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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of two recovery periods between consecutive and non-consecutive days in strength training sessions on hormonal, neuromuscular and morphological variables in recreationally trained men. Nineteen young men completed the study and were randomly divided into two groups: 24R, 24-hour recovery group (n = nine) and 72R, 72-hour recovery group (n = ten). The strength training program (RT) lasted six weeks with two serial routines, with a weekly frequency of four times. The saliva sample was collected once a week in the morning to determine salivary testosterone. The 1RM, jump against movement and body composition tests were performed in the pre- and post-training periods. As for salivary testosterone, there was no significant effect with respect to time and between groups. Both groups improved maximal strength in terms of intervention time in the barbell bench press and in the leg press 45º, not differing between groups and body composition showed significant interaction in time to body fat percentage ∆% = -14.6 ± 10.0 (24R) and -17.2 ± 10.9 (72R); p = 0.00, fat mass ∆% = -13, 7 ± 9.2 (24R) and -18.2 ± 13.0 (72R); p = 0.00 and fat-free mass ∆% = 3.5 ± 2.7 (24R) and 2.5 ± 2 .8 (72R), p = 0.00. The recovery periods 24 and 72 hours between sessions induced similar responses in the parameters investigated in recreationally strength-trained men. resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de dois períodos de recuperação entre dias consecutivos e não consecutivos em sessões de treinamento de força sobre variáveis hormonais, neuromusculares e morfológicas em homens treinados recreacionalmente. Dezenove homens jovens completaram o estudo e foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 24R, grupo de recuperação de 24 horas (n = nove) e 72R, grupo de recuperação de 72 horas (n = dez). O programa de treinamento de força (TF) durou seis semanas com duas rotinas seriadas, com frequência semanal de quatro vezes. A amostra de saliva foi coletada uma vez por semana no período da manhã para determinação da testosterona salivar. Os testes de 1RM, salto contra movimento e composição corporal foram realizados nos períodos pré e pós-treinamento. Quanto à testosterona salivar, não houve efeito significativo em relação ao tempo e entre os grupos. Ambos os grupos melhoraram a força máxima em termos de tempo de intervenção no supino reto com barra e no leg press 45º, não diferindo entre os grupos e composição corporal apresentaram interação significativa no tempo para percentual de gordura corporal ∆% = -14,6 ± 10,0 (24R) e -17,2 ± 10,9 (72R); p = 0,00, massa gorda ∆% = -13, 7 ± 9,2 (24R) e -18,2 ± 13,0 (72R); p = 0,00 e massa isenta de gordura ∆% = 3,5 ± 2,7 (24R) e 2,5 ± 2,8 (72R), p = 0,00. Os períodos de recuperação de 24 e 72 horas entre as sessões induziram respostas semelhantes nos parâmetros investigados em homens treinados de força recreacionalmente.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influencia do ciclo menstrual (CM) no monitoramento de aulas de Zumba®. Participaram 8 mulheres (idade = 33,1 ± 5,2 anos; estatura = 162 ± 9 cm; massa corporal = 68,1 ± 7,2 kg) entre 18 a 45 anos de uma academia de ginastica com experiencia de no minimo 3 meses na modalidade. As voluntarias realizaram 5 aulas de Zumba® (1 aula piloto e as 4 aulas experimentais). As mesmas foram alocadas de 10 em 10 dias de maneira a contemplar todas as fases do ciclo menstrual de 21 a 35 dias (fase folicular [FF], ovulatoria [FO] e lutea [FL]). Como instrumentos de monitoramento foram utilizadas a escala de percepcao do bem estar (PBE), variabilidade da frequencia cardiaca em repouso (VFC), percepcao subjetiva de esforco (PSE), escala de afetividade (EA) e impulso de treinamento (TRIMP) pela frequencia cardiaca. Os resultados demonstraram que a FL aumenta a PSE em relacao a FO e FL (p 0,05). Conclui-se que as fases do ciclo menstrual alteram a percepcao subjetiva de esforco e carga interna de treinamento em aulas de Zumba®.

