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Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is accountable for a large number of female-related malignancies that lead to lethality worldwide. Various factors are considered in the occurrence of BC, including the deregulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Genetic factors such as microRNAs (miRs) are crucially responsible for BC progression and aggressiveness. Hence, the association of miRs and EMT regulators (e.g., Wnt signaling pathway) is of importance. In the present review, we accurately discussed this interplay (interaction between Wnt and miRs) concerning cell - invasion, -migration, -differentiation, -chemoresistance, survival, and-proliferation, and BC prognosis. The putative therapeutic agents, multidrug resistance (MDR) evade, and possible molecular targets are described as well.

We measure superfluid transport of strongly interacting fermionic lithium atoms through a quantum point contact with local, spin-dependent particle loss. We observe that the characteristic non-Ohmic superfluid transport enabled by high-order multiple Andreev reflections transitions into an excess Ohmic current as the dissipation strength exceeds the superfluid gap. We develop a model with mean-field reservoirs connected via tunneling to a dissipative site. Our calculations in the Keldysh formalism reproduce the observed nonequilibrium particle current, yet do not fully explain the observed loss rate or spin current., Physical Review Letters, 130 (20), ISSN:0031-9007, ISSN:1079-7114

Neurodegenerative diseases are incongruous, commonly age-related disorders characterized by progressive neuronal loss, comprising the most prevalent being Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Perilous health states are anticipated following the neurodegeneration. Their etiology remains largely ambiguous, while various mechanisms are ascribed to their pathogenesis. A recommended conception is regarding the role of p53, as a transcription factor regulating numerous cellular pathways comprising apoptosis. Neuronal fates are a feasible occurrence that contributes to all neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we review the research investigated the potential role of p53 in the pathogenesis of these diseases. We put special emphasis on intricate We not only describe aberrant changes in p53 level/activity observed in CNS regions affected by particular diseases but, most importantly, put special attention to the complicated reciprocal tuning connections prevailing between p53 and molecules considered in pathological hallmarks of these disorders. Natural and synthetic medications regulating p53 expression are regarded as well.

Thymoquinone is a monoterpenoid compound, which is derived from volatile and fixed oil of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae). This phytochemical compound has several biological effects, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antineoplastic, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, anti-nociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Thymoquinone shows pharmacological activities, including anti-hepatocellular carcinoma, nephroprotection, neuroprotection, retina protection, gastroprotection, cardioprotection, anti-allergy, reproductive system protection, bladder protection, and respiratory protection. It was found that these beneficial effects are mostly related to modulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway by blockage of Keap1, stimulating the expression of the Nrf2 gene, and inducing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In the present review, the therapeutic effects of thymoquinone are overviewed through the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Homoserine lactones (HSLs) are signaling molecules synthesized by Gram-negative bacteria in order to communicate in a process termed "quorum sensing." Until recently, only the L-stereoisomers of HSLs were thought to be produced and able to incite quorum sensing. However, recent studies have shown that select Gram-negative bacteria additionally produce non-trivial amounts of D-HSLs which may also play a role in quorum sensing. Current methods for the separation of HSL enantiomers cannot effectively separate all classes of HSLs and its enantiomers. More robust methods of separation and detection of D-HSLs are necessary. We have developed rapid and selective methods using liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) which can simultaneously enantiomerically separate all classes of HSLs. The advantages of these methods are in the MS compatibility as well as the ability to enantiomerically separate all classes of HSLs in a single run. The first enantiomeric separations of oxo- and hydroxy-HSLs by GC-MS, through the use of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide-derivatizing reagents are discussed. Graphical Abstract.

Supercritical and near supercritical fluids are considered green solvents of the future because they decrease the need for toxic organic solvents and are easily recyclable. Consequently, supercritical fluid chromatography, SFC, has emerged as an environment-friendly technique especially for analytical and preparative scale enantiomeric separations. In order to separate a wide range of analytes with differing polarities, most SFC systems employ super- or subcritical carbon dioxide mixed with 5–40% organic solvents. More than 40 chlorinated or non-chlorinated co-solvents have been employed in SFC so far. However, methanol is far and away the dominant SFC mobile phase component as it outperforms most of the other solvents. Given the relatively high cost, non-renewable source of manufacture, and toxicity of methanol in humans, we propose elimination of methanol as a component of the SFC mobile phase by replacing with a biomass derived solvent, i.e., minimum boiling azeotropic ethanol. Azeotropic ethanol contains ∼4.6% water (aka ‘190 proof’). It is less expensive and easy to recycle as it distills off at constant composition. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that one can obtain better chiral SFC separations by using ‘190 proof’ ethanol instead of methanol. This solvent choice is shown to be favorable and compatible with a wide range of macrocyclic and chiral polysaccharide column chemistries. In chiral analyses, we show efficiency enhancement up to an order of magnitude and reduced retention by using azeotropic ethanol. In general, SFC separations with azeotropic ethanol can provide enhanced separation performance in a more economical and environmentally friendly format and hopefully change the status quo of current analytical and preparative SFC.

