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Abstract Background Several preliminary studies have been conducted in the field of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population. These studies have examined the prevalence in limited geographic areas with small sample sizes. Also, there are many limitations in the meta-analysis studies. The objective of the present study was to synthesize the global prevalence statistics of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The present systematic review included retrieval of primary studies from the oldest relevant study up to 2023. To find the relevant studies, international databases such as Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS) were systematically searched. Also, a manual search was performed through the Google Scholar search engine and a review of the sources of related articles. The qualitative assessment of the studies was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Due to a high heterogeneity among the study results, a Random Effects model was chosen. Results A total of 42 articles on depression, 47 articles on anxiety and 13 articles on stress were included in the meta-analysis. The overall estimates for prevalence based on a random-effects model were as follows: depression, 19.2% (95% CI: 13.0 − 27.5%); anxiety, 16.5% (95% CI: 11.1 − 22.8%); and stress, 13.9% (95% CI: 5.5 − 30.9%). The highest prevalence of depression and anxiety was recorded in Africa. The prevalence of depression was higher in nursing homes, and stress was more prevalent in individuals with COVID-19 compared to other populations. Conclusion The findings revealed a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals and policymakers pay more attention to the prevention and management of these disorders in the elderly population.

Abstract Background The process of aging is a phenomenon that occurs universally in all living organisms. It begins during intrauterine life and persists until death. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can significantly impact the lives of older adults, especially in their relationships with others, including spouses or partners. These relationships often involve conflicts or may be affected by the individual’s OCD symptoms, such as rituals. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of OCD among the older person population. Methods The systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out without a time limit until March 2024. To identify articles pertinent to the study’s objectives, searches were conducted on Embase, PubMed, Scopus, WOS, and Google Scholar databases using appropriate keywords and validated with MeSH/Emtree. The I 2 index was utilized to assess heterogeneity among the studies. Results Ultimately, 10 articles meeting all the inclusion criteria had a sample size of 54,377. The estimated prevalence of OCD in the older person worldwide is 2.4% (95% confidence interval: 1.8%-3.3). The Asian continent showed the highest prevalence of OCD in the older person at 3.5% (95% confidence interval: 2.4–5.1), while the female population had an estimated prevalence of 2.7% (95% confidence interval: 1.9–3.8). As the publication year increased, there was an upward trend in the quality assessment score and the age of OCD prevalence in the older person (P

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women worldwide. A common approach to cancer treatment in clinical practice is to use a combination of drugs to enhance the anticancer activity of drugs while reducing their side effects. In this regard, we evaluated the effectiveness of combined treatment with gemcitabine (GCB) and arsenic (ATO) and how they affect the cell death pathway in cancer cells. Cytotoxic activity of drugs individually or combined against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 was performed by MTT method and isobolographic analysis was used to determine the interaction between these factors. The combination of ATO and GCB showed synergistic anti-cancer activity (CI < 1) in both cancer cell lines. The combination of ATO and GCB induced sub-G1 phase arrest, apoptosis and death rates in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The apoptotic response induced by the combination of GCB and ATO was dependent on caspase 3/7. Combined treatment with mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) reduction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Co-treatment significantly reduced catalase (CAT) activity in both cancer cells compared to the control group and cells treated with each monotherapy. A significant decrease in cellular GSH was observed in cancer cells treated with ATO and GCB. In addition, migration and invasion were significantly reduced in breast cancer cells treated with the combination of ATO and GCB compared to cells treated with ATO and GCB. In conclusion, the combined treatment of ATO and GCB synergistically increased the anti-cancer activity, and these findings provide an effective approach for the treatment of breast cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing promising results for combination therapy with ATO and GCB in breast cancer.

The Kuh-e-Esfand copper deposit is located in the southernmost part of the Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic belt. The Oligocene-Miocene intrusive bodies, ranging from diorite to quartz diorite and granodiorite, are emplaced within the Eocene volcanic complex. Based on the classification of veins- veinlets, the main mineralization stage consists of quartz pyrite chalcopyrite associated with potassic alteration. Based on petrographic studies, fluid inclusions in quartz minerals are categorized into three main groups and seven subgroups: 1- Vapor-rich fluid inclusions comprising single-phase vapor inclusions (V), vapor-rich two-phase inclusions (VL), and vapor-rich inclusions with a opaque phase (VLS), 2- Liquid-rich fluid inclusions including liquid-rich two-phase inclusions (LV) and liquid-rich inclusions with a opaque phase (LVS) and 3- Saline fluid inclusions consisting of simple brine three-phase inclusions (LVH), and multi-phase brine inclusions (LVHS) containing solid phases of halite± hematite± anhydrite± sylvite± chalcopyrite. The multi-phase saline inclusions with high temperature and salinity (358-598°C and 42-70 wt.% NaCl equivalent) of magmatic origin are the primary fluid inclusions forming the deposit. The two-phase liquid-rich inclusions with lower temperature and salinity (290-490°C and 11-20 wt.% NaCl equivalent) of magmatic-meteoric origin are related to the final stages of hydrothermal fluid circulation and mixing with lower salinity fluids. The temperature decrease due to secondary boiling and mixing of magmatic and meteoric fluids led to the instability of the chloride complex carrying copper and subsequent mineralization under favorable conditions. Introduction Porphyry deposits are the major global source of Cu, Mo, and Re, along with being noteworthy reservoirs of Au and Ag (Sillitoe, 2010; Arndt and Ganino, 2012; Crespo et al., 2020). Exploration techniques aimed at optimizing the discovering new deposits are evolving towards a deeper understanding of ore genesis. Fluid inclusion studies serve as an enhanced technique to delineate the nature of ore-forming fluids and the processes governing deposit formation (Wilkinson, 2001), alongside other key geological aspects such as tectonic setting, mineral alteration, vein structure, ore-forming zones, and metal transportation and concentration dynamics (Singer et al., 2002; Sillitoe, 2010; Zajacz et al., 2017). Extensive studies have examined the physicochemical conditions, origins, and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in porphyry deposits globally, including in Iran, through fluid inclusion studies. The Kuh-e-Esfand porphyry copper deposit is located in Kerman province, Iran, approximately 90 kilometers southeast of Jiroft. Currently, the deposit is under exploration, and drilling activities are underway to obtain precise information on the type, composition, quantity, and economic potential of mineral reserves for evaluation and extraction purposes. Since fluid inclusion studies contribute to understanding hydrothermal processes as mineralizing agents, in this study focuses on detailed fluid inclusion studies, including petrography and microthermometry, to understand the nature and evolution of ore-forming fluids, as well as the physicochemical processes influencing mineral precipitation in the Kooh-Esfand deposit. Materials and methods In this study, 15 surface samples and 48 drill core samples were utilized for detailed investigations, with BH2, BH3, and BH4 boreholes being drilled at depths of 506 m, 475 m, and 496 m respectively. BH2 and BH3 were drilled into the intrusive mass, while BH4 was drilled into the volcanic unit, encountering a quartz diorite intrusive mass at 340 m depth. Among the selected samples, 42 thin section samples and 11 polished thin sections were prepared and examined. Petrographic studies of fluid inclusions were conducted using optical microscopy, and samples were separated from the veins in mineralogy and fluid laboratories. Temperature and salinity parameters of fluid inclusions in quartz minerals were measured at Pamukkale University in Denizli, Turkey, and part of it was conducted at Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran. In Pamukkale University's laboratory, fine grain size measurements were carried out using a Linkam THMSG 600 freeze-thaw stage equipped with an Olympus microscope. This stage was calibrated using H2O-CO2 fluid inclusions at temperatures of 1.1°C, 0.0°C, and -56.6°C. The upper and lower temperature thresholds for fine grain size measurements were 600°C and -120°C respectively. The heating rate was set at 1°C per minute for determining the homogenization temperature or ice melting temperature. At Tarbiat Modares University, temperature measurements on sections were conducted using a THMCG600 heating-cooling stage equipped with a Leitz microscope, with a temperature range of -196°C to +600°C. Calibration of the stage was performed using C4H3CH3 at 95°C and KNO3 at 335°C. Result The study area encompasses three distinct geological units: volcanic, volcaniclastic, and intrusive units. The intrusive unit range in composition from diorite to quartz-diorite and granodiorite. Various alteration zones, such as potassic alteration, quartz-sericite-feldspar alkaline ± chlorite alteration, phyllic alteration, argillic alteration, and propylitic alteration, have significantly influenced the lithological units in the study area. On the basis of vein classification, the early stage of mineralization predominantly is characterized by quartz ± chalcopyrite ± magnetite ± pyrite veins. The main mineralization stage is characterized by quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite veins associated with potassic alteration and quartz-sericite-alkali feldspar-chlorite zone. Post mineralization stage is characterized by quartz-pyrite veins. Due to pressure variations from lithostatic to hydrostatic conditions, substantial copper mineralization likely occurred during the main mineralization stage, with comparatively lesser molybdenum mineralization observed in quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite and quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-molybdenite veins. These mineralization stages, often accompanied by abundant vapor-rich and multi-phase fluid inclusions, initiated ore formation through fluid boiling processes. Based on petrographic studies, fluid inclusions in quartz minerals are categorized into three main groups and seven subgroups: 1- Vapor-rich fluid inclusions comprising single-phase vapor inclusions (V), vapor-rich two-phase inclusions (VL), and vapor-rich inclusions with a opaque phase (VLS) (including chalcopyrite, possibly magnetite, and unidentified opaque phases), 2- Liquid-rich fluid inclusions including liquid-rich two-phase inclusions (LV) and liquid-rich inclusions with a opaque phase (VLS) containing opaque minerals (such as chalcopyrite and unidentified opaque phases), and 3- Saline fluid inclusions consisting of simple brine three-phase inclusions (LVH) containing liquid+ vapor+ halite, and multi-phase brine inclusions (LVHS) containing vapor+ liquid+ halite± hematite± anhydrite± sylvite± chalcopyrite. Discussion The relationship between different types of fluid inclusions in the Kuh-Esfand deposit is established through detailed petrographic and micrometerometric investigations. In microthermometric studies, the relationship between different types of fluid inclusions, including liquid-rich, vapor-rich, three-phase, and multiphase inclusions, is investigated to examine the origin and evolution process of the hydrothermal fluid. This investigation is based on variations in homogenization temperature and salinity content. By analyzing variations in homogenization temperature and salinity, these investigations provide valuable insights into the processes governing fluid evolution in the Kuh- e- Esfand copper deposit. On the basis of the microthermometric analyses, the observed changes in homogenization temperature and salinity indicate a systematic decrease from multiphase fluid inclusions to liquid-rich fluid inclusions. Interestingly, vapor-rich fluid inclusions exhibit homogenization temperatures comparable to the upper end of the temperature range observed in multiphase fluid inclusions. Primary fluid inclusions of magmatic origin encompass vapor-rich inclusions characterized by elevated homogenization temperatures (330-600 °C) and diminished salinities (12-22 wt.% NaCl eq.), multisolid fluid inclusions exhibiting extended temperature ranges (385-598 °C) and heightened salinities (42-70 wt.% NaCl eq.), and three-phase fluid inclusions demonstrating significant temperature variations (230-590 °C) alongside elevated salinities (35-65 wt.% NaCl eq.). The presence of multi-phase fluid inclusions is indicative of the initial hydrothermal fluids responsible for the formation of the Kuh-e-Esfand deposit. Conversely, fluid inclusions of magmatic-meteoric source encompass liquid-rich inclusions characterized by homogenization temperatures and reduced salinities (290-490 °C and 11-20 wt.% NaCl eq., respectively). This particular fluid inclusion type signifies the terminal phase of hydrothermal fluid circulation, characterized by interaction and dilution with lower salinity meteoric fluids. The depth of the Kuh-e-Esfand deposit ranges from 0.8 to 1.7 kilometers, with an average depth of 1.4 kilometers (equivalent to 1400 meters). This translates to pressures ranging from 215 to 603 bars on average, with an average hydrostatic pressure of 412 bars and a lithostatic pressure of 1112 bars. In the Kuh-e-Esfand deposit, fluid inclusions exhibit a sequence of influential processes, including secondary boiling phenomena, fluid immiscibility, the interaction of magmatic fluids with meteoric waters, and isothermal mixing, throughout the hydrothermal fluid evolution. Vapor-rich fluid inclusions, characterized by the presence of opaque minerals (e.g., chalcopyrite), are infrequently observed in the Kuh-e-Esfand deposit, suggesting that the brine phase predominantly facilitates the transport of copper metal. Finally, the decrease in temperature due to secondary boiling and mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric fluids has led to the destabilization of the chloride complex, the primary carrier of copper in the studied deposit, and its deposition under favorable conditions.