de Camargo, JBB, Braz, TV, Batista, DR, Germano, MD, Brigatto, FA, and Lopes, CR. Dissociated time course of indirect markers of muscle damage recovery between single-joint and multi-joint exercises in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study compared the time course of indirect markers of muscle damage after multi-joint and single-joint exercises. Ten resistance-trained men (years: 26.9 ± 3.0; total body mass: 83.2 ± 13.8 kg; height: 176 ± 7.0 cm; resistance training [RT] experience: 5.5 ± 2.4 years; RT frequency: 5.3 ± 0.7 sessions; relative squat 1 repetition maximum: 1.4 ± 0.3) performed, in a random order, 5 sets of 8 repetition maximum of the back squat (BS) and knee extension (KE) exercises. Rectus femoris muscle thickness (MTRF), leg circumference (LC), and muscle soreness (MS) were recorded at baseline (pre), 0, 12, 24, and 36 hours after each exercise protocol. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in dependent variables at every time point after both the multi-joint and single-joint exercise sessions. However, MTRF and LC were greater at 0 and 36 hours, and MS was greater at 24 and 36 hours after BS when compared with KE (all p < 0.05). This study shows that resistance-trained individuals can experience significant higher levels of indirect markers of muscle damage when performing a multi-joint lower-limb exercise compared with a single one.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of training muscle groups, through a split-body routine on 2 versus 3 days per week, on neuromuscular performance and morphological adaptations in resistance-trained men with the number of sets per muscle group equated between conditions. Twenty healthy men (28.8 ± 6.1 years [range 19 to 37 years]; 172.8 ± 5.1 cm; total body mass = 70.2 ± 7.4 kg; RT experience = 3.5 ± 0.8 years [range 2 to 5 years]; RT frequency = 4.4 ± 0.5 session·wk-1) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned into 2 experimental groups: (1) 2 sessions·wk-1 per muscle (G2x, n = 10), in which every muscle was trained twice a week with 9 sets or (2) 3 sessions·wk-1 per muscle (G3x, n = 10), in which every muscle was trained thrice a week with 6 sets. All other variables were held constant over the 8-week study period. No significant difference between conditions for maximal strength in the back squat and bench press, muscle thickness of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, vastus lateralis and anterior quadriceps (rectus femoris and vastus intermedius) was detected. In conclusion, both G2x and G3x significantly enhance muscular adaptations, with a similar improvement noted between experimental conditions.

Germano, MD, Sindorf, MAG, Crisp, AH, Braz, TV, Brigatto, FA, Nunes, AG, Verlengia, R, Moreno, MA, Aoki, MS, and Lopes, CR. Effect of different recoveries during HIIT sessions on metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses and sprint performance in healthy men. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 121-129, 2022-The purpose of this study was to investigate how the type (passive and active) and duration (short and long) recovery between maximum sprints affect blood lactate concentration, O2 consumed, the time spent at high percentages of V̇o2max, and performance. Subjects were randomly assigned to 4 experimental sessions of high-intensity interval training exercise. Each session was performed with a type and duration of the recovery (short passive recovery-2 minutes, long passive recovery [LPR-8 minutes], short active recovery-2 minutes, and long active recovery [LAR-8 minutes]). There were no significant differences in blood lactate concentration between any of the recoveries during the exercise period (p0.05). The LAR presented a significantly lower blood lactate value during the postexercise period compared with LPR (p0.01). The LPR showed a higher O2 volume consumed in detriment to the active protocols (p0.001). There were no significant differences in time spent at all percentages of V̇o2max between any of the recovery protocols (p0.05). The passive recoveries showed a significantly higher effort time compared with the active recoveries (p0.001). Different recovery does not affect blood lactate concentration during exercise. All the recoveries permitted reaching and time spent at high percentages of V̇o2max. Therefore, all the recoveries may be efficient to generate disturbances in the cardiorespiratory system.

The aim of the present study was to assess the short-term effects of four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (BA) (6.4 g/day) on the total volume performed and perceived effort of resistance-trained individuals. Sixteen trained men (age: 27.3 ± 5.0 years, height: 1.78 ± 0.1 cm, total body mass: 84.3 ± 8.4 kg, RT experience: 5.9 ± 3.3 years) were allocated in one of the following groups: BA or Placebo (PLA). In addition, during the same period, participants were submitted to a resistance training program. Volume index (VI) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during the experimental period for both groups. Significant increases from the first to the last intervention week in VI were observed only for BA (+6.5%, d = 0.61, p = 0.04). In addition, supplementation induced a lower mean RPE (BA: 8.8 ± 0.5 AU vs. PLA: 9.4 ± 0.3 AU, p = 0.02). In conclusion, four weeks of BA supplementation were able to increase resistance-training volume without affecting the perceived effort of trained men.

