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This paper deals with the design and simulation of all-optical 4×2 encoderusing the wave interference effect in photonic crystals. By producing 4 opticalwaveguides as input and two waveguides as output, the given structure was designed.The size of the designed structure is 133.9 μm2. The given all-optical encoder has acontrast ratio of 13.2 dB, the response time of 0.45 ps, and also the bit transfer rate of2.2 Tbit/s. The results from these structures suggest the high flexibility of the structures,their resolution rates, and appropriate response time relative to that of other structures inthis rank as well as their applicability in terms of dividing. To elicit the optical band gaprage for structure design, the plane wave expansion method and also thefinite difference time domain methods were used to investigate the results fromdesigned structures.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause a hazardous disease and has severe fatal consequences. The problem of dental treatment in affected patients has still remained a big debate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of post-graduate dentistry students regarding treatment and education of HIV-positive patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study on the post-graduate students of dentistry in Iran. Samples were collected using consensus method. A valid questionnaire comprising three parts was designed according to previous studies. The questionnaire comprised of a demographic part, general questions and questions regarding knowledge and attitude of the subjects. Answers were collected and Student’s t-test and Fischer’s exact test was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: A total of 380 subjects took part in this study (164 male, 216 female). There were 92 HIV-positive patients. The average score of knowledge was 14.5 ± 2.8 (range = 0-24). The average score of knowledge in male and female participants was 14.5 ± 2.8 and 14.6 ± 2.7 respectively (range = 0-65). There was no significant relationship between knowledge and gender (P = 0.70). The average score of attitude was 44.8 ± 5.25 and male residents had a positive attitude in comparison to female residents. Male participants had a significantly more negative attitude toward high risk and HIV-positive patients compared to female residents (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that post-graduate students had a positive attitude toward treatment of HIV-positive patients. Also, this study showed that post-graduate students had a good knowledge about the HIV-positive patients. This study shows that post-graduate students of dentistry were eager to learn more about the treatment of HIV-positive patients. Findings of this study also add new concepts to the oral hygiene maintenance of HIV-positive patients and decision making for them.

Paying attention to the concept of culture from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an in different dimensions can reveal the proper lifestyle to man and familiarizes him with the teachings of the Qur'an in this issue. Considering the two-faceted nature of the concept of culture, it is not easy to find equivalent keywords and terms related to it in the Holy Quran. The purpose of writing this article is to find the equivalents of the word culture, as well as terms that can make culture in the Qur'an. The present article is theoretical research in the field of Quranic culture, and with the exploratory analytical method, it follows the equivalent of the word culture and finding culture-making terms in the Quran. In this regard, general terms like "Sunnah", "Ummah", "Millah", "Din" and "Da'ab" are extracted from the Qur'an as equivalents of the word "culture" and while referring to the Emotional culture-making terms in the Quran, the Quranic words related to the behavioral culture-making words are discovered and expressed. Paying attention to these Quranic terms and their concepts can develop human ethics and behavioral culture based on Quranic teachings.

Background: There is no compelling evidence to prove an association between serum free L-carnitine levels and changes in left ventricular (LV) geometry. The present study aimed to evaluate a possible association between these parameters. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 504 outpatients were randomly selected among those registered at Sanandaj Pediatric Heart Clinic (Sanandaj, Iran) during 2014-2020. The patients aged one to 25 years and were presented with cardiac complaints. The serum L-carnitine levels of all patients were evaluated and associated with changes in LV geometry measured by echocardiography. The association was assessed using the Chi squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0). P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean serum L-carnitine levels in the normal, low, and high serum groups were 52.69, 14.16, and 178.67 nmol/dL, respectively. There was a significant statistical association between abnormal serum levels of free L-carnitine and changes in LV geometry (P

Background and Aim: Chronic urticaria is a dermal disease with continuous rash, itching or angioedema, papules and inflammatory plaques, which under conditions transformed from the acute phase to the chronic phase, causing depression and anxiety for many years in patients. Chronic urticaria has a significant impact on the quality of life of the patient. The aim of this study was to examined the quality of life and related factors of patients with chronic urticaria in Kurdistan Province. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 228 patients referred to the Allergy Clinic of Besat Hospital in 2016 Census sampling method was used for selecting patient/ Information was gathered by using DQLI questionnaire. Then describe the data by frequency and percentage descriptive and quantitative data were calculated with Chi 2 and Spearman correlation, by using SPSS 15. Results: The mean age of participants was 34.81 ± 10.55 years. Data analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between quality of life and gender (p 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that chronic urticaria has significant effect on patients' quality life. It seems that these patients were psychologically involved and their level of satisfaction of quality life was reduced.

Ionic polymeric materials suitably made into a functionally-graded composite with a conductor such as a metal, graphite or synthetic metal such as conductive polymers that act as a distributed electrode can exhibit large dynamic deformation if placed in a time-varying electric field (see Fig.s 1and 2) [Shahinpoor 1992, 1993, Adolf, Shahinpoor, Segalman and Witkowski, 1993]. A recent book by Shahinpoor, Kim and Mojarrad (2004) and 4 fundamental review papers by Shahinpoor and Kim (2001, 2003, 2004 and 2005 ) presents a thorough coverage of the existing knowledge in connection with ionic polymeric cond uctor composites (IPCC?s) including ionic polymeric metal composites (IPMC?s) as biomimetic distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators and artificial muscles and electrically controllable polymeric network structures. Furthermore, in reference [Shahinpoor, Kim and Mojarrad, 2004], methods of fabrication of several electrically and chemically active ionic polymeric gel muscles such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(2- acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic) acid (PAMPS), and polyacrylic-acid-bis-acrylamide (PAAM) as well as a new class of electrically active composite muscle such as Ionic Polymeric Conductor Composites (IPCC?s) or Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC?s) made with perfluorinated sulfonic or carboxylic ionic membranes (chlor-alkali family) are introduced and investigated that have resulted in seven US patents regarding their fabrication and application capabilities as distributed biomimetic nanoactuators, nanotransducers, nanorobots and nanosensors. Theories and numerical simulations associated with ionic polymer gels electrodynamics and chemodynamics are also discussed, analyzed and modeled for the manufactured material.