Abstract: Obesity and dyslipidemia are common disorders universally. According to the acquired outcomes of recent studies, dietary supplementations which have great content of phenolic compounds exert protective effects against obesity and dyslipidemia. Grape [Vitis vinifera] seeds are considered attractive sources of phenolic compounds with anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. There are also various experimental studies describing hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-aging, cardioprotective, and anti-carcinogenic effects of polyphenols isolated from grape seed, highlighting the therapeutic and biological aspects of proanthocyanidins. The present review article first discusses pharmacological, botanical, toxicological, and phytochemical characteristics of Vitis vinifera seeds and afterward designates the protective properties which are attributed to the intake of grape seeds in obesity and hyperlipidemia. Overall valuable and updated findings of this study display that polyphenol of grape seeds has meaningful impacts on the regulation of lipid profile levels and management of obesity.

Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcriptional signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in numerous clinical complications. Pivotal roles of Nrf2 have been proved in cancer, autoimmune diseases, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, renal injuries, respiratory conditions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and general disorders related to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, gelatinolysis, autophagy, and fibrogenesis processes. Green tea catechins as a rich source of phenolic compounds can deal with various clinical problems and manifestations. In this review, we attempted to focus on intervention between green tea catechins and Nrf2. Green tea catechins especially epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) elucidated the protective role of Nrf2 and its downstream molecules in various disorders through Keap-1, HO-1, NQO-1, GPx, GCLc, GCLm, NF-kB cross-link, kinases, and apoptotic proteins. Subsequently, we compiled an updated expansions of the Nrf2 role as a gate to manage and protect different disorders and feasible indications of green tea catechins through this signaling pathway. The present review highlighted recent evidence-based data in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies on an outline for future clinical trials.

© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease accompanying memory deficits. The available pharmaceutical care has some limitations mostly entailing side effects, shelf-life, and patient’s compliance. The momentous implications of nutraceuticals in AD have attracted scientists. Several preclinical studies for the investigation of nutraceuticals have been conducted. Areas covered: This review focuses on the potential use of a nutraceuticals-based therapeutic approach to treat and prevent AD. Increasing knowledge of AD pathogenesis has led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets including pathophysiological mechanisms and various cascades. Hence, the present contribution will attend to the most popular and effective nutraceuticals with proposed brief mechanisms entailing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, autophagy regulation, mitochondrial homeostasis, and more. Therefore, even though the effectiveness of nutraceuticals cannot be dismissed, it is essential to do further high-quality randomized clinical trials. Expert opinion: According to the potential of nutraceuticals to combat AD as multi-target directed drugs, there is critical importance to assess them as feasible lead compounds for drug discovery and development. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, modification of blood–brain barrier permeability, bioavailability, and features of randomized clinical trials should be considered in prospective studies.

Dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) are more and more accepted as a new class of high temperature and polar stationary phases for gas chromatography (GC). This study deals with the effect of seven different fluorosulfonyl derivatized anions associated with two dications: 1,3-di(3-methylimidazolium)-2-methylpropane [2mC3(mim)2], and 1,3-di(3-methylimidazolium)-isobutene [i-eneC4(mim)2]. Thermophysical properties of the 14 synthesized DILs were evaluated in terms of melting point, viscosity, and thermal stability. The optimal physicochemical properties of 13 DILs allowed preparing 13 GC capillary columns. Accordingly, the polarity and selectivity of the DILs were evaluated by determining the Rohrschneider-McReynolds constants and the equivalent chain lengths of C18 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The symmetrical fluoroalkylsulfonyl and the trifluorosulfonate anions seem to produce the most polar DILs. Compared to classical polyethyleneglycol phases, the DILs showed substantially decreased retention of apolar compounds and a much stronger retention of the polar ones. Unique selectivities were observed with unsaturated FAMEs, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and bacterial specific FAMEs. The two applications presented included a biodiesel and bacterial FAME analyses.