IntroductionThe Cenozoic Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc has characteristics similar to those of Andean-type magmatic arcs. Various types of magmatism occurred in this arc including calc-alkaline and K-rich calc-alkaline magmatism and less of them alkaline magmatism (Shahabpour, 1982). Kerman porphyry copper belt (KPCB) in the southern part of this arc includes two types of granitoids: (1) Jebal Barez-type (late Eocene–early Miocene) associated with minor Cu-mineralization, and (2) Kuh Panj-type (middle Miocene–Pliocene), which is associated with major porphyry copper deposits (Mirzababaei et al., 2016). Kuh-kapout porphyry deposit (Eocene) in the southern part of KPCB is affected by Jebal Barez type granitoids. This deposit has been studied to determine the genesis of magmatism, mineralization and tectonic setting, by the whole rock geochemistry of quartz diorite intrusions, this evaluation is based on trace and REEs geochemistry data.Regional GeologyThis area is located in the southern part of the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belt and in the Kerman porphyry copper belt. Arc-related magmatism events in this region include Paleocene to Oligocene magmatism and including andesite- dacite volcanic-sedimentary rocks with porphyry texture and quartz diorite intrusions with porphyry texture. In these rocks on the surface, there are intermediate argillic alteration events, and with increasing depth, quartz-sericite-pyrite zone and then potassic and alkali (potassium)-feldspar-sericite-chlorite-anhydrite zone are observed. Quartz diorite rocks include plagioclase and hornblende crystals (about 30 to 40 percent), biotite (10 to 15 percent), and potassium feldspar and quartz. Potassic alteration zone in depth is recognized by hydrothermal biotite, K-feldspar, magnetite and anhydrite. Mineralization in quartz diorite intrusions is more in the form of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite in association with the potassic alteration zone. Andesite-dacite volcanic-sedimentary rocks and quartz diorite rocks intruded by post-mineralized and barren micro diorite intrusion.Analytical methodThe samples were selected based on field observations and changes in mineralization-alteration rates from the weak alteration section of the quartz-sericite zone. For analyzing trace and rare earth elements, Samples were analyzed by the multi-acid method and used the Microwave Digest. Many of handpick and drill core samples were prepared to form thin sections for microscopic studiesAlteration and mineralizationIn this area, different types of hydrothermal alteration events including potassic, phyllic, propylitic, argillic and K-feldspar- chlorite- sericite, occurred that was influenced by fractures and faults. Quartz diorite intrusive rocks shows intense potassic and phyllic alteration zone, the main type of hydrothermal alteration zone is potassic and contains quartz ± chalcopyrite ± pyrite ± magnetite as mineralized veins and scattered event of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite. The phyllic alteration zone includes pyrite, which increases with depth. In the quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration zone, abundant chlorite and plagioclase are observed in the groundmass along with the occurrence of pyrite and anhydrite, and Cu mineralization in the form of scattered chalcopyrite.Whole rock chemistryIn this study, it seems that due to the presence of phases such as garnet and hornblende in the magma in the origin, a fractionation between HFSEs and LILEs has occurred (Green, 2006). Remaining of HFSEs and HREEs in the origin lead to low amounts of these elements in the resulting magma. The occurrence of negative anomalies in these elements, on the other hand, can be due to crustal contamination with mantle magmatism during their ascent to the surface. Anomaly in trace elements and ratios of REEs and trace elements, emphasizes that magmatism originated from the volcanic arc and subsequent events, according to the Th/Nb-Ba/Th diagrams and the La/Sm-Sm/Yb diagram, including the presence of lower crustal contamination and the significant role of fluid in the production of metasomatized magmatism. According to the studies on data normalized to the primary mantle, a depletion in Ba and Nb values and an enrichment in Rb and Cs have occurred.DiscussionStudying trace and rare earth elements in porphyry copper deposits is useful for determining the mineralization and fertility of magmatism, tectonomagmatism-setting, crustal contamination, and mantle metasomatism. Th-Co diagram (Hastie et al., 2007) and Th/Yb-Ta/Yb diagram (Hastie et al., 2007) indicate that most of the samples in this study area were plotted in the calc-alkaline magma region of the diagrams. Using the Sm/Yb versus La/Sm diagram (Aldanmaz et al., 2000) in the quartz diorite rocks shows a magmatism with higher Sm/Yb ratios than what is usually found for the spinel lherzolite. The plotting of the samples on diagrams indicates that the samples are located near the spinel + garnet lherzolite trend, indicating that the early magmatism originated from the spinel + garnet lherzolite mantle. High values of Ba/Th compared to low values of Th/Nb emphasize the contamination of subducting material or lower crust with magma; the (Dy/Yb)CN-Sr/Nd (Kelemen et al., 2003) diagram indicated that the process of fractional crystallization of plagioclase was effective in the evolution of magma; and finally, the study of samples in this deposit shows the relatively high water content in the magmatism, associated with the presence of garnet in the source and magma contaminated with the lower crust (Temel et al., 1998). In order to investigate the tectonic environment of the deposit, the diagrams of Pearce et al. (1984) were used. The samples are located in the active continental margin and associated with collision magmatism.Conclusionsanalysis of the trace and REEs of the quartz diorite rocks in the region, a magmatism related to the arc with the calc-alkaline series can be recognized. In terms of the evolution of magmatism, according to the interpretation of trace element data, from the origin to the surface, it can be considered a magmatism that originated from the partial melting of magma with the metasomatized spinel + garnet lherzolite composition in the source with the presence of garnet and amphibole phases. In terms of geochemical properties magmatism is more similar to Kuh-Panj type granitoid than the Jabal Barez type; and it is placed in the category of semi-economic to economic magmatism. Based on studies of trace elements from whole rock data, the tectonomagmatism of the rocks in the region is in the range of the active continental margin to collision setting.

Abstract Dam construction has some qualitative and quantitative effects on groundwater resources. This effect may be in the form of an increasing groundwater table or a changing groundwater system. In this paper, the effect of the Rodbal dam construction on the Darab aquifer was investigated. For this paper water table levels from observation wells and precipitation data was used. The study aims to analyse the behaviour of the water table during precipitation by employing a combination of the standardisation process, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) calculations. Fuzzy logic involves the fuzzification of input data, transforming precise values into fuzzy sets. The effectiveness of the FIS is highlighted, particularly in determining the number of membership functions for inputs. The performance of the results is assessed using indicators such as RMSE and Coefficient of Determination (R2). The FIS showed a high level of effectiveness in performance assessment, exhibiting a 70% similarity between the fuzzy and Mann–Kendall methods. Nonetheless, the Fuzzy Purpose Method corresponded more closely with the observed data, indicating a more accurate reflection of reality. The findings indicate that for P3, P7, and P8, the results from the Mann–Kendall method do not show a discernible trend. Conversely, the proposed Fuzzy method accounts for changes in the behaviour of these piezometers.

