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Abstract Chicory species, particularly Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum, also, known as Egyptian chicory, are globally recognized for their rich content of bioactive secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and phenolics. These metabolites are highly valued for their pharmaceutical, dietary, and commercial applications. Light exposure, particularly through red and blue wavelengths, is a potent natural elicitor that influences the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and impacts plant morphology. This study investigates the effects of red and blue LED light exposure on the callus culture of Egyptian chicory (Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum), with the aim of enhancing flavonoid accumulation for potential use as an anti-Candida agent. Callus cultures of Cichorium intybus, Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum, and Taraxacum officinale (Italian chicory) were grown on MS media supplemented with 4 mg/L 2iP and 0.5 mg/L NAA for 4 weeks. The cultures were then exposed to 12 days of red and blue LED light. After extraction using liquid nitrogen and methanol, the resulting callus extracts were tested against Candida albicans NRRL477 at various concentrations (1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 MIC) for 20 to 120 min. The antifungal activity was assessed by determining the effects on acid-soluble phosphorus, total lipids, and soluble proteins in the Candida cells. Our results demonstrate that the red LED light-exposed Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum callus extract exhibited the most potent antifungal activity, significantly inhibiting the growth of Candida species compared to blue light and control treatments. Notably, the red light-treated callus culture accumulated higher concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which contributed to its effectiveness as an anti-Candida agent. These findings suggest that LED red light elicitation is an effective method for enhancing the production of bioactive compounds in Egyptian chicory, offering potential for its use in natural antifungal therapies. Future research will explore the mechanistic pathways of flavonoid accumulation under different light conditions and investigate the broader applications of this elicitation technique for other medicinal plants.

Introduction: Patient satisfaction with health care describes the degree to which patients’ needs and expectations are met, and an acceptable level of service is provided. Additionally, it is also a measure of the quality of care that patients receive. Therefore, plays a major role in determining the relationship between the quality of healthcare services provided and patient confidence. It is important predictor of patient compliance, their ability to follow instructions, and their adherence to treatment, as well as for, determining their future use of health services. This is why patient satisfaction is increasingly considered as vital in assessing the general quality of care and thus in improving health services. Aims: This study set out to explore dental patients’ satisfaction with the service provided by private clinics in Riyadh in terms of accessibility, the availability and convenience of the facilities, cost, pain caused from dental procedures, the overall quality of treatment received, and the continuity of service. Materials and Methods: From January to February 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional study online survey of 420 patients to investigate their satisfaction the services provided by private dental clinics in Riyadh. Based on a previous questionnaire created by John, the online DSQ covered five key domains, namely, accessibility, cost, availability and convenience, pain, service quality, and additionally, overall level of satisfaction with the service. The resulting data were analyzed statistically using the SPSS-22 program and chi-square tests. Results and Discussion: The current study showed that, based on the demographics of the sample, among the five domains investigated, four were statistically significant as only the cost of dental procedures was not. Accessibility, availability, pain, and continuity were ranked highest among the younger participants and those with a lower educational level indicated greater pain from dental procedures. With regard to the quality of the dental service, again the youngest age group registered a higher level of satisfaction with the males taking the lead. Conclusion: The study showed that patient satisfaction with dental care is a valid measure of the quality of care and that having a service that meets the patients expected level of satisfaction should go a long way in helping to improve service delivery. Therefore, measuring the patients’ satisfaction with the service is an important factor in improving the service provided and so this should be done regularly.

Abiotic stresses severely affected crop productivity and considered to be a major yield limiting factor for crop plant. The tolerance to these stresses is a very complex phenomenon involving a wide array of molecular, biochemical and physiological changes in plant cells. Therefore, it is challenging to understand the molecular basis of abiotic stress tolerance to manipulate it for improving abiotic stress tolerance of major crops. Biotechnological approaches and genetic engineering including homologous gene overexpression can be implemented to understand gene functions under well-defined conditions. The Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR10) such as PR10a play multiple roles in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and, hence, plant development. A PR10a gene from potato cv. Deseree was introduced into three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. Transgenic plants were selected on a medium containing 1.0 mg/l phosphinothricin (PPT) and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), herbicide (BASTA®) leaf paint assay, and Real-Time- quantitative PCR analyses (qPCR). All of the selected transformants showed completely tolerance to the application of PPT application. Experiments designed for testing salt tolerance revealed that there was enhanced salt tolerance of the transgenic lines in vitro in terms of morphological (plant FW, plant DW and plant height) and antioxidant activates as compared to the non-transgenic control plants. qRT-PCR showed that the expression of PR10a gene in the transgenic potato is higher than that in non-transgenic control under salt stress. The relative PR10a gene-expression patterns in the transgenic plants shed lights into the molecular response of homologues overexpressed PR10a potato to salt-stress conditions. The obtained results provide insights on the fact that PR10a plays a major role regarding salt stress tolerance in potato plants.

Abstract Background In investigating of (exopolysaccharide) EPS from unconventional sources, lactic acid bacteria have a vital role due to their generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. EPSs have diverse applications such as drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, surgical implants, and many more in many sectors. Despite being important, the main hindrance to the commercial application of these significant biopolymers is low productivity. Therefore, this study primarily focuses on optimizing physio-chemical conditions to maximize the previously produced EPS from probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RO30 (L. plantarum RO30) using one factor at a time (OFAT) and method Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Results The EPS obtained from L. plantarum RO30 named REPS. The medium formulation for REPS production using the OFAT method revealed that sucrose (20 g/L, beef extract (25 g/L), and ammonium sulfate at 4 g/L concentration were the optimum carbon, organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, and REPS yield was increased up to 9.11 ± 0.51 g/L. RSM experiments revealed that, a greatly significant quadratic polynomial attained from the Central Composite Design (CCD) model was fruitful for specifying the most favorable cultural conditions that have significant consequences on REPS yield. The maximal amount of REPS (10.32 g/L) was formed by: sucrose (40 g/L), beef extract (25 g/L), pH (5.5), incubation temperature (30 °C), and incubation period (72 h). A high closeness was obtained between the predicted and experimental values and it displayed the efficiency of the RSM. Conclusion This study was conducted to reinforce REPS production in the probiotic LAB L. plantarum RO30 by utilizing various experimental parameters. The maximum REPS yield of 10.32 g/L was attained under the circumstances optimized in the study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is an infectious disease that has threatened the physical and mental health of people and in many cases leads to death. The present study investigated the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in reducing the symptoms of complicated grief, and corona disease anxiety, and improving the quality of life in the survivors of the deceased due to COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research method was an experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group and random assignment to the intervention and the control groups. Thirty-eight people who met the study criteria were selected as a sample and assigned to the two intervention and control groups using a simple randomization method (19 people in each group). Measures included the complex grief scale, the coronavirus anxiety scale, and the short form of the World Health Organization quality of life scale. Then, mixed analysis of variance was used to compare the average variables between the two groups. Also, the independent t-test was used to compare the mean quantitative outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: The results showed that there were significant changes over time between the experimental and control groups (with a small effect coefficient) in complicated grief symptoms (P < 0.05), corona disease anxiety (P = 0.001), and quality of life (P = 0.001). Also, the results of all three variables showed that there were significant differences between pre-test and post-test (P < 0.05) and between pre-test and follow-up (P value < 0.05), but the difference between post-test and follow-up was insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: ACT has significant effects on reducing the symptoms of complicated grief and corona disease anxiety as well as on improving the quality of life in the survivors of the deceased due to COVID-19.