Brigatto, FA, Braz, TV, Zanini, TCdC, Germano, MD, Aoki, MS, Schoenfeld, BJ, Marchetti, PH, and Lopes, CR. Effect of resistance training frequency on neuromuscular performance and muscle morphology after 8 weeks in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2104-2116, 2019-The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of training muscle groups 1 day per week vs. 2 days per week on neuromuscular performance and morphological adaptations in trained men with the number of sets per muscle group equated between conditions. Participants were randomly assigned in 2 experimental groups: 1 session·wk per muscle group (G1, n = 10), where every muscle group was trained once a week with 16 sets or 2 sessions·wk per muscle group (G2, n = 10), where every muscle group was trained twice a week with 8 sets per session. All other variables were held constant over the 8-week study period. No significant difference between conditions for maximal strength in the back squat or bench press, muscle thickness in the elbow extensors, elbow flexors, or quadriceps femoris, and muscle endurance in the back squat and bench press performed at 60% 1 repetition maximum was detected. Effect size favored G2 for some outcome measurements, suggesting the potential of a slight benefit to the higher training frequency. In conclusion, both G1 and G2 significantly enhance neuromuscular adaptations, with a similar change noted between experimental conditions.

Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in function and morphological aspects of biological tissues, with especial regards to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. In this sense, exercise has been shown to strongly counteract these aging-induced detrimental effects. Endurance exercise (EE) has been shown to reduce the rate of decline of factors related to cardiorespiratory fitness. In addition, the adoption of resistance training (RT) may also induce relevant adaptations, especially related to increased muscle strength and power levels, that have shown to positively influence functional aspects as improved balance and reduced risk of falls in the elderly population. Then, the aim of the present study is to briefly review the exercise literature regarding its mechanisms that could potentially present “antiaging” effects.

The purpose was to investigate the relationship between internal training load (ITL), external training load (ETL) and heart rate variability (HRV) in women. 16 women (48.2 ± 6.4 yrs) performed HRV recordings (i.e. lnRMSSD - cardiovagal modulation) and Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) before and after 12 aerobic training sessions. HRV threshold (HRVT) were used to prescribe aerobic ETL. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) was analyzed and served as the measure of ITL. The score found for ITL in the 12 sessions was 2878 ± 380 arbitrary units and ETL were 36822 ± 5852 m. A significant difference was observed in the lnRMSSD (3.14 ± 0.30 vs. 3.43 ± 0.38 ms−1; P = 0.001). There were observed large correlation between lnRMSSD at baseline vs ISWT (r = 0.73, P = 0.001), HRVT (r = 0.67, P = 0.004) and ITL (r = 0.62, P = 0.011). Very large correlation between individual smallest worthwhile change lnRMSSD after training and ITL (r = 0.81, P = 0.0001) was observed. There is a strong association between the HRV and aerobic performance (HRVT and ISWTdistance) and strong relationship between HRV and the potential to accumulate ITL, but not aerobic ETL in women. RESUMO O objetivo foi investigar a relação da carga interna de treinamento (CIT), carga externa de treinamento (CET) e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em mulheres. 16 mulheres (48,2 ± 6,4 anos) realizaram medidas de VFC em repouso (variável lnRMSSD - modulação cardiovagal) e o teste incremental de caminhada (TIC) antes e depois de 12 semanas de treinamento aeróbio. O limiar da VFC (LVFC) foi utilizado para prescrição da CET. A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) foi utilizada para cálculo da CIT. O valor de CIT encontrado nas 12 sessões foi de 2878 ± 380 unidades arbitrárias e para CET de 36822 ± 5852 m. Foi observada diferença significativa para lnRMSSD (3,14 ± 0,30 vs. 3,43 ± 0,38 ms−1; P = 0.001). Verificou-se uma correlação grande entre lnRMSSD basal e TIC (r = 0.73, P = 0.001), LVFC (r = 0.67, P = 0.004) e CIT (r = 0.62, P = 0.011). Foi encontrada uma correlação muito grande entre a mínima diferença detectável individual do lnRMSSD após treinamento e CIT. Conclui-se que há uma forte relação entre VFC e performance aeróbia (LVFC e TICdistância), VFC e acúmulo de CIT, porém, sem relação com a CET acumulada nas 12 semanas nas mulheres estudadas.