It is essential to improve thermal insulation. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) were used as additives to modify phenolic novolac resin by the solution mixing method. Different weight percentages of resin nanoparticles (NPs) were added, and nanocomposites with different weight percentages were prepared. These nanocomposites were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and oxyacetylene flame test (OFT). The FE-SEM images showed that the NPs were dispersed on the surface of the novolac resin at low concentrations. However, at high concentrations, the dispersion was suppressed in some cases by aggregation in the nanocomposites. The OFT test proved that by increasing the content of NPs in the nanocomposite, the back surface temperature of the sample decreased, thus improving the thermal insulation properties.

Abstract Background and Aims Considering the increasing use of information technology (IT) and the need of the implementation of related projects, the lack of IT specialists in the health system is one of the major challenges that require planning and foreseeing. This study was conducted with the aim of predicting the number of required IT personnel in hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on the modeling of identified and weighed influential factors in 2023. Method First, Delphi method and multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) using the Expository Posthaste Effective Resemblant Tool (ExPERT) were conducted to identify and weigh the components that affect IT staff's workload in hospitals. Then, the model for predicting the required number of IT personnel for the involved hospitals was developed. In all stages, the obtained information and results were checked and confirmed using experts' opinions in Focus Group Discussions. Results Twenty‐one hospitals (57%) out of 37 hospitals are facing a shortage of IT personnel. This varies from 0.5 to 1.6 personnel in different hospitals. Thirteen hospitals (35%) were reported to have adequate IT staffing and three hospitals (8%) had excess IT staffing. Conclusion This study provided a predictive model for required IT staff in hospitals using MCDM through ExPERT which can be used in cases where the use of workload‐based methods such as Workload Indicators of Staffing Need is complex or time‐consuming.

Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is rising in Iran, but reports vary across different regions due to diverse methods and data sources. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta analysis to provide an overview of the incidence rate of CRC and its trend among Iranians in various provinces. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses checklist was performed using national and international databases for papers published up to December 2023. CRC incidence rates were extracted from the numbers, crude rates, and age standardized rates (ASRs). A meta analysis was conducted to calculate the incidence rate and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in subgroups of sex and province. Results: The initial database search retrieved 1287 papers, with 47 studies meeting the inclusion criteria after further screening. Overall, the trend of CRC incidence has been increasing, although a different pattern was observed in 2008. The pooled incidence rate of CRC was 8.46 (95% CI: 7.16–9.86) per 100,000 population before the publication of the annual continuous reports of the Iranian National Cancer Registry. The latest national data (2014–2017) indicated an ASR of approximately 15 per 100,000 population. Conclusion: The incidence of CRC in Iran is lower than the global average. However, inconsistent cancer registration policies and gaps in registration have hindered the ability to establish a reliable trend of CRC incidence over time.

Background: Ethical performance is essential for educational leaders, but the process of ethical decision-making in different contexts is not well understood. Islamic countries, with a distinctive philosophy, require their own theories of ethics. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explain a model of ethical decision-making based on the teachings of Sahifa Sajjadiyeh, a collection of supplications and moral guidance by Imam Sajjad, the fourth Shia Imam. Research method: This study used conventional content analysis to examine the text of Sahifa Sajjadiyeh and extract all the concepts related to the ethics of managers. To ensure the accuracy of the interpretation, the researchers consulted various commentaries on the text, such as Riyad al-Salkin (in Arabic) and several Persian explanations. The validity and reliability of the results were also verified by the consensus of researchers and external audit. Findings: The model derived from this study has three main categories that every manager should consider in every decision: necessities, facilitating factors, and inhibiting factors of ethical decision-making. Each category has subcategories that are interrelated. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the central variable of this model is faith in God's absolute sovereignty as the basis for ethical decision-making. The influencing factors that can range from inhibition to facilitation include the individual characteristics of the manager, organizational atmosphere, and community culture. These concepts can be used to design decision-making evaluation questionnaires for managers.

Drought monitoring and forecasting are essential for efficient water resources management. The present research aims to provide a reliable prediction of the effective Reconnaissance Drought Index (eRDI) based on seven evaporation stations in the southern Baluchestan sub-basin of Iran. To achieve this purpose, artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and support vector regression (SVR) machine learning methods are used and combined with the marine predator optimization algorithm (MPA) to enhance efficiency. Drought monitoring and forecasting have been performed on time scales of 1-, 3-, and 6-months intervals. The results demonstrated the superiority of the ANFIS-MPA algorithm over the SVR-MPA and ANN-MPA approaches. In addition, as the time scale increased, the accuracy of all models improved. The best results were for the eRDI 6-month at Kajdar Sarbaz station by ANFIS-MPA (MAE = 0.33, NSE = 0.83, R2 = 0.99), SVR-MPA (MAE = 0.36, NSE = 0.78, R2 = 0.85) and ANN-MPA (MAE = 0.37, NSE = 0.72, R2 = 0.83).

Abstract Purpose We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the vitamin D supplementation program in Iranian adolescents reducing adolescent depressive Symptoms. Methods In the current cost-effectiveness analysis, the viewpoint of Iran’s Ministry of Health was selected. The target population was 1,519,762 Iranian high school students (733,657 girls and 786,105 boys). The total costs of the vitamin D supplementations program were based on the reports of the Nutrition Improvement Office of Iran’s Ministry of Health and were adjusted to 2018. The variable of Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) was considered a suitable variable for estimating the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation. We chose one year as the time horizon. A decision tree model was constructed in TreeAge Pro. The results of the cost-effectiveness analysis were reported in term of the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). Results The results of our study showed that the estimated cost per QALY gained of the vitamin D supplementation program is equal to 1528.6676 $, which indicates that vitamin D supplementation in adolescents(11-18Y) is a cost-effective and a dominant strategy in preventing depression through the cost-saving and QALYs increment compared to the no intervention. Sensitivity analysis showed that the possible variations in vitamin D supplement costs could not alter the results, and vitamin D supplementation may be a predominant and cost-effective strategy to prevent adulthood depression with a 100% probability. Conclusion The national program of vitamin D supplementation among Iranian adolescents was a cost-efficient strategy reducing adolescent depressive Symptoms through the cost-saving and QALYs increment compared to the no intervention.

Objective: Stuttering is a type of communication and fluency disorder that hurts mental and emotional health. It is also associated with a significant increase in both trait and social anxiety. Studies on stuttering in adults have indicated the nature and impact of this phenomenon. In addition, some psychological aspects of this phenomenon remain vague and need further investigation. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare emotion regulation difficulties, repetitive negative thinking, and experiential avoidance between people who stutter and healthy individuals. Method: In this study, 101 people who stutter (43 females and 58 males, with a mean age of 29.55 ± 187 years), as well as 110 healthy individuals (74 females and 36 males, with a mean age of 25.57 ± 489 years) as participants were chosen using the convenience sampling method among those who referred to the speech therapy clinics of Tehran, Iran. Research instruments including the repetitive negative thinking inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-I) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA test and Multiple Regression Analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.55 years in the people who stutter and 25.57 years in the healthy individuals (P < 0.01). The present results indicated that the mean score of experiential avoidance was higher in the people who stutter (M ± SD: 35.74 ± 9.24) compared to the healthy individuals (M ± SD: 8.89 ± 31.11). Additionally, the mean score of emotion regulation difficulties was higher in the people who stutter (M ± SD: 88.75 ± 20.59) compared to the healthy individuals (M ± SD: 64.14 ± 94.94) (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the mean score of repetitive negative thinking between the people who stutter (M ± SD: 98.45 ± 25.85) and healthy individuals (M ± SD: 93.71 ± 25.24) groups (P > 0.05). There was a significant correlation between experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties in people who stutter (P < 0.01). Experiential avoidance and repetitive negative thinking can significantly predict emotion regulation difficulties in people who stutter (R = 0.65, P < 0.01). Conclusion: People who stutter obtained higher emotion regulation difficulties and experiential avoidance scores than those without stuttering and A significant correlation between experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties was found. Future studies should consider the role of emotion regulation difficulties and experiential avoidance in people who stutter.

Abstract Objectives Identification the optimal management intervention of sarcopenia is a concern of health systems. We aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of sarcopenia management strategies in Iran. Methods We constructed a lifetime Markov model based on natural history. The strategies comparedincluded exercise training, nutritional supplements, whole body vibration (WBV), and various exercise interventions and nutritional supplement combinations. A total of 7 strategies was evaluated in addition to the non-intervention strategy. Parameter values were extracted from primary data and the literature, and the costs and Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated for each strategy. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis, including the expected value of perfect information (EVPI), was also performed to determine the robustness of the model. Analyses were performed using the 2020 version of TreeAge Pro software. Results All seven strategies increased lifetime effectiveness (QALYs). The protein and Vitamin D3 (P + D) strategy had the highest effectiveness values among all strategies. After removing the dominated strategies, the estimated ICER for the P + D compared to Vitamin D3 alone (D) strategy was calculated as $131,229. Considering the cost-effectiveness threshold ($25,249), base-case results indicated that the D strategy was the most cost-effective strategy in this evaluation. Sensitivity analysis of model parameters also demonstrated the robustness of results. Also, EVPI was estimated at $273. Conclusions Study results, as the first economic evaluation of sarcopenia management interventions, showed that despite the higher effectiveness of D + P, the D strategy was the most cost-effective. Completing clinical evidence of various intervention options can lead to more accurate results in the future.