Abstract Four bacterial isolates were obtained from marine sediments collected from Sahl Hashish, Hurghada Red Sea, Egypt. This study was designed to search for promising anti-Alzheimer natural polysaccharide; therefore, four isolates were screened for exopolysaccharides (EPSs) production and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The isolate S16 provided the highest EPS yield (7.51 g/L) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. It was identified morphologically and genetically using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Bacillus maritimus. A Physicochemical analysis of S16 exopolysaccharide (BMEPS) was estimated, which pointed to the presence of uronic acid and sulfate (24.7% and 18.3%, respectively). HPLC analysis indicated that mannuronic acid, glucuronic acid, glucose, and mannose are presented in a molar ratio of 0.8:1.0:2.8:2.3, respectively. Furthermore, FT-IR revealed an abundance of β-configurations. The GPC estimated the average molecular weight (Mw) as 4.31 × 104 g/mol. BMEPS inhibited AChE (IC50; 691.77 ± 8.65 μg/ ml), BChE (IC50; 288.27 ± 10.50 μg/ ml), and tyrosinase (IC50; 3.34 ± 0.09, 14.00 ± 0.14, and 22.96 ± 1.23 μg/ ml during incubation durations of 10, 20, and 40 min). It also demonstrated a selective anti-inflammatory action against COX-2 rather than COX-1. Moreover, BMEPS exhibited antioxidant capabilities as free radical and oxygen reactive species (ROS) scavenger, metal chelator, reductant agent, and lipid peroxidation suppressor. These activities are due to the distinct chemical composition. The findings of this study indicate that BMEPS could be considered as promising anti-disease Alzheimer's (AD) material in an in-vitro model, which qualifies it for advanced in-vivo studies in the discovery of alternative Alzheimer’s treatment.

Capillary rise is a process whereby a liquid spontaneously rises against gravity within a narrow space due to capillary forces; but even though it is a well-understood phenomenon in smooth channels, predictive models to account for surface roughness are lacking. Here, the authors develop a theory of capillary rise in textured channels, supported by simulations and experiments, demonstrating the complex interplay between channel width, texture and wettability.

The stress distribution around a circular borehole has been studied extensively. The existing analytical poroelastic solutions, however, often neglect the complex interactions between the solid and fluid that can significantly affect the stress solution. This is important in unconventional gas reservoirs such as coalbeds and shale formations. In order to address this limitation, this paper presents the development of a poroelastic solution that takes into account the effect of gas sorption-induced strain. The solution considers drainage of the reservoir fluid through a vertical wellbore in an isotropic, homogenous, poroelastic rock with non-hydrostatic in situ stress field. The sorption-induced shrinkage of coal is modelled using a Langmuir-type curve which relates the volumetric change to the gas pressure. The redistributed stress field around the wellbore after depletion is found by applying Biot's definition of effective stress and Airey's stress functions, which leads to a solution of the inhomogeneous Biharmonic equation. Two sets of boundary conditions were considered in order to simulate the unsupported cavity (open-hole) and supported cavity (lined-hole) cases. The implementation was verified against a numerical solution for both open-hole and lined-hole cases. A comparative study was then conducted to show the significance of the sorption-induced shrinkage in the stress distribution. Finally, a parametric study analysed the sensitivity of the solution to different poroelastic parameters. The results demonstrate that the developed solution is a useful tool that can be employed alongside complex flow models in order to conduct efficient, field-scale coupled hydro-mechanical simulations, especially when the stress-dependent permeability of the reservoir is of concern.

Abstract Background Many species of mushroom contain an assortment of free radical scavengers (Phenolics and Flavonoids compounds) that have made them nutritionally beneficial and a source of expansion of drug production. In this study, we examined the preventive and remedial role of total phenol extract from Pleurotus columbines (TP) in alleviating the consequences of cyclophosphamide (CTX) on the ovaries of female rats. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups: healthy controls, cyclophosphamide (CTX), received a TP (100 mg/kg) orally daily for 14 days and curative group: CTX-TP, we determined and identified a total phenol from a mushroom extract and examined it as an antioxidant agent. To investigate the therapeutic influence, it was administrated 2 weeks after CTX. To assess the impact of TP on ovarian damage caused by CTX, ovarian hormone tests were performed such as luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-β-estradiol (E2), and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH). Besides, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in serum was evaluated, and histopathological analysis of the ovary was examined. Results This study indicates that treatment with TP decreased the severity of cyclophosphamide-induced ovary injury by reducing inflammation and apoptotic effects and increasing the activity of antioxidants. Conclusions TP could be used to alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced ovary injury.