Brigatto, FA, Lima, LEdM, Germano, MD, Aoki, MS, Braz, TV, and Lopes, CR. High resistance-training volume enhances muscle thickness in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-This study investigated the effects of different volumes of resistance training (RT) (8 weeks of 16, 24, and 32 weekly sets per muscle group) on muscular strength and hypertrophy. Subjects were pair-matched according to baseline strength and then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental groups: 16 weekly sets per muscle group (G16, n = 9), 24 weekly sets per muscle group (G24, n = 9), or 32 weekly sets per muscle group (G32, n = 9). All other RT variables (e.g., exercise performed, exercise order, weekly frequency, range of repetitions, rest interval between sets and exercises, etc.) were maintained constant. The total load lifted was calculated for every RT session to compare the accumulated external training load among experimental groups across the intervention period. Testing was conducted before intervention (pre) and after 8-week (post-8) periods for maximal voluntary muscle strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM] test for bench press and parallel back squat exercises) and muscle thickness (MT) of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and vastus lateralis. The major findings were as follows: (a) all RT volumes increased bench press and parallel back squat 1RM and (b) all RT volumes increased the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and vastus lateralis MT. The magnitude of increase in 1RM and MT of the lower body when training with 32 weekly sets per muscle group was higher than for 16 weekly sets per muscle group. The magnitude of the increase in MTTB was higher when training with 32 weekly sets than for 16 weekly sets.

A preparacao fisica durante a pre-temporada e extremamente importante para incremento e manutencao da performance. No entanto, o tempo de preparacao de jogadores profissionais de futebol tem sido cada vez menor em funcao de um extenso calendario de jogos. Verificar o efeito em curto prazo (duas semanas) de um programa de treinamento fisico em conjunto com o treinamento tecnico/tatico no desenvolvimento da forca maxima absoluta e relativa, e na velocidade de jogadores profissionais de futebol. 15 atletas profissionais (26 ± 2,6 anos; 79,7 ± 9,3 kg; 183,8 ± 5,7 cm; 12,4 ± 2,5 %G) que disputavam a serie A1 do campeonato paulista participaram do presente estudo. Foram realizadas duas semanas de treinamento durante a pre-temporada. A organizacao das sessoes envolveu treinamentos de forca maxima, potencia, resistencia de forca e resistencia anaerobia. Foram mensuradas a performance de sprint 15m, a forca maxima absoluta e relativa (agachamento) pre e pos-programa de treinamento fisico. Foi observado melhora significante na velocidade de sprint 15m (Pre 2,48 ± 0,10 s x Pos 2,40 ± 0,08 s; P