In this paper, modelling of a three-level chaotic supply chain network. This model has the uncertainty of the retailer in the manufacturer. An adaptive neural fuzzy method has been proposed to synchronize the two chaotic supply chain networks. To train adaptive neural fuzzy controller, first, a nonlinear feedback control method is designed. Then, using Lyapanov theory, it is proved that the nonlinear feedback controller can reduce the synchronization error to zero in a finite time. The simulation results show that the proposed neural fuzzy controller architecture well controls the synchronization of the two chaotic supply chain networks. In the other part of the simulation, a comparison is made between the performance of the nonlinear controller and the adaptive neural fuzzy. Also, in the simulation results, the controller signal is depicted. This signal indicates that the cost of implementation in the real world is not high and is easily implemented.

The Dalli porphyry Cu-Au deposit is located in the central parts of Urumieh –Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA). This deposit is formed via the emplacing of Miocene intrusions mainly containing diorite and quartz diorite within the Eocene andesite and porphyritic basaltic andesite units. Main alterations in this region include potassic, propylitic and to a lesser extent phyllic. In this study, magnetite chemistry in the potassic alteration zone is investigated. The results of EMPA show that magnetites of this Au-rich porphyry system are characterized by enrichment in Ti, Al, V, Mg, and Mn values. Also, the magnetites formed via the hydrothermal processes. Evidences such as magnetite martitization and exsolution of ilmenite lamellae imply for magnetite crystallization in high oxygen fugacity conditions. Moreover, based on the Al + Mn vs. Ti + V diagram studied magnetites follow the trend of temperature decreasing which could be considered as an important factor in increasing the potentials of sulfide mineralization thorough the hydrothermal system evolution. Compared with Daralou and Regan porphyry systems, the Dalli magnetites contain higher concentrations of Ni, Mn, Cr, and Co presenting an exploration key for discovering the Au-rich porphyry deposits. Introduction Porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) are related to the shallowly emplaced (5-10 km) oxidized magmatic systems in the subduction, syn-collisional, as well as post-collisional tectonic settings (Richards, 2011). They supply most of the world's Cu and Mo resources; ~80 % Cu and ~95 % Mo (Sun et al., 2015). In Iran, widespread occurrence of porphyry copper deposits has been discovered and mined in the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA; Richards, 2015). These deposits are related to the evolution of the Neo-Tethys ocean starting with subduction in late Cretaceous to middle Miocene and subsequent prevailing the syn- to post-collisional tectonic regimes during the Neogene (Richards, 2015; Zarasvandi et al., 2018). Most of the porphyry bearing intrusions of UDMA exhibiting a spectrum of mineralization from weakly to highly mineralized systems were emplaced during the Miocene (e.g., Sarcheshmeh, Meiduk, and Dalli). Recent studies concerning on the source of mineralized porphyry granitoids in the UDMA (e.g., Asadi, 2018) specified a model comprising the partial melting of subduction-modified thickened mafic juvenile lower crustal rocks responsible to generation of adakite-like-hydrous, relatively oxidized magmas (Sun et al., 2015) with the high potential to form porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au systems. During the last decade, magnetite geochemistry has been the focus of several studies trying to constrain the physicochemical attributes of igneous and hydrothermal ore systems (e.g., Dare et al. 2014). Magnetite can form under various conditions having the capability of fixing various minor and trace elements (e.g., Co, Cr, V, Ti, Mn, Mg, and Al) in its spinel structure (Nadoll et al., 2015). This makes magnetite able to record many environmental variables which are very important in mineralization potential of porphyry Cu-systems (e.g., oxygen fugacity, temperature, and ratios of fluid-rock interaction). Although the Dalli porphyry Cu-Au deposit has been the subject of many studies manly focusing on the magmatic evolution, fluid inclusion, silicate (plagioclase, biotite, and amphibole) and sulfide (pyrite and chalcopyrite) chemistry (Ayati et al., 2013; Zarasvandi et al., 2015a; Zarasvandi et al., 2018; Zarasvandi et al., 2019c); none focused on the oxide minerals (magnetite composition). The present work reports petrographic and chemical data of magnetite and tries to constrain the factors controlling the formation of Dalli deposit. Material and Methods Sampling was carried out on drill cores and special care was undertaken to select the samples showing no obvious overprint of low temperature alteration. Polished thin sections were prepared from 1-2 cm sized blocks for microscopy and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) studies. Wavelength-dispersive (WDS) EPMA analyses of oxides were conducted at the Chair of Resource Mineralogy, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria using the Jeol JXA 8200 instrument and the following analytical conditions: 15 kV accelerating voltage, 10 nA beam current and beam size to spot mode (of about 1μm). K lines were used for Mn, Fe, Ti, Mg, Al, Cr, and V. The counting times for element peaks and background (upper and lower) were 100 s and 20 s, respectively. The lower limit of detection for these elements (single standard deviation) as calculated by the integrated Jeol software. Results In the Dalli porphyry Cu-Au deposit, hypogene mineralization mostly includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite with minor chalcocite and bornite. Ore minerals occur as aggregates, in veinlets or disseminations within the potassic alteration, and to a lesser extent in the phyllic alteration zones. In the all analyzed samples, the values of Al2O3, V2O3 and MnO were upper then detection limit. Conformably, detectable values were mainly obtained for TiO2, Cr2O3 and MgO. On the contrary NiO, SiO2, CuO were mainly below the detection limit. The FeO content (wt. %) in the analyzed magnetites varies between 91.01 to 98.57 (average; 97.01), Al2O3 between 0.063 -5.07 wt. % (average 0.62 wt. %), and the lowest and highest values of V2O3 are 0.02 and 0.34 (wt. %), respectively. The average of MnO and MgO in the analyzed samples is 0.25 and 0.07 (wt. %), respectively. Additionally, the TiO2 content varies between 0.01 and 2.45 (wt. %); averaging 0.34 (wt. %). Discussion On the Ti (ppm) vs. V (ppm) discrimination diagram, most of the analyzed magnetites extended to the field of hydrothermal field providing insight into the formation of magnetite owing to the exsolving of hydrothermal fluids through the potassic alteration. Comparison of the magnetite composition in the Dalli deposit with other PCDs in the UDMA implies that there are higher average contents (wt. %) of Mn, Fe, Mg, and Cr compared with Daralou (an example of pre-collisional porphyry intrusion) and Keder porphyry systems (an example of weakly mineralized collisional porphyry deposit). These features may highlight the importance of magnetite composition in establishing the discrimination diagrams of Au-rich porphyry Cu-deposits using magnetite composition. The documented oxy-exsolution of ilmenite as well as hematite intergrown with magnetite in the Dalli samples are the indicative of high in the potassic alteration stage. Under such highly oxidized conditions sulfur is present as oxidized species (such as ) rather than as reduced species (such as ) preventing the extensive sulfide deposition in magmatic and early stages of potassic alteration (Zarasvandi et al., 2022). This process could enhance the mineralization potential of the system by preserving the sulfur content, especially before the main mineralization stages. Besides optimum tectonomagmatic conditions, the physicochemical attributes of potassic alteration may also have a decisive role in predicting the mineralization potential of porphyry systems (Zarasvandi et al., 2018). Because bulk sulfide mineralization occurs at the end of potassic alteration (Richards, 2011). Prevailing of the high temperatures in potassic alteration could prevent the disproportion SO2 to H2S which is necessary for sulfide precipitation (Richards et al., 2017; Zarasvandi et al., 2018). Conformably, the inability of hydrothermal systems for cooling could be linked to the low mineralization degree of the porphyry deposits. Based on the Al + Mn vs. Ti + V diagram (Zhao et al., 2018), samples of Dalli deposit follow the trend of temperature decreasing which indicate the desirable conditions for enhancing the sulfide mineralization in the Dalli porphyry Cu-Au deposit.

Alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles were used as the additive for modifying a novolac phenolic resin using the solution mixing method. Different weight percentages of nano alumina 3 and 8 w% were loaded into the resin, called 3ARC and 8ARC nanocomposites, respectively. These nanocomposites were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and oxyacetylene flame test (OFT). The FE-SEM images exhibited that at low concentrations (3ARC), the nano alumina particles were dispersed uniformly on the surface of novolac resin; however, at high concentrations, the dispersion was repressed by aggregation in the nanocomposites. OFT proved that with increasing alumina content in the nanocomposite, the back temperature of the sample decreases and thus improves the thermal insulation properties.

Precipitation is an important variable in hydrological studies. The high spatial and temporal variability of precipitation makes it difficult to monitor it with observations. The use of satellite data and weather models is a suitable solution for this problem. But, before using these data, their spatial and temporal accuracy should be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of monthly precipitation data TRMM_3B43_V7, PERSIANN, and ECMWF-ERA5 in comparison with the data of 13 observation stations in the South Baluchestan basin during the period 2000 to 2018. For statistical evaluation of the mentioned data, the coefficient of determination (R2), N-S efficiency factor, the degree of bias (BIAS), index agreement (IA), and ratio root mean square error (RRMSE) were used. The results showed that the best performance was exhibited by TRMM (R2=0.624) and ERA5 (R2=0.562), respectively. PERSIANN data (R2=0.307) did not provide an accurate estimate of precipitation. TRMM data are usually better estimated in areas far from the sea, which usually have higher elevations and receive more precipitation. The TRMM data is overestimated and the ERA5 data is underestimated. Data from both databases performed better in the winter months.