Abstract Background Nanomedicine contributes to the efficiency of pharmacological treatments and progresses rapidly. The present study was designed to produce exopolysaccharide (BSEPS) from Bacillus subtilis sp. strain reported in our previous study was further characterized, and its BSEPS for synthesis of the nanoparticle Ag-BSEPS using microwave heating to determine the possible effects of a prepared solution containing Ag-BSEPS versus thioacetamide (TAA) evoked liver fibrosis in Wister albino rats. Nanoparticles with silver (Ag) core have been synthesized in an aqueous solution after exposure of BSEPS to periodate oxidation. Animals were split into four groups: I - control rats, water ad libitum for 6 weeks; II - rats were injected with TAA 200 mg/kg-1 3 times/week for 4 weeks IP; III - Ag-BSEPS 100 mg/kg-1 IP twice a week for 6 weeks; and IV - TAA, as group II followed by Ag-BSEPS as group III. The antifibrotic effects of Ag-BSEPS were appraised by determining different hepatotoxicity indices, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and liver fibrosis markers. Results Nanoparticles were obtained with a diameter size range of 50–100 nm characterized by SEM and TEM without using any harmful reagents. Results evinced considerably reduced activity of liver functions such as transaminases (AST, ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the group which received TAA followed by Ag-BSEPS compared to the other group which received only TAA. In the current results, the administration of Ag-BSEPS showed an improvement in the proinflammatory cytokines. On the contrary, the antioxidant enzymes in liver homogenates revealed significant improvement (concentration of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increases) in animals with TAA-induced liver damage followed by Ag-BSEPS. Moreover, the activities of the fibrotic markers transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1) and type III pro-collagen (PCIII) were increased in liver tissues in the group which was given TAA alone as compared to the controls. The percentage of fibrosis of hepatic tissue had a positive correlation with the levels of PCIII and TGF-β1, followed by Ag-BSEPS compared to the TAA group without nanocomposite treatment. Microscopic examinations revealed inhibitory effects of Ag-BSEPS on inflammatory changes and deterrent of liver fibrosis. Conclusion It was suggested that the biochemical and histological amelioration observed in Ag-BSEPS (100 mg/kg-1 twice a week for 6 weeks) treated the fibrotic rats.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in HIV-infected patients. With new treatments, incidence and severity of KS have significantly decreased. A 57-year-old African American male with medical history of AIDS presented with progressively worsening cough, shortness of breath, fever, night sweats, and 60 lb weight loss. On physical examination, he had diffused dark purple skin lesions and decreased air entry in the right lower lung fields. Chest x-ray and subsequent chest computed tomography (CT) showed moderate right lung pleural effusion with scattered bilateral diffuse infiltrates. The patient’s absolute CD4 count was 27 cells/microliter. Thoracentesis was negative for infection or malignancy. He was started on chemotherapy paclitaxel along with HAART for extensive pulmonary KS. Since starting the treatment, his condition has significantly improved with near complete resolution of the pleural effusion, oral, and skin lesions. In conclusion, the diagnosis of AIDS-related pulmonary KS is often clinical, typically based on the presence of mucocutaneous disease and compatible features on CT chest. The differential diagnosis of pulmonary KS is broad. A detailed evaluation should exclude an infectious etiology or other tumors. Chemotherapy along with HAART can be used for treatment of severe pulmonary KS.

Abstract Background The study aimed to assess the role of intraoperative mitomycin-C (MMC) application during hyperopic LASIK correction (+ 1.00 D to + 6.00 D) by examining topographic corneal changes and incidence of regression over a one-year follow-up period. Methods This comparative randomized control study included 68 hyperopic patients (136 eyes) divided into two groups; Group A included 34 patients (68 eyes) that had LASIK with the application of 0.02% MMC for 10 s on the stromal bed after excimer laser treatment, and group B included 34 patients (68 eyes) that had LASIK without MMC application. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), refraction, keratometry and topography were recorded at 1st week and 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months postoperation. Predictability and treatment efficacy were also recorded at the end of the follow-up period. Results Better predictability was noted in group A than in group B at the 6 month and 12 month follow-up visits, with a mean cycloplegic refraction SE of + 0.5 ± 0.31 D in group A and + 0.67 ± 0.39 D in group B at the 6 month visit, and + 0.63 ± 0.37 D in group A and + 0.89 ± 0.48 D in group B at the 12 month visit. The efficacy of the treatment at the end of the follow up period was better in group A than in group B. Group A showed fewer topographic corneal changes than group B. Conclusions Intraoperative MMC application during hyperopic LASIK achieves better predictability and efficacy and induces fewer topographic changes and lower regression rate of hyperopia during the first postoperative year. Trial registration the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201901543722087, on 29 January 2019.

Raw Jojoba oil was used in a direct-injection diesel engine without any engine modifications and compared with both diesel fuel and 50/50 raw Jojoba/diesel. The measured parameters included the rheological properties measured in the range of shear rate from 100 to 500 1/s. Distillation data were presented for raw Jojoba oil compared to diesel. The parameters included exhaust gas analysis, block vibration, sound noise, and the combustion pressure and its rise rate. Averaged pressure-crank angle, vibration, and its frequency spectrum and sound level were presented. Data also included brake power, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust temperatures for all fuels used. For Jojoba oil, the engine did not exhibit low power output or specific fuel consumption. Exhaust temperatures, smoke opacity, and NOx emissions were lower than diesel case. Noise for Jojoba was higher than diesel case. The engine block vibration was concentrated towards the low frequency range.

Low-inertia power generation units make nanogrids vulnerable to the voltage and power fluctuations caused by pulse loads and abnormal grid conditions. The conversion of critical loads to smart loads is a potential solution for improving the stability and power quality in nanogrids. This paper investigates the effects of utilizing smart loads on the performance of nanogrids. A smart load can compensate for sudden deviations between supply and demand and therefore can mitigate voltage and power oscillations in low-inertia nanogrids. The conversion of critical loads to smart loads can reduce the stress on the energy storage units and minimize the required battery banks in nanogrids. In this paper, several case studies are considered to verify the stability and power quality improvement of nanogrids when some loads are converted to smart loads.

Abstract Background Biodiesel is a type of renewable energy, an ideal substitute for petroleum diesel fuel. The present study concerns about optimization of culture conditions for biodiesel production by Penicillium commune NRC2016. Results The maximum lipid production from P. commune NRC2016 was investigated using basal liquid medium with initial pH 7.0, incubation temperature 20 °C, and after 5 days of incubation time at static condition. Six types of agro-industrial by-products (broken rice, rice straw, wheat bran, corn stalk, sweet sorghum, and bagasse) were separately used as components of semi-solid fermentation media. The highest lipid accumulation was recorded with sweet sorghum 99.1 mg/g as compared with the other by-products. Biodiesel obtained from P. commune NRC2016 was blended “B5” and the physical properties were determined and found to be as follows: density 0.8 g/ml, viscosity 2.1 mm2/s, flash point 77.0 °C, cloud point − 1.5 °C, iodine value 42.3 g I2/100 g, acid value 2.1 mg/g, pour point − 1.7 °C, and cetane number 47.8 min. Conclusions This work revealed the optimization of culture conditions for biodiesel production from Egyptian fungal strain P. commune NRC2016.