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) have caused a great burden in terms of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vicious cycle of CMD consists of type II diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and atherosclerosis. They have interlinked pathways, interacting and interconnecting with each other. The natural flavonoid chrysin has been shown to possess a broad spectrum of therapeutic activities for human health. Herein, we did an in-depth investigation of the novel mechanisms of chrysin’s cardioprotection against cardiometabolic disorders. Studies have shown that chrysin protects the cardiovascular system by enhancing the intrinsic antioxidative defense system. This antioxidant property enhanced by chrysin protects against several risk factors of cardiometabolic disorders, including atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation and dysfunction, platelet aggregation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiotoxicity, myocardial infarction, injury, and remodeling, diabetes-induced injuries, and obesity. Chrysin also exhibited anti-inflammatory mechanisms through inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3k/Akt. Furthermore, chrysin modulated NO, RAS, AGE/RAGE, and PPARs pathways which contributed to the risk factors of cardiometabolic disorders. Taken together, the mechanisms in which chrysin protects against cardiometabolic disorder are more than merely antioxidation and anti-inflammation in the cardiovascular system.

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain-linked pathophysiological condition with neuronal degeneration and cognition dysfunctions and other debilitations. Due to the growing prevalence of AD, there is a highly commended trend to accelerate and develop analytical technologies for easy, costeffective, and sensitive detection of AD biomarkers. Biosensors are commanding analytical devices that can conduct biological responses on transducers into measurable signals. This review focuses on up-todate developmets, contests, and tendencies regarding AD biosensing principally, with the emphasis on the exclusive possessions of nanomaterials. In the last decade, remarkable advancements have been achieved to the progression of biosensors, predominantly optical and electrochemical, for the detection of AD biomarkers. These analytical devices can assist the case finding and management of AD.

Ionic liquids satisfy the requirements of a gas chromatography stationary phase, among which characteristics include high viscosity, tunable selectivity through structural modifications, good wettability with respect to fused silica capillaries, and high thermal stability. When incorporated in either the first or second dimension of multidimensional gas chromatography, they offer unique selectivity compared to conventional gas chromatography stationary phases. The utilization of commercial ionic liquid columns for analysis of various analytes (i.e., fatty acids, flavors and fragrances, organic pollutants, and petrochemical samples) in complex matrices is described in this chapter. Thanks to their dual-nature behavior, IL-based stationary phases provide unique separation for both polar and nonpolar molecules in complex samples, such as essential oils. Moderately polar phosphonium-based ionic liquid columns (i.e., SLB-IL59, SLB-IL60, and SLB-IL61) with high operating temperature are suitable for analysis of complex petrochemical and environmental samples. The high polarity of ionic liquid columns allows analysis of positional isomers including those of unsaturated fatty acids. The other exceptional feature of ionic liquid columns is their stability in the presence of water and oxygen at high temperatures. Water-compatible ionic liquid-based gas chromatography capillary columns facilitate the direct injection of aqueous samples without the requirement of time-consuming sample pretreatment techniques.

Dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) typically have higher viscosities and thermal stabilities than most conventional monocationic ionic liquids. However, due to their coulombic interactions, they often demonstrate higher melting points than conventional ILs which limit their use in many applications. Utilizing branched alkyl spacer chains between two cationic terminal groups resulted in dicationic ILs with lower melting points and therefore extended liquid ranges. A systematic investigation was conducted to determine how the position and type of substituent groups may affect the physicochemical properties of branched DILs. When compared to their linear counterparts, an increase in the kinematic viscosities and lower densities were observed for branched DILs. Thermal stability was found to be highly dependent on the position of the alkyl substituent group along with the length of the spacer chain. While the substitution on the α‑carbon of a spacer chain resulted in a significant decline in the thermal stability of DILs, the effect of mid-chain substitution on their stability was negligible. The performance testing of branched DILs as gas chromatography (GC) stationary phase displayed excellent separation of geometrical isomers in BTEX mixture.

