12-weeks Pilates’ body training on serum levels of apelin and omentin-1 in inactive and overweight women. Methods: This is a pre-test and post-test clinical trial study in which 28 volunteer overweight women with average BMI of 27.2±1.1 kg/m2 participated. They were randomly divided into training group (n=14) and control group (n=14). Pilates exercise training was performed 3 sessions per week, 60 min per session for 12 weeks. In order to measure the changes in serum levels of apelin and omentine-1, blood samples were taken after 12-14 hours at fasting status in two steps, 48 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session. The paired t-test and the ANCOVA test were used to examine intra-group and inter-group differences, respectively. Results: Based on the findings of this study, 12 weeks of Pilates training had a significant decrease in apelin serum levels in both intra-group and inter-group with significance level of (p=0.001) and (p=0.009) respectively. Serum levels of omentin-1 also changed significantly in both intra-group and inter-group. The serum levels of omentin-1 in the exercise group significantly increased after 12 weeks compared to pre-training with significance level of (p=0.002) and in comparison with the control group with significance level of (p=0.003). Conclusion: Regarding to the results of the current study and the positive effect of Pilates exercise on adipokines levels, it seems that Pilates exercise can be a functional factor for regulating adipose tissue hormones (adipokines) in obese or overweight women, and overweight people can do Pilates exercise based on their ability.

Background: Diabetes mellitus exacerbates oxidative stress and reduces the antioxidant defense system activity. As the brain has a high sensitivity to oxidative stress due to physiological and biochemical reasons and scientific evidence suggests the effect of regular exercise on reducing brain sensitivity to brain damage under pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the effect of moderate intensity exercise training on the activity of catalase enzyme and malondialdehyde in hippocampus area of diabetic male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male rats (245±9.4 g) aged 10 weeks were divided into four groups (diabetic training, diabetic control, healthy training and healthy control). The rats of the diabetic group were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The exercise program included 6 weeks of moderate intensity exercise. At the end of six weeks, the hippocampal tissue samples were extracted 24 hours after the last training session and the activity of catalase enzyme and malondialdehyde was evaluated. Results: After the endurance training, the catalase levels in both diabetic training group (161.24±7.74) compared to the diabetic control group (148.55±8.05) and healthy training group (408.85±2.3) compared to the healthy control group (283.44±9.33) were significantly increased (P

Introdution:Scientific evidence suggests the role of oxidative stress in diabetes and the development of its complications. Pre-preparation by aerobic exercise with increasing antioxidant power of neuronal cells can reduce oxidative stress and increase the resistance of the hippocampal region neurons.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6weeks of endurance training on the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes in the hippocampus of experimental diabetic male Wistar rats. Methods:In this experimental study, 24 male rats (245 ± 9.4 g) aged 10 weeks were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. The diabetic rats were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The exercise program included 6 weeks of moderate intensity endurance training. At the end of 6 weeks,the hippocampal tissue samples were extracted, 24 hours after the last training session. Descriptive one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used in different group. If analysis were significant, differences between groups were estimated using Scheffe post-hoc test. Significance was defined as P≤0.0.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version23. Results:After 6 weeks of endurance training, the level of superoxide dismutase in both groups, healthy training and diabetic training, was significantly increased, and in the diabetic control group, there was a significant decrease (P

Background:¬ Exercise trainings with blood-flow restriction have been effective in improving various physical factors and can be a unique and beneficial method in the field of medicine. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the effects of one session of resistance training with and without blood-flow restriction of arm on changes in serum levels of growth hormone and lactate in athlete females. Materials and Methods: To perform the current clinical trial, 30 basketball players aged 23-30 years were randomly divided into three groups: traditional resistance training (intensity of 80% 1RM), resistance training with blood-flow restriction (intensity of 30% 1RM) and control group. Training started with one set of 30 repetitions and ended with two sets up to fatigue with the rest time of 30 seconds. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after completing exercise training. Results: Post-test findings indicated a significant increase in the serum levels of growth hormone in two training groups compared to pre-test, but the amount of lactate ion in all three groups significantly reduced compared to the pre-test (P

Background and Objectives: Resistance training with vascular occlusion is a type of resistance training, which causes various changes through blood flow restriction in muscular function and hormonal responses. The purpose of the current study was to compare between the effects of low-intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion and high-intensity traditional resistance training on resting growth hormone (GH) levels in active females. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 34 female students (age range, 20.7±1.3 years; weight, 58.4±1.3kg; height, 164.1±0.9cm; and BMI, 23.1±0.5kg/m2), were randomly divided into three groups of traditional resistance training (IRM, 75%; n=12), resistance training with vascular occlusion (IRM, 30%; with wrapping a rubber tourniquet around the proximal arm; n=11), and control (n=11). Blood sampling was performed before the start of training and 48 hours after the last training session. Training included 3 sets of 10-front arm extension, 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using dependent t- and one-way ANOVA tests. Results: After 6 weeks of training, the resting GH levels had a significant increase in both experimental groups compared to the control group (p

Exercise can ameliorate cardiovascular dysfunctions in the diabetes condition, but its precise molecular mechanisms have not been entirely understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of endurance training on expression of angiogenesis-related genes in cardiac tissue of diabetic rats. Thirty adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (N = 10) including diabetic training (DT), sedentary diabetes (SD), and sedentary healthy (SH), in which diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Endurance training (ET) with moderate-intensity was performed on a motorized treadmill for six weeks. Training duration and treadmill speed were increased during five weeks, but they were kept constant at the final week, and slope was zero at all stages. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was used to measure the expression of myocyte enhancer factor-2C (MEF2C), histone deacetylase-4 (HDAC4) and Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in cardiac tissues of the rats. Our results demonstrated that six weeks of ET increased gene expression of MEF2C significantly (p < 0.05), and caused a significant reduction in HDAC4 and CaMKII gene expression in the DT rats compared to the SD rats (p < 0.05). We concluded that moderate-intensity ET could play a critical role in ameliorating cardiovascular dysfunction in a diabetes condition by regulating the expression of some angiogenesis-related genes in cardiac tissues.