Introduction and Objectives: Nowadays, it is essential to use narrow diameter implants in reduced bone thickness. Due to controversies in previous research, the present study was conducted to evaluate the success rate of narrow diameter implants (2.4 mm and 3 mm) in a single tooth in the anterior region after one year of loading.Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort study, groups under investigation included patients who received single-tooth implants in the anterior edentulous segment without bone graft [40 patients with implants 2.4 mm in diameter (IMTEC, USA) and 3 mm in diameter (MILO, USA), n=20]. During the follow-up period of one year, bone resorption, pain, numbness, mobility, esthetic, peri-implant radiolucency, probing depth, and gingival index were evaluated. The Fisher’s exact test and T-test were used to analyze aesthetic scores while the Mann-Whitney test and the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were employed to compare gingival index values.Results: In this research, no discernible bone resorption, peri-implant radiolucency, pain, and numbness was found, and only in five implants, prostheses lacked esthetic, according to pink esthetic scores. The total survival rate and success rates were 100% and 98.3% respectively.Conclusion: Within the limitationS of this study, narrow diameter implants replacing the anterior teeth (for proper case selection and ideal occlusion) is a successful treatment plan with a high survival and success rate.

In this paper, a closed-loop supply chain is modeled based on hyperchaotic dynamics. Then, synchronization of the two hyperchaotic closed loop supply chains is performed with a proportional integral (PI) sliding mode controller design method. Using Lyapunov stability theory, it has been proved that the PI sliding mode controller can converge the synchronization error to zero in a limited time. The most important issue in the design of control strategies is the behavior of the control signal. In other words, it affects the cost of design and implementation. Numerical simulation results show that the control signal has low amplitude and fluctuations. so, the PI sliding mode control method can be implemented in the real world. Based on the numerical simulation results, the use of two controllers is proposed to reduce design costs.

Background: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is an important common complication after surgical treatment for distal radius fracture. Recognition of the related factors is important to reduce the burden of the problem. Herein, the contributing factors for CRPS after distal radius fracture surgery are studied. Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative study, 250 patients admitted to the orthopedics ward in Sina Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 2017 to 2020, were enrolled. The contributing factors for CRPS after distal radius fracture surgery were determined in them. Results: The CRPS was seen in 17 cases (6.8%). 9 percent of male and 1.9 percent of female patients were diagnosed with CRPS. This showed a significant difference in the Fisher test (P = 0.028). The mean pain severity by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was higher in CRPS cases, that showed a significant difference by the Mann-Whitney test (P = 0.001). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it may be concluded that CRPS was seen in seven percent of patients under surgery for distal radius fracture and was related to the male gender and higher pain severity.

Introduction Iran hosts numerous porphyry and epithermal ore deposits which have mostly been formed at discrete time periods within different tectonic assemblages. Porphyry and epithermal ore deposits are considered to be the important sources of base metals in Iran. Well-known porphyry deposits include the Sarcheshmeh, Meiduk, Sungun, (Shahabpour and Kramers, 1987; Hezarkhani and Williams, 1998; Taghipour et al., 2008), and well-known epithermal deposits include the Sari Gunay, Chah Zard, Touzlar, and Narbaghi (Richards et al., 2006, Kouhestani et al., 2012, Heidari et al., 2018). The Choran deposit exists in the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB). This deposit is located in the southern part of the Cenozoic Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt, 70 km SW of Bardsir city, SE Iran. In this area, mineralization is associated with Oligocene - Miocene quartz diorite and granodiorite intrusions emplaced within Eocene volcanic–pyroclastic sequences. This study has focus on the spatial and temporal relationships between the porphyry and epithermal styles of mineralization in this area. Materials and methods A camp was set up in the field and sampling was performed during the 2017-2018. During the field observations, 286 rock samples were collected from the outcrops and drill core, and 67 thin sections were prepared and studied using a polarizing microscope in the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. In order to correctly characterize the chemical composition of silicates (plagioclase and biotite), samples with least traces of alteration have been selected. The chemical composition of plagioclase and biotite were determined on the carbon coated thin section samples using an Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA). All the analyses were conducted at the Montanuniversitat Leoben, Austria using a superprobe Jeol JXA 8200 instrument. Results Based on drill core logging and petrographic studies, mineralization in the Choran deposit is mainly accompanied with granodiorite intrusions. Overall, both hypogene and supergene mineralizations have been identified in the study area. The hypogene mineralization mainly occurs as disseminated blebs and veins which consist of pyrite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite with minor amounts of sphalerite. The supergene mineralizations that involve chalcocite and covellite. The first generation of hydrothermal veins (A-type) are characterized by assemblages of quartz + K-feldspar ± magnetite occurring roughly in the potassic alteration. This is followed by B-type veins characterized by assemblages of quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite + feldspar ± biotite ± magnetite ± calcite. Type C veinlets (1 mm to 5 cm width) contain quartz + pyrite ± chalcopyrite and exhibit an intense stockwork texture in the potassic and phyllic alteration zones. The supergene sulfide zone is dominated by chalcopyrites and it is completely or partly replaced by chalcocite, digenite, and covellite. The hydrothermal alteration consisting of sodic-potassic, potassic, phyllic alunite and kaolinite are associated with granodiorite and quartz diorite intrusions. The result of EPMA analyses showed that all of the plagioclases in granodiorite and quartz diorite are consistently of andesine type. Based on the diagram of Al / (Ca + Na + K) (a.p.f.u) vs. An%, (Williamson et al., 2016) plagioclase samples of granodiorite intrusions plot collectively in the field of fertile calc-alkaline rocks associated with porphyry mineralization, while the quartz diorite samples are mostly plotted in the barren field. The results of biotite analyses indicate that all biotites of granodiorite and quartz diorite intrusions are of Mg-biotite type. The amounts of IV (F), IV (Cl), and IV (F/Cl) in the biotites of quartz diorite and granodiorite are between (2.28 to 4.08), (-5.62 to -5.52), (7.87 to 9.64) and (2.03 to 2.45), (- 5.81 to - 5.66), (7.74 to 8.18), respectively. Discussion Most of the characteristics of the Choran Cu-Au deposit, i.e. geological setting, textural and structural, mineralogical with alteration features, are analogous to that of porphyry systems having high-sulphidation epithermal lithocap (Hedenquist et al., 1998; Muntean, 2001; Sillitoe, 2010). Acknowledgements This research was made possible by a grant (No: SCU.EG98.582) from the office of vice-chancellor for research and technology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. We acknowledge their support. The fifth author expresses his appreciation to the University of Shahrood Grant Commission for research funding.

This paper, presents a mathematical model of a four-level supply chain under hyperchaos circumstances. The analysis of this model shows that the hyper-chaotic supply chain has an unstable equilibrium point. Using Lyapunov's theory of stability, the problem of designing a hyperchaotic supply chain control is investigated. The design of the nonlinear controller is performed first to synchronize two identical hyper-chaotic systems with different initial conditions and then to eliminate the chaotic behavior in the supply chain and move to one of unstable equilibrium points, as well as different desired values ​​at different times. A different supply chain is predicted to demonstrate the performance of the controller. In the next part of numerical simulation, with the control of the distributor as the center of gravity of the model, the stability of the entire chaotic supply chain can be achieved. The most important point in designing a control strategy is the ability to implement it in the real world. Numerical simulation results in all stages show that the applied nonlinear control policy can provide supply chain stability in a short period of time, also, the behavior of control signals has low amplitude and oscillations. In other words, it represents a low cost to control the hyperchaotic supply chain network.

In this paper, by using of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method, the elemental concentrations existed in standard aluminum alloys are measured quantitatively. Pulse laser of Nd:YAG at 1064 nm is irradiated on Al standard samples and analysis is performed by created plasma. Among different methods for estimation of concentration of existed elements in aluminum samples, artificial neural network (ANN), Support vector regression, autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), kernelized support vector regression (KSVR) and combined method of KSVR-ARIMA are utilized for prediction of element concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, and Si and obtained results from these methods are compared together. The extracted results show that the combined method of KSVR-ARIMA reports the best prediction values by the least error for the most of the elements.

In recent years, with the definition and expansion of a new phenomenon called cryptocurrencies, we have witnessed scientific discussions and challenges in the field of accurate thematics of this phenomenon and the jurisprudential and religious implications of their transactions under Islamic economy. Although the phenomenon began with the introduction of Bitcoin in 2008, in the last decade with the expansion of technologies and consensus protocols, there has been a significant growth in this with the consequence of more than seventeen thousand (17,000) cryptocurrencies of different natures being formally listed. Since one of the important issues in Shari'a and Islamic ruling is the complete knowledge of the subject and its varieties, in this research, an attempt has been made to provide an accurate thematics of these seventeen thousand codes and then according to the principles, rules and criteria about money in the general framework of the Islamic monetary system, different types of cryptocurrencies should be analyzed and examined. The results show that, firstly, from a technical point of view, according to the protocols of consensus and support, cryptocurrencies can be divided into two general categories: stable and unstable. Secondly, from an economic point of view, some cryptocurrencies are monetary in nature and others are asset in nature. Thirdly, among the types of cryptocurrencies, those that are designed to be stable and backed by assets or goods, are more closely related to and observe better the principles and rules of the Islamic monetary system.

Abstract Background This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Iranian adolescents. Methods This analytical observational study was conducted, using the decision tree model constructed in TreeAge Pro to assess the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of monthly intake vitamin D supplements to prevent T2DM compared to no intervention from the viewpoint of Iran’s Ministry of Health and through an one-year horizon. In the national program of vitamin D supplementation, 1,185,211 Iranian high-school students received 50,000 IU vitamin D supplements monthly for nine months. The costs-related data were modified to 2018. The average cost and effectiveness were compared based on the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). Results Our analytical analysis estimated the 4071.25 (USD / QALY) cost per AQALY gained of the monthly intake of 50,000 IU vitamin D for nine months among adolescents over a one-year horizon. Based on the ICER threshold of 1032–2666, vitamin D supplementation was cost-effective for adolescents to prevent adulthood T2DM. It means that vitamin D supplementation costs were substantially less than the costs of T2DM treatments than the no intervention. Conclusions Based on the findings, the national vitamin D supplementation program for Iranian adolescents could be a cost-effective strategy to reduce the risk of diabetes in adulthood. From an economic perspective, vitamin D supplementation, especially in adolescents with vitamin D deficiency, would be administrated.