Background Septicemia is a serious condition in pediatric population which highly depends on immediate diagnosis and treatment in terms of mortality and morbidity rate. Developing adjunctive laboratory tests to help clinicians make appropriate decision is of great priority. In this study we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of each biomarker to find the most valuable one based of which a reasonable empiric therapy would be initiated prior to definite diagnosis by blood culture. Materials and Methods Hospital records of Patients who referred to the Hazrat-Masumeh hospital of Qom province were reviewed between March 2013 and March 2017. Diagnostic tests including blood culture and hematologic indices (WBC, ANC, ABC and Platelets) as well as inflammatory biomarkers (ESR, CRP) were measured for all participants. Patients over 6 year-old and those received antibiotic within a week prior to admission were excluded from the study. Results Total number of 378 patients was enrolled in this retrospective study, of which 200 (52.91%) were boys. Positive blood culture was achieved in 171 (45.23%) patients. Significant increase observed in ANC, ABC, Platelets, ESR and CRP levels among patients with positive blood culture compared with negative blood culture (P-value of 0.0012

Neurological diseases are responsible for a large number of morbidities and mortalities in the world. Flavonoids are phytochemicals that possess various health-promoting impacts. Chrysin, a natural flavonoid isolated from diverse fruits, vegetables, and even mushrooms, has several pharmacological activities comprising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The current study was designed to review the relationship between chrysin administration and neurological complications by discussing the feasible mechanism and signaling pathways. Herein, we mentioned the sources, pharmacological properties, chemistry, and drug delivery systems associated with chrysin pharmacotherapy. The role of chrysin was discussed in depression, anxiety, neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, epilepsy, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injury, neuropathy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. The findings indicate that chrysin has protective effects against neurological conditions by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in animal models. However, more studies should be done to clear the neuroprotective effects of chrysin.

Highlight • The emergence of CAR-T cell therapy with its exciting results attained in patients with relapsed and refractory hematological malignancies is considered as the biggest advance in cellular cancer immunotherapy. However, severe side effects and toxicity stir concerns regarding the safety of CAR-T cell treatments.Most of CAR-T cell therapies are currently autologous small-scale treatments for patients suffering from B cell malignancies due to the safety concerns about the potential development of a GVHD in allogeneic therapies. So, allogeneic therapies have been less effective than autologous ones. High cost and highly variable manufacturing processes are other limitations on the way of CAR-T cell therapy. In contrast to the unprecedented responses achieved through using CD19-CAR-T cells in the treatment of ALL, this type of treatment has not shown the same results in the battle against solid tumors that is partly related to different characteristics and microenvironment of solid tumors that limit the success of CAR-T cell therapies in patients with solid tumors. Immune checkpoint therapies with previously reported reproducible beneficial effects in 20–30% of patients with different incurable cancers have serious side effects and considerable cost of repeated administration. Also, recently most patients have not responded effectively to these therapies. In contrast, CAR-T cell therapy has two characteristics that may compensate for the limitations of immune checkpoint therapies. Firstly, only one administration of the engineered T cells is needed for long lasting effectiveness of the therapy. Secondly, more than 90% of patients suffering from ALL respond to CAR-T cell therapy, a result which is not obtained through administration of the immune checkpoints. Future development of CAR-T cell technology should address concerns related to the safety of the treatment and improve toxicity management. Also, it should extend the application of technology in diseases where its effectiveness has been demonstrated and opt for more targets and cancers., Cell-based immunotherapies have been selected for the front-line cancer treatment approaches. Among them, CAR-T cells have shown extraordinary effects in hematologic diseases including chemotherapy-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In this approach, autologous T cells isolated from the patient's body genetically engineered to express a tumor specific synthetic receptor against a tumor antigen, then these cells expanded ex vivo and re-infusion back to the patient body. Recently, significant clinical response and high rates of complete remission of CAR T cell therapy in B-cell malignancies led to the approval of Kymriah and Yescarta (CD19-directed CAR-T cells) were by FDA for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Despite promising therapeutic outcomes, CAR T cells also can elicit the immune-pathologic effects, such as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS), Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS), and on-target off-tumor toxicity, that hampered its application. Ineffective control of these highly potent synthetic cells causes discussed potentially life-threatening toxicities, so researchers have developed several mechanisms to remote control CAR T cells. In this paper, we briefly review the introduced toxicities of CAR-T cells, then describe currently existing control approaches and review their procedure, pros, and cons.

Dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used as gas chromatography (GC) stationary phases as they show higher thermal stabilities, variety of polarities, and unique selectivities towards certain compounds. An important aspect contributing to them is that they show multiple solvation interactions compared to the traditional GC stationary phases. Dicationic ILs are considered as combination of three structural moieties: (1) cationic head groups; (2) a linkage chain; and (3) the counter anions. Modifications in these structural moieties can alter the chromatographic properties of IL stationary phases. In this study, a series of nine thermally stable IL stationary phases were synthesized by the combination of five different cations, two different linkage chains, and two different anions. Different test mixtures composed of a variety of compounds having different functional groups and polarities were analyzed on these columns. A comparison of the separation patterns of these different compounds on nine different IL columns provided some insights about the effects of structural modifications on the selectivities and polarities of dicationic ILs.

Kombucha is a fermented beverage made by mixing tea and sugar with bacteria and yeast. When kombucha products contain higher than 0.5% (v/v) alcohol, the legal limit for non-alcoholic drinks, they are classified as alcoholic beverages and are subject to relevant federal and state regulations. An efficient headspace gas chromatography technique utilizing an ionic liquid stationary phase is developed to accurately determine the ethanol content in 18 commercial kombucha samples. The range of ethanol in these products was 1.12–2.00% (v/v). The ethanol concentration of two batches of kombucha was analyzed over a period of 60 days under two different conditions. A significant increase in ethanol content of these samples was observed at 4 and 22 °C. The method accuracy was validated by analyzing 3 NIST ethanol-water standard reference solutions.

We designed and demonstrated the unique abilities of the first gas chromatography-molecular rotational resonance spectrometer (GC-MRR). While broadly and routinely applicable, its capabilities can exceed those of high-resolution MS and NMR spectroscopy in terms of selectivity, resolution, and compound identification. A series of 24 isotopologues and isotopomers of five organic compounds are separated, identified, and quantified in a single run. Natural isotopic abundances of mixtures of compounds containing chlorine, bromine, and sulfur heteroatoms are easily determined. MRR detection provides the added high specificity for these selective gas-phase separations. GC-MRR is shown to be ideal for compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). Different bacterial cultures and groundwater were shown to have contrasting isotopic selectivities for common organic compounds. The ease of such GC-MRR measurements may initiate a new era in biosynthetic/degradation and geochemical isotopic compound studies.

The enantiomeric excess of chiral starting materials is one of the important factors determining the enantiopurity of products in asymmetric synthesis. Fifty-one commercially available chiral reagents used as building blocks, catalysts, and auxiliaries in various enantioselective syntheses were assayed for their enantiomeric purity. The test results were classified within five impurities level (ie,0.01%, 0.01%-0.1%, 0.1%-1%, 1%-10%,10%). Previously from 1998 to 2013, several reports have been published on the enantiomeric composition of more than 300 chiral reagents. This series of papers is necessitated by the fact that new reagents are forthcoming and that the enantiomeric purity of the same reagent can vary from batch to batch and/or from supplier to supplier. This report presents chiral liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) methods to separate enantiomers of chiral compounds and evaluate their enantiomeric purities. The accurate and efficient LC analysis was done using newly introduced superficially porous particle (SPP 2.7 μm) based chiral stationary phases (TeicoShell, VancoShell, LarihcShell-P, and NicoShell).

Three phosphonium-based dicationic ionic liquids were synthesized as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide salts. The three dications had a nonyl spacer between two identical phosphonium-substituted groups. The three phosphonium moieties were dipropyl(phenyl), diphenyl(propyl), and diphenyl(toluyl). The physicochemical properties of the dicationic ionic liquids were appropriate to prepare 30 m capillary columns that were tested in gas chromatography. A unique selectivity compared to different polysiloxane or polar cyanosiloxane commercial columns was observed for selected mixes of phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls, and dioxins. Only minor selectivity variations were observed with the three dicationic ionic liquids. The different number of aromatic rings on the positively charged phosphonium group did not influence the dicationic ionic liquid selectivity significantly.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition mostly communal in people of advanced years accompanying various dysfunctionalities especially cognitive impairments. A number of cellular damages, such as amyloid-beta aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, some neurotransmitter imbalances, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses are responsible for AD incidence. As a reason for inadequate efficacy, side effects, and pharmacokinetic problems of conventional drugs used for AD, the discovery of novel therapeutic agents with multi-targeted potential is desirable. Protective properties of phytochemicals combat numerous diseases and their vast acceptance and demand in human beings encouraged scientists to assess their effective activities. Zingiber officinale, gingerol, shogaol, and borneol were evaluated against memory impairments. Online databases including; Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Pubmed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library were searched until 3th February 2020. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies are included after screening their eligibility. Mostly interventive mechanisms such as; oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis are described. Correlation between the pathogenesis of AD and signaling pathways is explicated. Results and scores of cognition measurements are clarified due to in vivo studies and clinical trials. Some traditional aspects of consuming ginger in AD are also mentioned in the present review. In accumulation ginger and its components possess great potency for improving and abrogating memory dysfunctions but conducting further studies to evaluate their pharmacological and pharmaceutical aspects is required.