Artemisia judaica (ArJ) is a Mediterranean aromatic plant used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal ailments, skin diseases, atherosclerosis, and as an immuno-stimulant. This study describes ArJ essential oil constituents and investigates their wound healing activity. The in vitro antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of ArJ essential oil were investigated. The in vivo pro/anti-inflammatory and oxidative/antioxidant markers were compared with standard silver sulfadiazine (SS) in a second-degree skin burn experimental rat model. The gas chromatography-equipped flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis of ArJ essential oil revealed the major classes of compounds as oxygenated monoterpenes (>57%) and cinnamic acid derivatives (18.03%). The antimicrobial tests of ArJ essential oil revealed that Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger were the most susceptible test organisms. Two second-degree burns (each 1 inch square in diameter) were created on the dorsum of rats using an aluminum cylinder heated to 120 °C for 10 s. The wounds were treated either with ArJ or SS ointments for 21 days, while the negative control remained untreated, and biopsies were obtained for histological and biochemical analysis. The ArJ group demonstrated a significant increase in antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities, while lipid peroxide (LP) levels remained insignificant compared to the negative control group. Additionally, ArJ and SS groups demonstrated a significant decrease in inflammatory levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) compared to the negative group, while interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b) and IL-6 were comparable to the negative group. At the same time, anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1) markers increased significantly in the ArJ group compared to the negative control. The ArJ results demonstrated potent wound healing effects, comparable to SS, attributable to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as a high proportion of oxygenated monoterpenes and cinnamate derivatives.

Abstract Background The aim of the current study based on the production and characterization of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) isolated from marine sediment of the Mediterranean and Red Seas is to study its cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells. Results Eleven isolates have the ability to produce EPSs and also decreased the viability of HepG2 cell line in different manners. The five most promising isolates that produce high yield of EPSs and high cytotoxicity were identified by 16S RNA as Brevundimonas subvibrioides MSA1, Bacillus thuringiensis E4, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MGA2, Pseudomonas fluorescens SGA3, and Advenella Kashmirensis NRC-7. The chemical composition of the following EPSs (M1, M3, M6, M15, M19, E2, E4, E10, S5, S7, and S11) demonstrates that they are acidic sulfated heteropolysaccharides with different relative ratios of monosugars of glucose, mannose, galactose, glucouronic acid, and mannouronic acid. The average molecular weights from 1.94 × 104 to 7.95 × 105 g/mol and the number average molecular weight from 1.51 × 104 to 7.53 × 105 g/mol. FTIR spectrum of the five EPSs indicated the presence of sulfate and carboxylic groups in different percentages. Conclusions The EPSs produced from marine bacteria are very promising for treating the HepG2 cells.

Abstract Background Amylases are among the most important enzymes which are of great significance for biotechnology and have almost completely replaced chemical hydrolysis of starch in the starch processing industry. The present study was concerned with the production and optimization of extracellular α-amylase from Bacillus sp. NRC22017. Results The effect of various fermentation conditions on α-amylase production through shake-flask culture was investigated. Bacterial strain produces α-amylase was isolated from water in Wadi El-Natron. Based on microbiological, biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA gene sequences, the isolate was identified as Bacillus sp. NRC22017 and was later used for further studies. Maximum yield of α-amylase is 15.15 ± 0.47 U/ml from Bacillus sp. NRC22017; this strain is characterized with high temperature and high salinity in cultivated culture, and achieved maximum yield of α-amylase at pH 6.0 with inoculum size of 500 μl at 45 °C and aerobically incubation period of 72 h. The optimum volume of the fermentation medium was found to be 20 ml in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask; the best starch and meat extract plus peptone concentration that provided the highest enzyme production from Bacillus sp. NRC22017 were found to be 2% and 1.05% (w/v) respectively. Conclusion Enzyme production was higher after optimizing the production conditions as compared to the basal medium.

Four halophytic plants, Lycium shawii, Anabasis articulata, Rumex vesicarius, and Zilla spinosa, growing in the central Qassim area, Saudi Arabia, were phytochemically and biologically investigated. Their hydroalcoholic extracts’ UPLC-ESIQ-TOF analyses demonstrated the presence of 44 compounds of phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids chemical classes. Among all the plants’ extracts, L. shawii showed the highest quantities of total phenolics, and flavonoids contents (52.72 and 13.01 mg/gm of the gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively), along with the antioxidant activity in the TAA (total antioxidant activity), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and DPPH-SA (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-scavenging activity) assays with 25.6, 56.68, and 19.76 mg/gm, respectively, as Trolox equivalents. The hydroalcoholic extract of the L. shawii also demonstrated the best chelating activity at 21.84 mg/gm EDTA equivalents. Among all the four halophytes, the hydroalcoholic extract of L. shawii exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity against MCF7 and K562 cell lines with IC50 values at 194.5 µg/mL and 464.9 µg/mL, respectively. The hydroalcoholic extract of A. articulata demonstrated better cytotoxic activity amongst all the tested plants’ extracts against the human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC1) with an IC50 value of 998.5 µg/mL. The L. shawii induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cell lines, and the percentage of the necrotic cells changed to 28.1% and 36.5% for the IC50 and double-IC50 values at 22.9% compared with the untreated groups. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. shawii showed substantial antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 with a MIC value of 12.5 mg/mL. By contrast, the A. articulata and Z. spinosa exhibited antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger ATCC 6275 with MIC values at 12.5 and 50 mg/mL, respectively. These findings suggested that the L. shawii is a potential halophyte with remarkable biological properties, attributed to its contents of phenolics and flavonoid classes of compounds in its extract.