Traditional methods of removing snow and ice from pavements using chemicals are combined with mechanical removal that involves a lot of manpower, advanced machinery, chemicals that are harmful to the environment, and damage to pavements. Furthermore, annually, large quantities of ceramic materials become waste due to their fragile nature during processing, transport, and installation, and their accumulation in the nature has brought about environmental and health-related concerns. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the effect of using waste ceramic as a replacement for fine aggregate in roller compacted concrete (RCC) and the application of carbon fiber to improve the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of RCC. To achieve this goal, several tests such as compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, electrical resistance, chloride ion penetration, specific gravity, and skid resistance tests were carried out on the fabricated samples before and after freeze-thaw cycling exposure. The experimental results illustrated that replacing waste ceramics with fine-grained aggregate increased the compressive strength and tensile strength of RCC. Furthermore, carbon fiber increased tensile strength but had no noticeable influence on compressive strength. Freeze-thaw conditioning led to a reduction in the compressive and tensile strength regardless of the aggregate type and carbon fiber utilization. In the samples containing waste ceramic aggregate, the electrical conductivity was reduced, and by adding carbon fiber, its electrical conductivity was increased. Exposure to freeze-thaw cycling resulted in an increase in electrical resistance and the passing charge. Waste ceramic incorporation created a similar mixture in terms of skid resistance, while in contrast, the carbon fiber slightly reduced the skid resistance. In addition, freeze-thaw conditioning resulted in an increase in the skid resistance. Besides, in this study, kernelized support vector regression (KSVR) and radial bias function (RBF) neural network models were proposed to estimate the indirect tensile strength (ITS) and compressive strength (CS) values. The results showed that both models have high performance in estimating these values, but RBF was a more efficient model.

Low-cost Particulate Matter (PM) sensors offer an excellent opportunity to improve our knowledge about this type of pollution. Their size and cost, which support multi-node network deployment, along with their temporal resolution, enable them to report fine spatio-temporal resolution for a given area. These sensors have known issues across performance metrics. Generally, the literature focuses on the PM mass concentration reported by these sensors, but some models of sensors also report Particle Number Concentrations (PNCs) segregated into different PM size ranges. In this study, eight units each of Alphasense OPC-R1, Plantower PMS5003 and Sensirion SPS30 have been exposed, under controlled conditions, to short-lived peaks of PM generated using two different combustion sources of PM, exposing the sensors’ to different particle size distributions to quantify and better understand the low-cost sensors performance across a range of relevant environmental ranges. The PNCs reported by the sensors were analysed to characterise sensor-reported particle size distribution, to determine whether sensor-reported PNCs can follow the transient variations of PM observed by the reference instruments and to determine the relative impact of different variables on the performances of the sensors. This study shows that the Alphasense OPC-R1 reported at least five size ranges independently from each other, that the Sensirion SPS30 reported two size ranges independently from each other and that all the size ranges reported by the Plantower PMS5003 were not independent of each other. It demonstrates that all sensors tested here could track the fine temporal variation of PNCs, that the Alphasense OPC-R1 could closely follow the variations of size distribution between the two sources of PM, and it shows that particle size distribution and composition are more impactful on sensor measurements than relative humidity.

Introduction About 75% of world copper, 50% of molybdenum, and 20% of gold are produced from porphyry copper deposits (Sillitoe, 2010) with an average ore grade of 0.45–1.5% Cu, 0.007–0.04% Mo and up to 1.5 ppm Au. Porphyry copper deposits are commonly associated with intermediate composition arc-related igneous rocks with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios (Richards, 2011). Igneous rocks having ratios of Sr/ Y > 25 and Y < 10 ppm are considered adakitic type. The aim of this work is to modify the name of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt (UDMB), petrological studies of granitoids from Saveh to Jiroft, determination of the genetic relationship between porphyry copper deposits and adakitic and non-adakitic granitoids, and comparison of Miocene-Pliocene adakitic volcanic rock in different parts of Iran with barren adakitic granitoids. The role of a thermal gradient, depth of dehydration, water content, source rock, partial melting percentage, and oxygen fugacity in the formation or non-formation of mineralization, grade, and reserve of porphyry copper deposits are also investigated. Materials and methods The information used can be divided into three parts: 1) data related to I-type magnetite series granitoids related to porphyry copper deposits of Miocene age in Saveh-Nain-Jiroft magmatic belt (SNJMB) which in Table 2 are presented, 2) data related to barren I-type magnetite series granitoids of Miocene age of SNJBM are reported in Table 3. In addition, radiogenic isotope information of barren and fertile SNJMB granitoids and volcanic rocks is presented in Table 4. 3) Information related to Miocene-Pliocene adakitic volcanic rocks, which is shown in Table 5. Result Granitoids show the characteristics of subduction zone magmas. So that the enrichment of LILE elements and the depletion of HFSE elements can be seen. Also, enrichment of LILE elements and depletion of HFSE elements of fertile granitoids is more than barren units. Dalli deposit samples show a moderate pattern between barren and fertile granitoids (Fig. 3). All the evidence presented shows that all granitoids are I-type and magnetite series. In the fertile granitoids, the ratio of (La/Yb)n is between 15 and 38. However, this is between 2 and 14 (mostly below 10) in barren granitoids (Tables 2 and 3, Figs. 5A and 5B). Negative anomalous values ​​of Eu are seen in Miocene barren granitoids (Eu /Eu* value between 0.43 and 1 with an average of 0.65) (Table 3). While fertile granitoids have positive to slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eu / Eu* value between 0.82 and 1.3 with an average of 1.2). The initial values of 87Sr/86Sr of Miocene fertile granitoids vary between 0.704253 and 0.704702; while in barren granitoids, it is between 0.705 and 0.7085. Fertile Miocene granitoids have positive εNd (i) (0.29 to 3.39 mean 2.15) and in barren units is between 3- and 2.6 (Table 4). The value of the ratio (La/Yb)n of all volcanic units is between 13 and 78 and mostly above 20. They have positive to slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu * values between 0.89 and 1.72) (Table 5). Figure 9 shows the fertile granitoids of the SNJMB similar to adakite volcanic rocks are located in the adakite field. In addition, Figure 11 show that all samples are high silica adakitic type. However, barren granitoids, which are mainly located between Saveh and Nain, are non-adakitic and are plotted within the normal arc range (Fig. 9). Discussion and Conclusion In this paper, the name of UDMB was changed to Saveh-Nain-Jiroft magmatic belt (SNJMB) based on the evidence of lack of magmatism between Saveh to the extent of Takab and absence of air magnet anomaly. Magmatism of Urumieh to Takab is a continuation of the western Alborz magmatic belt. Based on the characteristics of magmatism and mineralization, SNJMB can be divided into two distinct belts: 1) Saveh-Nain Magmatic Belt (SNMB), which mainly consists of non-adakitic barren I-type magnetic granitoids. Based on the ratio (La/Yb)n, these granitoids originate from a depth of 60 to 80 km, and a mantle wedge and based on the amount of Eu/Eu*, conditions were oxidant. The initial 87Sr / 86Sr ratio indicates that they had a lot of contamination with the continental crust. The crustal thickness in SNMB is less than 48 km, 2) Nain-Jiroft Magmatic Belt (NJMB) which hosts porphyry copper deposits. The Miocene granitoids of this belt are magnetite series and I-type adakite. Based on the ratio (La/Yb)n, these granitoids originate from the depth of garnet stability (more than 90 km) and partial melting of slabs and are based on Eu/Eu* Oxidizing conditions have been established at the place of origin. The initial 87Sr / 86Sr ratio indicates slight contamination with the continental crust. The crustal thickness in NJMB is 48 to more than 52 km. Geochemically, adakitic volcanic rocks are similar to the fertile adakitic granitoids of NJMB, but these units do not contain any mineralization. The characteristics of the oceanic slabs of Neo-Tethys varied considerably during the SNJMB, leading to various magmatism and mineralization. The thermal gradient, depth of dehydration, amount of water, source rock, and the percentage of partial melting along the belt control the type of magmatism and the formation of mineralization. Note Figure 15. References Richards, J.P., 2011. High Sr/Y arc magmas and porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au deposits: Just add water. Economic Geology, 106(7): 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.106.7.1075 Sillitoe, R.H., 2010. Porphyry copper systems. Economic Geology, 105(1): 3–41. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3

Background and Objectives: Patient autonomy is a recognized principle in modern medical ethics, and truth-telling to the patient; thus, it holds special importance for its contribution to this principle. In practice, however, several challenges emerge that can lead to different responses. This difference is more marked in studies conducted in the Eastern and Muslim countries due to variations in cultural and religious beliefs. Truth-telling is a challenging concept respecting placebos, medical errors, and delivering bad news on diagnosis and treatment to patients. Methods: This study employed an unsystematic review of library and online sources, as well as databases, including Google Scholar, Springer, PubMed, Ovid, and relevant Persian papers in an attempt to provide an overview of this concept and study the Islamic view, particularly the Shi’ite perspective, and the predominant approaches employed in Muslim countries. Results: Islamic scripture and hadith strongly advocate honesty and truth-telling. However, maleficence to patients and exposing them to serious harm is unallowed, and withholding the whole or a part of the truth; even lying is justified in extreme cases. Conclusion: Essentially, the philosophy of medicine is based on helping patients and reducing their pains. Considering the unique condition of each patient, a perfect solution cannot be prescribed for all of them and the same strategy to manage all cases. The emphasis on truth-telling in the Islamic view is no less than other schools of thought. However, if disclosing the truth may expose the patient to certain, serious biopsychological risks, denying the whole or a part of the truth might be advisable; even in frequent cases, lying can be justified to protect the patient.