Geminal dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) often display higher thermal stabilities, viscosities, and densities compared to traditional monocationic ILs. Also, dicationic ILs have advantages in terms of tuning of their physicochemical properties by different structural modifications. They can be considered as a combination of three structural moieties: (1) cationic head groups, (2) an alkane linker chain, and (3) the associated anions. Two types of each imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, and phosphonium cations were joined by different alkane linkages (C6, C9, and C12) to develop 18 different dications. These dications were paired with two different anions (NTf2– and PFOS–) to synthesize 36 different dicationic ILs. The effect of variations in the structural moieties of these related ILs on their physicochemical properties, including melting points, densities, viscosities, solubilities, and thermal stabilities, were evaluated. ILs synthesized in this study displayed TGA thermal stabilities in the range 330–467 °C. A...

Twelve bis- or dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) including eight based on imidazolium, a single one based on phosphonium, and three based on pyrrolidinium cationic units were prepared with the bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl) imide anion. The two identical cationic moieties were attached by different alkyl spacers having three or five carbons and differing alkyl substituents attached to the spacer. The SLB-IL111 column, as the most polar commercial stationary phase known, was included in the study for comparison. Isothermal separations of a rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) sample were used to study and compare the 12 IL-based column performances and selectivities. The retention times of the most retained methyl esters of lignoceric (C24:0) and erucic (C22:1) acids were used to estimate the IL polarity. The phosphonium dicationic IL column was, by far, the least polar. Imidazolium-based dicationic IL columns were the most polar. Polarity and selectivity for the FAME separation were somewhat related. The separation of a 37-FAME standard mixture allowed the investigation of selectivity variations observed on the 12 IL-based columns under temperature gradients up to 230 °C. The remarkable selectivity of the IL-based columns is demonstrated by the detailed analysis of the cis/trans C18:1 isomers of a partially hydrogenated vegetable oil sample on 30-m columns, separations competing with that done following an "official method" performed on a 100-m column. Graphical abstract Separation of fatty acid methyl esters on a 30-m 3m

The authors would like to call the reader’s attention to the fact that the original publication included some corrections needed to be addressed.

The rapid expansion in the study and use of ionic liquids (ILs) is a result of their unique properties including negligible volatility, high thermal stability, and ability to dissolve disparate compounds. However, because ILs have infinitely variable structures (often referred to as "tunability"), these properties can differ considerably. Herein, we focus on the thermal stability of 15 bis-/dicationic ionic liquids. Specifically, their thermal breakdown products are examined to determine the structural linkages, bonds, or atoms most susceptible to thermally induced changes and whether such changes occur before possible volatilization. In most cases, the heteroatom-carbon single bonds were susceptible to thermolytic decomposition. Graphical abstract Capture of dicationic ionic liquid thermal decomposition products for subsequent identification.

A simple and efficient method is described for aminocarbonylation of aryl, benzyl, and styryl iodides and bromides using the in situ generated molybdenum tetracarbonyl norbornadiene [Mo(CO)4(nbd)] complex as a suitable source of carbon monoxide.

A very easy method is described for direct phosphorylation of silica gel to afford silica diphenylphosphinite (SDPP). This new phosphorylated silica contains higher amounts of P(III) moiety compared to the method based on the sol-gel technique. The phosphorylated silica reacts with Pd(II) to produce nano Pd(0)/SDPP which was characterized by different techniques. The obtained nano Pd(0) catalyst exhibited excellent reactivity and stability in the Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions with different aryl iodides and bromides. This heterogeneous catalyst can be easily recovered and reused in several runs.

A simple and efficient method is described for aminocarbonylation of aryl, benzyl, and styryl iodides and bromides using the in situ generated molybdenum tetracarbonyl norbornadiene [Mo(CO)4(nbd)] complex as a suitable source of carbon monoxide.

A cheap and convenient method for the phosphorylation of silica gel is developed and the material is used to immobilize Pd(0)-nanoparticles.