Sage, Salvia officinalis L., is used worldwide as an aromatic herb for culinary purposes as well as a traditional medicinal agent for various ailments. Current investigations exhibited the effects of extended dryings of the herb on the yields, composition, oil quality, and hepatoprotective as well as anti-cancer biological activities of the hydrodistillation-obtained essential oils from the aerial parts of the plant. The essential oils’ yields, compositions, and biological activities levels of the fresh and differently timed and room-temperature dried herbs differed significantly. The lowest yields of the essential oil were obtained from the fresh herbs (FH, 631 mg, 0.16%), while the highest yield was obtained from the two-week dried herbs (2WDH, 1102 mg, 0.28%). A notable decrease in monoterpenes, with increment in the sesquiterpene constituents, was observed for the FH-based essential oil as compared to all the other batches of the essential oils obtained from the different-timed dried herbs. Additionally, characteristic chemotypic constituents of sage, i.e., α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, 1, 8-cineole, α-thujone, and camphor, were present in significantly higher proportions in all the dried herbs’ essential oils as compared to the FH-based essential oil. The in vivo hepatoprotective activity demonstrated significant reductions in the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as a significant increase in the total protein (p < 0.05) contents level, as compared to the acetaminophen (AAP) administered experimental group of rats. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the ALT level was demonstrated by the 4WDH-based essential oil in comparison to the FH-based essential oil. The levels of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were reduced (p < 0.05) in the pre-treated rats by the essential oil batches, with non-significant differences found among them as a result of the herbs dryings based oils. A notable increase in the viability of the cells, and total antioxidant capacity (TAOxC) levels, together with the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed by the essential oils obtained from all the batches as compared with the AAP-treated cell-lines, HepG-2, HeLa, and MCF-7, that indicated the in vitro hepatoprotective effects of the sage essential oils. However, significant improvements in the in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective activities with the 4WDH-based oil, as compared to all other essential oil-batches and silymarin standard demonstrated the beneficial effects of the drying protocol for the herb for its medicinal purposes.

Pulicaria undulata (L.) C. A. Mey has multiple uses as part of the traditional medicament, and several biological activities of the plant have been corroborated in the scientific literature. The current work evaluates the phytochemical constituents and biological properties of the water-ethanol extract of the P. undulata growing in Qassim, the central arid regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Qualitative UPLC-ESIQ-TOF analysis identified 27 compounds belonging to the phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenes, coumarins, and of fatty acids chemical classes. The quantitative analysis exhibited 33.3 mg/g GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalents), and 10.8 mg/g QE (Quercetin Equivalents) of the phenolics and flavonoids in the plant’s concentrated (to dryness) water-ethanol extract. The trace elements analysis of the plant’s dry powder established the presence of copper (20.13 µg/kg), and zinc (68.2 µg/kg) in the higher levels of occurrences. In terms of the antioxidant potential of the plant’s extract, the ferric-reducing, and free-radicals scavenging activities were recorded at 47.11 mg/g, and 19.13 mg/g equivalents of the concentrated to dryness water-ethanol extract of the plant. The water-ethanol extract of P. undulata also exhibited antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram-positive bacteria, while no activity was observed against the tested Gram-negative bacteria, or the fungi. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values were in the range of 49 to 1563 µg/mL, whereas the MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) values ranged from 49 to 3125 µg/mL, against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The P. undulata water-ethanol extract also exhibited potent cytotoxic effects with the IC50 value at 519.2 µg/mL against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell-lines, followed by the anticancer activity of erythroleukemic cell-lines, K562 at 1212 µg/mL, and pancreatic cell-lines, PANC-1, at 1535 µg/mL, as compared to the normal fibroblast cells (4048 µg/mL). The Annexin-V assay demonstrated that, as the P. undulata extract’s dose increased from IC50 to twice of the IC50, the percentage of the necrosis was found to be increased in the late apoptosis stage of the cancer cells. These data confirmed the P. undulata extract’s ability to inhibit several human cancer cell lines’ growth in comparison to other local halophytes. The antimicrobial activity of the plant was also confirmed.

Performance prediction of tunnel boring machines (TBM) is the most important factor for successful tunnel excavation projects. The specific energy (SE) of TBM, defined as the amount of energy required to excavate a unit volume of rock, is one of the critical parameters used for performance prediction of these machines. Estimation of SE is very useful to design the drilling project because it is a function of many parameters such as rock mass behaviour, machine properties and project parameters. Several methods are used to estimate this parameter, such as experimental, empirical and numerical. The aim of this study is to estimate the SE considering the postfailure behaviour of rock mass. For this reason, based on the actual data from Karaj-Tehran water conveyance tunnel, a new empirical method is proposed to estimate the SE using the drop-to-deformation modulus ratio (λ). Based on the statistical analysis, the relation between the SE and λ is estimated. It is clear that the amplitude of λ, is high and to increase the correlation between mentioned parameters, the classification of data is performed. All data is classified in three classes as very weak (GSI75). Also a statistical analysis is performed to estimate the SE using the mentioned parameter (λ) in any class. The result shows that there is a direct relation between both parameters and the best correlation is achieved. So, the best equations are proposed to estimate SE using λ, considering the post failure behaviour of rock mass.

Purpose: This study was planned to investigate the anti-breast-cancer property of acidic exopolysaccharide produced from marine Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 3MS 2017 (BAEPS) in an animal model, which previously showed in-vitro anti-breast-cancer activity, by studying its potential participation in various targeted mechanisms. Methods: Mammary carcinoma in female Sprague-Dawley rats, both in prophylactic and in curative designs, was chemically induced using 7,12-dimethylebenz-(a)-anthracene (DMBA). B. amyloliquefaciens 3MS 2017 anti-breast-cancer property was evaluated by studying its effects on cancer-growth-rate-limiting enzymes (aromatase and Na + /K + ATPase), sexual hormones (estrogen and progesterone), antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers (cyclooxygenase-1; COX-1 and cyclooxygenase-2; COX-2). The incidence of breast cancer by DMBA was dependent on the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and aromatase. Results: 7,12-Dimethylebenz-(a)-anthracene female rats were characterized by a significant increase in cancer-related biomarkers with an increase of oxidative stress biomarkers, in comparison with the negative control. Potent BAEPS anticancer activity on DMBA rats was exhibited either as a prophylactic or as a curative agent, which appeared via restoring the aromatase and Na + /K + ATPase subunits levels and CEA close to the normal level. Besides, BAEPS modulated a sexual hormone, in comparison with the cancer control group ( P ⩽ .05). B. amyloliquefaciens 3MS 2017 selectively inhibited COX-2 in parallel with promising antioxidant properties. The curative characters of BAEPS were more promising than the prophylactic. Conclusion: The anti-breast-cancer characters accompanied with a good safety margin may be attributed to its inhibitory effect on cancer-growth-rate-limiting enzymes, estrogen production, COX-2 level and lipid peroxidation, concurrent with enhancing COX-1 level, progesterone production, and antioxidant status.