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different rest interval durations between sets during full-body resistance exercise sessions on total load lifted and blood lactate concentrations in resistance-trained individuals. Methods: Ten healthy young men (age: 23 ± 6.5 years; total body mass: 82.8 ± 10.6 kg, height: 177.3 ± 0.1 cm) randomly performed 3 resistance exercise sessions with different rest intervals between sets (30 seconds, 60 seconds and 120 seconds). The resistance exercise sessions consisted of 6 full-body exercises (bench press; seated low row; shoulder press; back squat; leg press 45° and seated calf raise) performed with 4 sets of 10 repetitions maximum (RM). Total load lifted (sets × repetitions × load (Kgf)) and lactate blood concentration were determined for each exercise session. One way, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test were used for multiple comparisons. Results: The total load lifted was significantly (P < 0.001) lower for 30 seconds (26382.0 ± 4100.3 kg) rest interval compared with 60 seconds (28864.5 ± 4139.7 kg) and 120 seconds (30064.4 ± 3966.4 kg). The blood lactate response was not different among the 3 rest interval conditions investigated, with mean peak values of 7.05 ± 1.69, 7.26 ± 2.77 and 6.90 ± 3.79 mM for 30 seconds, 60 seconds and 120 seconds, respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, rest interval durations of 60 seconds and 120 seconds between sets favored a higher total load lifted in the exercise session when compared to the 30 seconds rest interval. The rest protocols implemented in the present study promoted a similar metabolic response (e.g. blood lactate concentration) to a full-body resistance exercise session in trained subjects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily undulating training periodization designed for maximal lower limb muscle strength and sprint performance in under - 20 soccer players. Twenty - four male athletes (age = 19.1 ± 1.2 yr; mass = 71.1 ± 6. 8 kg; height = 178.0 ± 0.1 cm) participated in four weeks of a daily undulating periodized (DUP) training soccer program. During the pre - and post - training periods the subjects performed a one repetition maximum (1 RM) half back squat test and a 15 - meter s print. Significant training - induced changes were observed in sprint times (pre = 2.38 ± 0.01 s; post = 2.31 ± 0.02 s) and 1 RM tests (pre = 107.0 ± 2.0 kg; post = 128.0 ± 2.2 kg). These results indicate that a DUP program is efficient in promoting positive neuromuscular adaptations in soccer players, even with a short - term preseason training period.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T18:24:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-11-04T10:13:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1517-86922014000500402.pdf: 410214 bytes, checksum: 77383384ed1c3ca0442bfd162a843231 (MD5) Introdução: O intervalo de recuperação entre sessões é uma variável do treinamento de força fundamental para garantir a recuperação da capacidade neuromuscular. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito do tempo de recuperação entre sessões consecutivas de exercício de força sobre o desempenho neuromuscular de homens treinados. Métodos: Oito homens treinados em força (21,6 ± 3,3 anos; 75,1 ± 11,3 kg; 178,2 ± 6,8 cm) realizaram duas sessões de exercício de força randomizadas e cruzadas, repetidas com intervalo de recuperação de 24h ou 48h. As sessões consistiram dos exercícios supinos reto, inclinado e declinado executadas em cinco séries de 10 repetições com intensidade de 70% de uma repetição máxima (1RM) para cada exercício. O desempenho neuromuscular pós-sessão de exercício (força, potência e velocidade), foi avaliado por meio de acelerômetro (Myotest(r)), com carga de 50% de 1RM, no exercício supino reto. Resultados: Ambas as sessões (24 e 48h) apresentaram redução significante (P0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que o intervalo de recuperação de 24h é suficiente para a recuperação do desempenho neuromuscular de membros superiores em homens treinados. Introduction: The rest interval between bouts is a crucial variable of resistance training to ensure recovery of neuromuscular capacity. Objective: To compare the effect of rest interval between repeated bouts of resistance training on neuromuscular capacity of trained men. Methods: Eight resistance-trained men (21.6 +/- 3.3 years, 75.1 +/- 11.3 kg, 178.2 +/- 6.8 cm) performed two randomized and crossover resistance exercise bouts, repeated with rest interval of 24h or 48h. The bouts consisted of horizontal, inclined and declined bench press performed with five sets of 10 repetitions with an intensity of 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for each exercise. Neuromuscular performance post-exercise bout (strength, power and speed), was assessed with an accelerometer (Myotest (R)), with a load of 50% 1RM, in the bench press exercise. Results: Both sessions (24 and 48h) showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the neuromuscular capacity (strength, power and speed) post-exercise bout, returning to baseline values within 24h (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rest interval of 24h is sufficient for recovery of neuromuscular performance in upper limbs of resistance-trained men. Introducción: El intervalo de recuperación entre sesiones es una variable del entrenamiento de fuerza fundamental para garantizar la recuperación de la capacidad neuromuscular. Objetivo: Comparar el efecto del tiempo de recuperación entre sesiones consecutivas de entrenamiento de la fuerza en el rendimiento neuromuscular de hombres entrenados. Métodos: Ocho hombres entrenados en fuerza (21,6 ± 3,3 años y 75,1 ± 11,3 kg, 178,2 ± 6,8 cm) realizaron dos sesiones de ejercicios aleatorios y cruzados, repetidas a intervalos de fuerza 24h o 48h de recuperación. Las sesiones consistieron en ejercicios supinos recto, inclinado y declinado siendo ejecutadas cinco series de 10 repeticiones con una intensidad de 70% de una repetición máxima (1RM) para cada ejercicio. El rendimiento neuromuscular después de la sesión de ejercicio (fuerza, potencia y velocidad), fue evaluado por medio de acelerómetro (Myotest(r)), con carga de 50% de 1RM en el ejercicio supino recto. Resultados: Ambas sesiones (24 y 48 h) mostraron una reducción significativa (P0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que el intervalo de recuperación de 24 h es suficiente para la recuperación del desempeño neuromuscular de miembros superiores en hombres entrenados. Univ Metodista Piracicaba UNIMEP, Grp Pesquisa Ciencias Performance Humana, BR-13400911 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Hortolandia UNASP, Fac Adventista Hortolandia, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Artes Ciencias &Humanidades, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily undulating training periodization designed for maximal lower limb muscle strength and sprint performance in under-20 soccer players. Twenty-four male athletes (age = 19.1 ± 1.2 yr; mass = 71.1 ± 6.8 kg; height = 178.0 ± 0.1 cm) participated in four weeks of a daily undulating periodized (DUP) training soccer program. During the pre- and post-training periods the subjects performed a one repetition maximum (1 RM) half back squat test and a 15-meter sprint. Significant training-induced changes were observed in sprint times (pre = 2.38 ± 0.01 s; post = 2.31 ± 0.02 s) and 1 RM tests (pre = 107.0 ± 2.0 kg; post = 128.0 ± 2.2 kg). These results indicate that a DUP program is efficient in promoting positive neuromuscular adaptations in soccer players, even with a short-term preseason training period.