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This paper provides experimental evidence on the economic determinants of inter- mediation networks by considering two pricing rules—respectively, criticality and betweenness—and three group sizes of subjects—10, 50, and 100 subjects. We find that when brokerage benefits accrue only to traders who lie on all paths of intermediation, stable networks involve interconnected cycles, and trading path lengths grow while linking and payoff inequality remain modest as the number of traders grows. By contrast, when brokerage benefits are equally distributed among traders on the shortest paths, stable networks contain a few hubs that provide the vast majority of links, and trading path lengths remain unchanged while linking and payoff inequality explode as the number of traders grows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Dès le lendemain de l'incendie survenu sur les sites des entreprises Lubrizol et NL Logistique à Rouen, Santé publique France (SpF) a réfléchi à un dispositif d'études visant à évaluer de manière globale l'impact sanitaire de l'incendie industriel, pour la population générale ou la population des travailleurs exposés. Ce dispositif a été déployé suite à une saisine du ministère de la Santé en date du 8 octobre 2019 et permet d'appréhender les impacts sanitaires de l'accident industriel pour la population riveraine et les travailleurs exposés, en prenant en compte l'ensemble des expositions des populations exposées, la santé mentale et la qualité de vie. Plus particulièrement, il comprend une enquête transversale sur la santé perçue réalisée sur un échantillon représentatif de la population exposée et un suivi épidémiologique longitudinal de l'état de santé de la population exposée. Le dispositif inclut également une réflexion relative à la meilleure stratégie de surveillance épidémiologique possible pour les professionnels exposés. Enfin, une réflexion sur la pertinence et la faisabilité de mener une enquête de biosurveillance afin d'identifier les éventuelles surexpositions humaines aux composés émis par l'incendie a été conduite. The French public health agency developed and implemented a project to assess the overall health impact of a major industrial fire at a chemical plant. The aim was to describe all of the fire's health impacts on the general population and exposed workers, including those affecting their mental health and quality of life. The project includes a cross-sectional survey on perceived health based on a representative sample of the exposed population and a longitudinal follow-up of the exposed population's health status. It also includes an epidemiological surveillance strategy for exposed workers and a study of the relevance and feasibility of conducting a biomonitoring survey to identify possible human overexposure to the compounds emitted during the factory fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The ability of nanoparticles to cross the lung-blood barrier suggests that they may translocate to blood and to targets distant from their portal of entry. Nevertheless, nanotoxicity in organs has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nanotoxicity in renal cells using in vitro models. Various carbon black (CB) (FW2–13 nm, Printex60-21 nm and LB101-95 nm) and titanium dioxide (TiO2-15 and TiO2-50 nm) nanoparticles were characterized on size by electron microscopy. We evaluated theirs effects on glomerular mesangial (IP15) and epithelial proximal tubular (LLC-PK1) renal cells, using light microscopy, WST-1 assay, immunofluorescence labeling and DCFH-DA for reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. Results Nanoparticles induced a variety of cell responses. On both IP15 and LLC-PK1 cells, the smallest FW2 NP was found to be the most cytotoxic with classic dose-behavior. For the other NPs tested, different cytotoxic profiles were found, with LLC-PK1 cells being more sensitive than IP15 cells. Exposure to FW2 NPs, evidenced in our experiments as the most cytotoxic particle type, significantly enhanced production of ROS in both IP15 and LLC-PK1 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy using latex beads indicated that depending on their size, the cells internalized particles, which accumulated in the cell cytoplasm. Additionally using transmission electronic microscope micrographs show nanoparticles inside the cells and trapped in vesicles. Conclusion The present data constitute the first step towards determining in vitro dose effect of manufactured CB and TiO2 NPs in renal cells. Cytotoxicological assays using epithelial tubular and glomerular mesangial cell lines rapidly provide information and demonstrated that NP materials exhibit varying degrees of cytotoxicity. It seems clear that in vitro cellular systems will need to be further developed, standardized and validated (relative to in vivo effects) in order to provide useful screening data about the relative toxicity of nanoparticles.

Objective: Previous studies, mostly from the United States, showed an increased risk of motor neuron disease (MND) in military personnel. We compared MND incidence rates in French military personnel to that in the general population. Methods: Among persons covered between 2010 and 2016 by the Caisse Nationale Militaire de Sécurité Sociale (CNMSS, military personnel) and the Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés (CNAMTS, general population) aged ≥50 years, we identified incident MND cases and estimated populations at risk using national health insurance databases. We estimated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) separately for men and women using age-adjusted Poisson regression. Analyses were also stratified by 10-year age groups. We used the E-value approach and probabilistic bias analysis to assess robustness of the results regarding unmeasured confounding by smoking. Results: On average, 25 cases/year were newly diagnosed with MND among military personnel aged ≥50 years. The incidence rate was higher for male military personnel compared to the general population (RR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.05–1.29) but was similar for women (RR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.79–1.31). Although there were no significant interactions with age and sex, the association was mainly explained by men aged 70–79 years. The prevalence of ever-smoking should be at least 1.1-fold higher in male CNMSS compared to male CNAMTS members to make the association in male military personnel not significant. Conclusion: MND incidence was 16% higher in French male military personnel, in agreement with studies from other countries. Smoking may contribute to this finding. Further studies are needed to identify exposures that drive this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]