The ostrich oil of Struthio camelus (Ratite) found uses in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory in eczema and contact dermatitis. The anti-inflammatory effect of a γ-lactone (5-hexyl-3H-furan-2-one) isolated from ostrich oil and its formulated nano-emulsion in formalin-induced paw edema was investigated in this study. Ostrich oil was saponified using a standard procedure; the aqueous residue was fractionated, purified, and characterized as γ-lactone (5-hexyl-3H-furan-2-one) through the interpretation of IR, NMR, and MS analyses. The γ-lactone was formulated as nano-emulsion using methylcellulose (MC) for oral solubilized form. The γ-lactone methylcellulose nanoparticles (γ-lactone-MC-NPs) were characterized for their size, shape, and encapsulation efficiency with a uniform size of 300 nm and 59.9% drug content. The γ-lactone was applied topically, while the formulated nanoparticles (NPs) were administered orally to rats. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac gel) was used as a reference drug for topical use and ibuprofen suspension for oral administration. Edema was measured using the plethysmograph method. Both γ-lactone and γ-lactone-MC-NPs showed reduction of formalin-induced paw edema in rats and proved to be better than the reference drugs; diclofenac gel and ibuprofen emulsion. Histological examination of the skin tissue revealed increased skin thickness with subepidermal edema and mixed inflammatory cellular infiltration, which were significantly reduced by the γ-lactone compared to the positive control (p-value = 0.00013). Diuretic and toxicity studies of oral γ-lactone-MC-NPs were performed. No diuretic activity was observed. However, lethargy, drowsiness, and refusal to feeding observed may limit its oral administration.

The study aimed to investigate the roles of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) as phagocytosis enhancers against cancer cells. The nanomaterials were characterized through SEM and UV-VIS absorptions. The GNPs and GOFs increased the macrophages’ phagocytosis ability in engulfing, thereby annihilating the cancer cells in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The GNPs and GOFs augmented serine protease class apoptotic protein, granzyme, passing through the aquaporin class protein, perforin, with mediated delivery through the cell membrane site for the programmed, calibrated, and conditioned cancer cells killing. Additionally, protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI) significantly reduced granzyme and perforin activities of macrophages. The results demonstrated that the GOFs and GNPs increased the activation of phagocytic cells as a promising strategy for controlling cancer cells by augmenting the cell mortality through the granzyme-perforin-dependent mechanism.

Salsola cyclophylla, an edible halophyte, is traditionally used for inflammation and pain. To confirm the claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, a detailed study on respective pharmacological actions was undertaken. The activities are contemplated to arise from its phytoconstituents. The LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla 95% aqueous-ethanolic extract revealed the presence of 52 compounds belonging to phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, and aliphatics class. A high concentration of Mn, Fe, and Zn was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest flavonoid contents (5.94 ± 0.04 mg/g, Quercetin Equivalents) and Fe2+-chelation (52%) potential with DPPH radicals-quenching IC50 at 1.35 ± 0.16 mg/mL, while the aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited maximum phenolics contents (136.08 ± 0.12 mg/g, gallic acid equivalents) with DPPH scavenging potential at IC50 0.615 ± 0.06 mg/mL. Aqueous ethanolic extract and standard quercetin DPPH radicals scavenging’s were equal potent at 10 mg/mL concentrations. The aqueous ethanolic extract showed highest analgesic effect with pain reduction rates 89.86% (p = 0.03), 87.50% (p < 0.01), and 99.66% (p = 0.0004) after 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. Additionally, aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited the highest anti-inflammation capacity at 41.07% (p < 0.0001), 34.51% (p < 0.0001), and 24.82% (p < 0.0001) after 2, 3, and 6 h of extract’s administration, respectively. The phytochemical constituents, significant anti-oxidant potential, remarkable analgesic, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities of extracts supported the traditionally claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic plant activities.

To reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, it is proposed to inject anthropogenic CO2 into deep geological formations. Deep un-mineable coalbeds are considered to be possible CO2 repositories because coal is able to adsorb a large amount of CO2 inside its microporous structure. However, the response of coalbeds is complex because of coupled flow and mechanical processes. Injection of CO2 causes coal to swell, which leads to reductions in permeability and hence makes injection more difficult, and at the same time leads to changes in the mechanical properties which can affect the stress state in the coal and overlying strata. The mechanical properties of coal under storage conditions are of importance when assessing the integrity and safety of the storage scheme. On the other hand, the geomechanical response of coalbed will also influence the reservoir performance of coalbed. This paper provides an overview of processes associated with coalbed geosequestration of CO2 while the importance of geomechanical characteristics of coalbeds is highlighted. The most recent findings about the interactions between gas transport and geomechanical characteristics of coal will be discussed and the essence will be delivered. The author suggests areas for future research efforts to further improve the understanding of enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) and coalbed geosequestration of CO2.

Although porcine mitral bioprostheses provide predictably good long-term outcomes, unexpected leaflet tears leading to abrupt haemodynamic changes may occur. Here, we report on a patient who was presented with acute dyspnea due to a cuspal tear of a porcine bioprosthetic mitral valve causing severe mitral regurgitation. Her condition was subsequently complicated by a systemic infection, probably pneumonia, and was successfully managed with an urgent redo-mitral valve replacement.