Abstract Background and objectives Sarcopenia is an important age-related disease which can lead to an increased risk of mortality, falls, fractures, and poor quality of life. So, timely detection can be effective in reducing the burden of disease. The aim of this study was to identify the most cost-effective strategy for sarcopenia screening in Iran. Materials and methods We constructed a Markov transition model over a life-time horizon based on natural history. Compared strategies included Sarcopenia scoring assessment models (SarSA-Mod), European working group on sarcopenia in older people (EWGSOP), Mini sarcopenia risk assessment (MSRA) and SARC-F. Parameters values were extracted from primary data and the literature, and the costs and Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated for each strategy. Sensitivity analysis of uncertain parameters was also performed to determine the robustness of the model. Analysis was performed using 2020 version of TreeAge Pro software. Results All four screening strategies increased life time QALYs. After removing dominated strategy, the incremental cost per QALY gained for sarcopenia screening varied from $1875.67 for EWGSOP to $1898.33 for MSRA. Our base-case analysis showed that the most cost-effective strategy was EWGSOP and 2nd best was SarSA-Mod with $43,414.3 and $42,663.3 net monetary benefits given one GDP per capita ($5520.311) as willingness to pay, respectively. Sensitivity analysis of model parameters also showed robustness of results. Conclusions The results of the study, as the first economic evaluation of sarcopenia screening, showed that the EWGSOP strategy is more cost-effective than other strategies.

Throughout the history of economics there have theoretically been three fundamental and interrelated questions in the field of money: 1) What is money 2) What is the source of money or how does it enter society? 3) How does money gain or lose value? In conventional economics, the two branches of monetary school, namely metallism and chartalism have tried to answer these questions using their theoretical foundations. In this article, we have tried to answer the questions from the perspective of the principles and general framework of the Islamic monetary system. For this purpose, first, with the help of valid jurisprudential methods including transactional jurisprudence and systemic jurisprudence based on the framework of Islamic economics, the principles and general framework of the Islamic monetary system are explained and then the above questions are answered. The research results show that in the Islamic monetary system, firstly, anything that can fulfill the functions of money and wins people’s acceptance can play the role of money, but in case of deviations of the instances of money from Sharia, the Islamic government is bound to revoke its approval. Secondly, concerning the value of money, it should be said that money must either have intrinsic value or some valuable extrinsic equivalent in order to comply with the principles and foundations of the monetary system and be used in transaction.

Abstract Background To inform researchers about the methodology and results of epidemic estimation studies performed for COVID-19 epidemic in Iran, we aimed to perform a rapid review. Methods We searched for and included published articles, preprint manuscripts and reports that estimated numbers of cumulative or daily deaths or cases of COVID-19 in Iran. We found 131 studies and included 29 of them. Results The included studies provided outputs for a total of 84 study-model/scenario combinations. Sixteen studies used 3–4 compartmental disease models. At the end of month two of the epidemic (2020-04-19), the lowest (and highest) values of predictions were 1,777 (388,951) for cumulative deaths, 20,588 (2,310,161) for cumulative cases, and at the end of month four (2020-06-20), were 3,590 (1,819,392) for cumulative deaths, and 144,305 (4,266,964) for cumulative cases. Highest estimates of cumulative deaths (and cases) for latest date available in 2020 were 418,834 on 2020-12-19 (and 41,475,792 on 2020-12-31). Model estimates predict an ominous course of epidemic progress in Iran. Increase in percent population using masks from the current situation to 95% might prevent 26,790 additional deaths (95% confidence interval 19,925–35,208) by the end of year 2020. Conclusions Meticulousness and degree of details reported for disease modeling and statistical methods used in the included studies varied widely. Greater heterogeneity was observed regarding the results of predicted outcomes. Consideration of minimum and preferred reporting items in epidemic estimation studies might better inform future revisions of the available models and new models to be developed. Not accounting for under-reporting drives the models’ results misleading.

Background and Objectives: Copper sulfate (CuSO4) is a toxic substance with a broad range of applications; however, the ingestion of high levels of it cause a wide range of complications in the liver tissue. According to previous studies, mitochondria are potential targets for CuSO4 toxicity. The present study aimed to examine the role of N-acetyl-cysteine as an antioxidant agent in the protection of mitochondria against toxicity induced by CuSO4. Methods: This study was performed on isolated liver mitochondria extracted from male Wistar rats (180-200 g) by multiple centrifuges and finally divided into 5 different groups. Group 1 was the control group, while group 2 received a single dose of 106 µM of CuSo4. The other groups were pretreated with different concentrations of N-acetyl-cysteine (1, 2, 5 mM) and exposed to 106 µM of CuSO4. Subsequently, MTT assay, lipid peroxidation, and GSH (reduced glutathione) were determined in each group. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test. Results: The results of the present study revealed that significant changes in mitochondrial indexes such as mitochondrial complex Ⅱ function, mitochondrial glutathione reduction, and lipid peroxidation levels were evident in rat liver mitochondria exposed to CuSO4. On the other hand, it was found that pre-treatment with N-acetylcysteine efficiently inhibited CuSO4 toxicity. Conclusion: The results confirmed the protective effects of N-acetyl-cysteine against CuSO4 toxicity on rat liver mitochondria, which may be due to its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species.

Prolonged drought has resulted in severe wind erosion and dust storms in Sistan region. Investigating wind erosion and dust storms is essential to control these Phenomena. Investigating the vertical distribution of aeolian sediment flux is important for assessing sediment transport, validating wind erosion models, and understanding the mechanism of particle movement. In this study, six dust storm events and vertical distribution of sediment flux within these events were studied during a period of four months of 2018 in Sistan. Recorded diurnal wind speed, visibility, and PM10 data at Zabol meteorological station were obtained for the study period. To obtain a vertical distribution of sediment flux, seven sediment samplers were installed at seven heights from 20- to 700 cm in the Niatak area of Sistan. Results indicated that the six dust storm events have been recognized to be severe, because wind speeds of 16-19 m/s have blown in a long period of the events, visibility was 10 increased >2000 µg m-3 and sometimes >8000| µg m-3. The greatest sediment flux was observed in events 3 and 4 and least in event 3. Sediment flux was attributed to wind speed and durian of blowing wind speed. Sediment flux is greater in higher wind speeds and long events. There was a close relationship between recorded PM10 at Zabol station and collected sediment. There was a negative and power correlation between sediment flux and height.

Introduction: Given the harmful effects of insomnia and the need for a better understanding of the disorder as well as providing proper care, the present study aimed to compare the emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance in patients with insomnia and non-clinical individuals. Methods: To conduct the present cross-sectional study, two sample groups were selected randomly. The first group consisted of 100 patients with insomnia who visited the Sleep Disorders Research Center at Farabi hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. The second group consisted of 100 administrative staff of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) without sleep problems. For data collection, three questionnaires were used: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (EAQ). The data were analyzed through the analysis of variance, using the SPSS version 13. Results: The total mean score of difficulties in emotion regulation in patients with insomnia and non-clinical people measured 101.18 (45.60) and 86.77 (21.88), respectively, and the mean scores of experiential avoidance measured 37.53 (12.33) and 28.74 (21.88) in patients with insomnia and non-clinical people, respectively. The results of the present study revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance. Conclusion: According to the current results, it is suggested that therapists consider the role of emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance in the treatment and care of chronic insomnia. To solve these problems, it is recommended third-wave therapies be used, especially acceptance and commitment therapy.

Objective(s): The purpose of this study was to investigate cytotoxicity and membrane toxicity effects induced by Mesobuthus eupeus venom (MEV) on the HT-29 cell line. Materials and Methods: To determine the in vitro cytotoxicity via MTT assays, HT-29 (as cancer cell line) and Hek-293T (as normal cell) were treated through different concentrations of MEV, and cytotoxicity effects were then measured through assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis induction. The colony formation assay was performed to measure the antiproliferative effect of MEV on HT-29 cells. Nuclei alterations were also observed during apoptosis following DAPI staining. Besides, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to detect alterations in morphology and ultrastructure of the cells at a nanoscale level.Results: According to MTT and clonogenic assays, MEV caused a significant decrease in cell viability and proliferation of HT-29 cells while it did not have any impact on normal cells and the IC50 value was found to be 10 µg/ml. Induction of apoptosis was also confirmed by flowcytometric analysis in HT-29 cells. Moreover, the results indicated that MEV had led to a suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis through increased ROS and depolarization of mitochondria. Furthermore, AFM imaging demonstrated apoptosis cell death after being treated with MEV in HT-29 cells. Conclusion: This study showed that MEV had an antiproliferative effect on HT-29 cells by inducing apoptosis through the mitochondria signaling pathway. These findings suggested that MEV could be used as a promising natural remedy for cancer treatment.