Halophytes are the category of plants growing under harsh conditions of super-salinity, and are wide-spread in the coastal Mediterranean climatic conditions and desert oasis. They are adept at surviving through maintaining excessive production of enzymatic, and non-enzymatic secondary metabolites, especially phenolics and flavonoids that primarily work as anti-oxidants and phytoalexins. Five major halophyte species growing in the kingdom’s Qassim’s high-salted desert regions were investigated for confirming their traditionally used biological activity of sugar-control and anti-infectious properties. In this context, the comparative presence of phenolics, and flavonoids together with anti-microbial, anti-oxidants, and the anti-diabetic potentials of the plants’ extracts were investigated through the α-amylase inhibition method. The highest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in Salsola imbricata (360 mg/g of the extract as Gallic-Acid-Equivalents/GAE, and 70.5 mg/g of the extract as Rutin-Equivalents/RE). In contrast, the lowest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in Salsola cyclophylla (126.6 mg/g GAE, and 20.5 mg/g RE). The halophytes were found rich in trace elements, a factor for water-retention in high-salinity plants, wherein iron and zinc elements were found comparatively in higher concentrations in Aeluropus lagopoides (4113 µg/kg, and 40.1 µg/kg, respectively), while the copper was detected in higher concentration (11.1 µg/kg) in S. imbricata, analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES) analysis. The anti-oxidant potentials and α-amylase enzyme inhibition-based anti-diabetic activity of S. imbricata was significantly higher than the other halophytes under study, wherein S. cyclophylla exhibited the lowest level of α-amylase inhibition. The maximum DPPH radicals’ (52.47 mg/mL), and α-amylase inhibitions (IC50 22.98 µg/mL) were detected in A.lagopoides. The anti-microbial activity against the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was strongly exhibited by Zygophyllum simplex (33 mm Inhibition Zone-Diameter, 50 µg/mL Minimum-Inhibitory-Concentration), while Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans growths were moderately inhibited by Tamarix aphylla. The current findings exhibited significant differences among the locally distributed halophytic plants species with regards to their bioactivity levels, anti-oxidant potentials, and the presence of trace elements. The ongoing data corroborated the plants’ traditional uses in infections and diabetic conditions. The enhanced local distribution of the plants’ diaspora and higher density of occurrence of these plants species in this region, in comparison to their normal climatic condition’s counterparts, seemed to be affected by humans’ use of the species as part of the traditional and alternative medicine over a period of long time.

Suaeda vermiculata, an edible halophytic plant, used by desert nomads to treat jaundice, was investigated for its hepatoprotective bioactivity and safety profile on its mother liquor aqueous-ethanolic extract. Upon LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis, the presence of several constituents including three major flavonoids, namely quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol-O-(acetyl)-hexoside-pentoside were confirmed. The aqueous-ethanolic extract, rich in antioxidants, quenched the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals, and also showed noticeable levels of radical scavenging capacity in ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay. For the hepatoprotective activity confirmation, the male rat groups were fed daily, for 7 days (n = 8/group, p.o.), either carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) 0.5%, silymarin 200 mg/kg, the aqueous-ethanolic extract of the plant Suaeda vermiculata (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg extract), or quercetin (100 mg/kg) alone, and on day 7 of the administrations, all the animal groups, excluding a naïve (250 mg/kg aqueous-ethanolic extract-fed), and an intact animal group were induced hepatotoxicity by intraperitoneally administering carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). All the animals were sacrificed after 24 h, and aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase serum levels were observed, which were noted to be significantly decreased for the aqueous-ethanolic extract, silymarin, and quercetin-fed groups in comparison to the CMC-fed group (p < 0.0001). No noticeable adverse effects were observed on the liver, kidney, or heart’s functions of the naïve (250 mg/kg) group. The aqueous-ethanolic extract was found to be safe in the acute toxicity (5 g/kg) test and showed hepatoprotection and safety at higher doses. Further upon, the cytotoxicity testings in HepG-2 and HepG-2/ADR (Adriamycin resistant) cell-lines were also investigated, and the IC50 values were recorded at 56.19 ± 2.55 µg/mL, and 78.40 ± 0.32 µg/mL (p < 0.001, Relative Resistance RR 1.39), respectively, while the doxorubicin (Adriamycin) IC50 values were found to be 1.3 ± 0.064, and 4.77 ± 1.05 µg/mL (p < 0.001, RR 3.67), respectively. The HepG-2/ADR cell-lines when tested in a combination of the aqueous-ethanolic extract with doxorubicin, a significant reversal in the doxorubicin’s IC50 value by 2.77 folds (p < 0.001, CI = 0.56) was noted as compared to the cytotoxicity test where the extract was absent. The mode of action for the reversal was determined to be synergistic in nature indicating the role of the aqueous-ethanolic extract.

The natural drying of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. herbs severely affects its volatile oil quality and yields, which is reported here for the first time. The oils obtained through hydrodistillation from fresh, one, two, and three-weeks dried herbs were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and the yields were 198 ± 3.45, 168.7 ± 5.11, and 97.8 ± 1.27 mg, respectively, as compared to the internal referral standard of 327 ± 5.91 mg yield of the one-week dried herbs’ oil. Camphor, the major constituent, significantly depleted from 20.96% to 13.84%, while bornyl acetate yields increased from 1.42% to 12.46% (p values < 0.0001) in three-weeks drying, reflecting the redox processes undergoing within the oil during drying. Several constituents (25) were found in one-week dried herbs’ oil as compared to the fresh, two-, and three-weeks oils, which consisted of 23, 19, and 14 constituents, respectively, leading to the recommendation of the one-week drying of the herb for maximum oil yield. The DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) reactivity was highest for the two- and three-weeks dried herb-based oils, followed by the one-week dried- and fresh-herb-based oils (p < 0.0001), again indicating major chemical changes during herbs’ dryings, affecting the free-radical scavenging capacity of these batches of oils obtained after different drying times.

Microsporum canis is one of the most important dermatophyte causing tinea corporis and tinea capitis and its biofilm-form has a poor therapeutic response. The biosurfactant production by entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) has not been reported yet. The study aimed to investigate the potential usage of the EPF biosurfactant in the eradication of an ex vivo biofilm of Microsporum canis (M. canis) for the first time. An entomopathogenic fungus was isolated from the fungal-infected Vespa orientalis wasp and identified as Beauveria bassiana (MN173375). Chemical characterization revealed the lipopeptide nature of the B. bassiana biosurfactant (BBLP). Efficient antifungal and antibiofilm activities of BBLP against M. canis in vitro were detected. An ex vivo hair model was used to investigate the efficiency of BBLP against M. canis biofilm, in a scenario close to the in vivo conditions. M. canis ex vivo biofilm eradication was confirmed in stereo, scanning electron, and fluorescent images. Also, the ex vivo biofilm was less susceptible to BBLP treatment compared to its in vitro counterpart. In conclusion, BBLP showed significant eradication to the M. canis ex vivo biofilm and open horizons to use bio-resource derived from EPF in controlling microbial biofilm and holding great promise for combating recalcitrant dermatophytosis.

Background: This study is designed to discover a method for delivering an efficient potent pheophytin a (pheo-a) into more absorbed and small polymeric ethyl cellulose (EC) microparticles. Methods: Silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns were used to isolate pheo-a from the chloroform extract of the edible plant, Suaeda vermiculata. Pheo-a was incorporated into EC microparticles using emulsion-solvent techniques. The antioxidant activity of pheo-a microparticles was confirmed by the level of superoxide radical (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), and reducing power (RP) methods. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic effect of the product was investigated on MCF-7 cells using MTT assay. Results: Pheo-a was isolated from S. vermiculata in a 12% concentration of the total chloroform extract. The structures were confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopic analysis. The formulated microparticles were uniform, completely dispersed in the aqueous media, compatible as ingredients, and had a mean diameter of 139 ± 1.56 µm as measured by a particle size analyzer. Pheo-a demonstrated a valuable antioxidant activity when compared with ascorbic acid. The IC50 values of pheo-a microparticles were 200.5 and 137.7 µg/mL for SOD, and NO respectively. The reducing power of pheo-a microparticles was more potent than ascorbic acid and had a 4.2 µg/mL for IC50 value. Pheo-a microparticles did not show notable cytotoxicity on the MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 35.9 µg/mL) compared with doxorubicin (IC50 = 3.2 µg/mL). Conclusions: the results showed that water-soluble pheo-a microparticles were prepared with a valuable antioxidant activity in a wide range of concentrations with a noteworthy cytotoxic effect.

Background. The main causes of liver fibrosis in transfusion-dependent thalassemia major are hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hepatic iron overload. The study aimed to assess liver fibrosis in Egyptian adolescents and young adult poly-transfused beta thalassemia patients infected with HCV using liver FibroScan in relation to iron overload and Liver iron concentration (LIC).Material and methods. Fifty-one regularly transfused beta thalassemia patients above 12 years old were subjected to measurement of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), serum ferritin (SF), HCV (antibody and RNA), LIC assessed by hepatic R2* and transient elastography (TE) (FibroScan). FibroTest and liver biopsy were done to 25 patients.Results. Eighty two% of studied thalassemia patients were HCV antibody positive; 21(49%) of them were viremic (HCV RNA positive); median LIC was 12 mg/gm dry weight. There were strong positive correlation between the degree of liver stiffness and Ishak fibrosis score assessed in liver biopsy specimens (P = 0.002) and between FibroScan and FibroTest results (P < 0.001). Patients with HCV viremia showed significantly higher ALT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), SF, LIC and increased liver stiffness compared to patients with no viremia (P = 0.0001, 0.001, 0.012, 0.006 and 0.001) respectively. Liver cirrhosis (TE values > 12.5kPa) was encountered in 23.5% and variable degrees of liver fibrosis (TE values > 6–12.5 kPa) in 35% of studied thalassemic patients.Conclusion. Young beta thalassemia patients with active hepatitis C infection may have hepatic cirrhosis or fibrosis at young age when accompanied with hepatic siderosis. Non invasive Liver FibroScan and Fibro-Test were reliable methods to assess liver fibrosis in young thalassemic-patients.

Four new complexes [V(NTA)(H2O) 2]•H2O (1), H[Sn(NTA)] (2), H[Sm(NTA)]•H2O (3), and [Sm(NTA)(H2O) 2]•H2O (4) were obtained during the reactions of metal salts (VCl3, SnCl2•2H2O, SnCl4, Sm(NO3)2•6H2O and SmCl3•6H2O) with nitrilotriacetic acid, H3NTA. The infrared and 1H-NMR spectra of the solid complexes have been obtained and assigned. Thermogravimetric analyses were also carried out. The data obtained agree with the proposed structures and show that the complexes decomposed to the corresponding metal oxide. The ligand and their metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activities by the agar-well diffusion technique using DMSO as a solvent against the following bacterial species: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. The obtained results were compared with some types of known antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were calculated at 30 °C for 24−48 h. The activity data show that the complexes are more potent antimicrobials than the parent ligand.

Background: The association between visceral obesity and cardiovascular risk has been well described. Some studies show a proportional relationship between the presence of visceral obesity and epicardial fat. Measuring the amount of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) can be a novel parameter that is inexpensive and easy to obtain and may be helpful in cardiovascular risk stratification. However, the relationship between epicardial fat and cardiac function and that between epicardial fat and cardiac risk factors is less well described. Objectives: To evaluate the association between echocardiographic epicardial fat and the morphologic and physiologic changes observed at echocardiography and to evaluate the association between epicardial fat and cardiac risk factors. A cross-sectional study of 97 echocardiographic studies (females, n = 42) was conducted. Two groups were identified: epicardial fat ≥ 5 mm (group I) and 5 mm was associated with LA enlargement, with lower ejection fraction, increased left ventricular mass, and abnormal diastolic function. On a multivariable regression analysis, all these parameters also correlated individually with EAT thickness independent of age. Hyperglycemia (DM), systolic hypertension, and lipid parameters for metabolic syndrome showed a trend for positive association, but this was not statistically significant. The association was not significant even for higher cutoff limits of EAT thickness. Conclusion: Epicardial fat >5 mm is associated with cardiac abnormalities on echocardiography. This is a sensitive assessment of body fat distribution, is easily available at echocardiography, and is simple to acquire at no added cost. Further studies looking at the appropriate cut-off thickness of EAT and the sites of measurement to be used are needed. Comparison of this simple and inexpensive measure with other measures of obesity, such as waist-hip ratio, body mass index, Dexa scan of visceral fat, and magnetic resonance imaging of visceral, are needed.

Background Prospective data on cardiac iron removal are limited beyond one year and longer-term studies are, therefore, important.Design and Methods Seventy-one patients in the EPIC cardiac substudy elected to continue into the 3rd year, allowing cardiac iron removal to be analyzed over three years.Results Mean deferasirox dose during year 3 was 33.6±9.8 mg/kg per day. Myocardial T2*, assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance, significantly increased from 12.0 ms ±39.1% at baseline to 17.1 ms ±62.0% at end of study (P