The Cheshmeh-ghassaban area plutonic rocks are located in NW of the Hamedan city and is a part of the Alvand plutonic complex. These bodies intruded in the Hamedan phyllites in Mesozoic. They range in composition from olivine gabbronorite, hornblende gabbro to biotite gabbro together with some quartz-diorite and granodiorite. The olivine gabbrosnorites are composed of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclases and olivines with corona texture. Chemical analyses of the minerals show that the olivine forsterite contents range from 66 to 77 and increase toward the crystal cores. The olivines also were replaced with orthopyroxene and hornblende in their rims due to reaction with the surrounding melt and its associated fluids that formed the corona texture. The clinopyroxenes are of diopside type and orthopyroxene have pigeonite composition. Moreover, MgO and Cr2O3 contents of the clinopyroxenes indicate that the parent magma of the olivine gabbronorite was tholeiitic and formed in a subduction zone that endured rifting and asthenospheric magma upwelling. Geothermobarometry calculations based on proxene composition show 900 to 1200 oC and 7 to 10 kbar for this rock. Also, petrological and mineralogical properties of these rocks are similar to those of the ultramafic-mafic Alaskan type complexes that form above subduction zones. The results of the present study indicate the role of mantle-originated magmas in formation of the Alvand complex.

Carbon dioxide is a waste product of human metabolism that is unwanted in the indoor atmosphere. Here we test advanced materials that could be used to pump away carbon dioxide and thereby improve indoor air quality. Metal-organic framework (MOF) structures have a variety of properties that make them attractive for direct air capture (DAC) of CO2. In this study, Mg2 (dobpdc4- = 4,4-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3-dicarboxylate) and m-2-m-Mg2(dobpdc) were evaluated for their ability to adsorb and desorb CO2 at ambient atmospheric conditions via a thermal swing. The Mg2(dobpdc) sample did not show appreciable interaction with CO2 in contrast to the diamine-appended version. The molar occupancy of CO2 on the active sites of m-2-m-Mg2 (dobpdc) (m-2-m = N,N-dimethylethylenediamine) during adsorption and desorption was in the range of 5.6–11.8%. These experiments showed the rapid ad- and de-sorption of CO2 by the MOF. Relative humidity was seen to be an important variable and the performance of the tested structures decreased slightly after several cycles of use.

This paper presents a failure analysis conducted in 7175 aluminum alloy compressor impellers used in olefin units which operate at 34500 rpm to compress gas in the process. Some characterizations such as chemical composition, microstructure, and hardness tests were conducted to obtain a detailed evaluation of the base alloy. Furthermore, a finite element method and a 3D point cloud data technique have used to determine critical stress points on the surface of impellers. The finite element result showed the root of blades has significant stress concentration. Moreover, the formed cyclic tension has led to a fatigue phenomenon in the root of the blade, so near this location, the local strain accumulation was visible in 3D points cloud data. The fractography results showed that the mode of crack progression and the fractured surface would change by changing the stress mode. In addition, CFD modeling for investigating the effect of flow hydrodynamics on the HP and LP compressor blades is analyzed. The results revealed that the maximum pressure of gas stream for the rotor speed of 34500 had taken place in the area of a blade that already breakdown took place, and the changes of pressure, stress, and temperature gradients of flow in the HP compressor were significantly higher than the LP compressor.

Alloys of sulfur, selenium and tellurium, often referred to as chalcogenide semiconductors, offer a highly versatile, compositionally-controllable material platform for a variety of passive and active photonic applications. They are optically nonlinear, photoconductive materials with wide transmission windows that present various high- and low-index dielectric, low-epsilon and plasmonic properties across ultra-violet, visible and infrared frequencies, in addition to an, non-volatile, electrically/optically induced switching capability between phase states with markedly different electromagnetic properties. This roadmap collection presents an in-depth account of the critical role that chalcogenide semiconductors play within various traditional and emerging photonic technology platforms. The potential of this field going forward is demonstrated by presenting context and outlook on selected socio-economically important research streams utilizing chalcogenide semiconductors. To this end, this roadmap encompasses selected topics that range from systematic design of material properties and switching kinetics to device-level nanostructuring and integration within various photonic system architectures.

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of topical Aloe Vera (AV) gel-derived eye drops on the healing of alkali-burned corneas in rabbits. Methods: Thirty alkali-burned corneas of 30 New Zealand albino rabbits were categorized into three groups: AV treatment group that received AV gel-derived eye drops four times a day; medical therapy (MT) group that received conventional treatment; and the control group. Clinical examinations together with digital imaging of the corneas were performed on days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7. The area of the corneal epithelial defect (CED) was measured using ImageJ software. After euthanizing the rabbits, the affected corneas were evaluated by histopathological examination. Finally, the clinical and histopathological results were compared among the groups. Results: The CED area on days 2 and 7 was significantly less in the AV group than that in the MT group (P = 0.007 and P = 0.024, respectively) and the control group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.037, respectively). None of the cases developed hypersensitivity reactions, limbal ischemia, descemetocele, or corneal perforation during the study period. Based on histopathology, the AV group had notably less keratocyte loss than the MT group (P = 0.001) and the control group (P = 0.022). The inflammatory response after the alkali burn was higher in the AV group than that in the controls (P = 0.028). Conclusion: Short-term topical AV treatment was effective in healing alkali-burned corneas and hastened corneal re-epithelialization as compared to MT; however, AV gel-derived eye drops did not reduce the inflammatory response.

Background and Aim: Timely diagnosis and treatment of abnormal thyroid function can reduce the mortality associated with this disease. However, lack of timely diagnosis will have irreversible complications for the patient. Using data mining techniques, the aim of this study is to determine the status of the thyroid gland in terms of normality, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: Using supervised and unsupervised methods after data preprocessing, predictive modeling was performed to classify thyroid disease. This is an analytical study and its dataset contains 215 independent records based on 5 continuous features retrieved from the UCI machine learning data reference. Results: In supervised method, multilayer perception(MLP), learning vector quantization(LVQ), and fuzzy neural network(FNN) were used; and in unsupervised method, fuzzy clustering was employed. Besides, these precision figures(0.055, 0.274, 0.012 and 1.031) were obtained by root mean square error(RMSE) method, respectively. Conclusion: Reducing the diagnosis error of thyroid disease was one of the goals of researchers. Using data mining techniques can help reduce this error. In this study, thyroid disease was diagnosed by different pattern recognition methods. The results show that the fuzzy neural network(FNN) has the least error rate and the highest accuracy.

Background and Objectives: Contact with acrolein rapidly reduces intracellular glutathione and its antioxidant capacity and causes mitochondrial dysfunction. The use of some polymeric nanocurcumin increases the stability of curcumin. In this study, the effect of these two, was investigated on acrolein-induced toxicity in mitochondria isolated from rat liver cells. Methods: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats (weight, 180-200g), were used. Mitochondria obtained from rat liver, were exposed to different concentrations of curcumin and nanocurcumin, Then, they were exposed to toxic concentrations of acrolein and the mitochondrial viability, was evaluated in comparison with the non-protected group. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA test. Results: In this study, curcumin and nanocurcumin did not show any significant difference in the mitochondria viability at all the concentrations, which is indicative of their non-toxic effect on mitochondria. However, curcumin and nanocurcumin at all concentrations have not been able to exert their protective effect on mitochondria in the presence of acrolein. Moreover, mitochondria can be considered as target organelles against the acute toxicity of acrolein. The mechanism of acrolein toxicity was such that curcumin and nanocurcumin could not exert their protective effects against mitochondrial toxicity of acrolein. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that since the mechanisms of different toxins are different, they have different effects on various toxicities of protective agents and not every protective agent can exert its effects against all toxins.

Objective This experiment was conducted for developing of linkage map using SSR and ISSR markers in Iranian rice population, mapping of QTLs involved in salinity tolerance, and also evaluation of salinity tolerance in studied genotype. Materials and Methods In order to determine the salinity tolerance QTLs in a germination stage on an Iranian rice population (caused Ahlami Tarom × Neda cross), a factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications under three salinity levels of NaCl (0, 12, 22 dS.m-1). Results The difference between populations in different levels of salinity was significant for all germination traits. Under normal conditions, 4, 1, 2 and 1 QTLs were detected for radicle weight, plumule weight, germination percentage and germination rate, respectively. In 12 dS.m-1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1 and 1 QTL for seedling weights, plumule weight, radicle length, coleoptile, germination percentage and germination rate. In 22 dS.m-1, 2, 1, 1 and 1 QTL were located for radicle weight, plant length, germination percentage and germination rate. Discussion The major effects of QTLs in this study played an important role in salinity tolerance and can be studied in marker assisted selection programs in rice under saline conditions.

Introduction The formation of the Zagros orogenic belt is attributed to northeastward oblique subduction of the Neotethys beneath the western border of central Iran. This was followed by continental collision between the Afro-Arabian plate and the central Iran microcontinet (Zarasvandi et al., 2015). The Zagros orogen is characterized by three main parallel structural zones consisting of Zagros fold and thrust belt, the Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic zone, and the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc (Mohajjel et al., 2003). The Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc is dominated by the widespread occurrence of Eocene to Quaternary intrusive and extrusive rocks. It is considered as being one of the main Cu bearing regions in the world, where world class giant porphyry deposits, as well as large and small sub-economic porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au systems have been reported and investigated by many authors (Shafiei et al., 2009; Zarasvandi et al., 2005). In addition to UDMA, the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (SSZ) hosts several Jurassic-Cretaceous intrusive complexes extending from the northwest to southeast SSZ. It should be noted that these granitoids are barren and porphyry mineralization has not been accompanied with these intrusions. This paper tried to compare the available geochemical data of productive granitoids in the Urumieh-Dokhtar (i.e., Dalli, Ali-Abad and Darreh-Zerreshk, Parkam, Sarcheshmeh, Meiduk and Sungun), and those of barren intrusions in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (i.e., Aligodarz, Bourujerd, Alvand, Astaneh, Hasan Robat, and Siah Koh). Materials and methods This investigation is based on the available geochemical data on the six barren intrusions in the SSZ (i.e., Aligodarz, Bourujerd, Alvand, Astaneh, Hasan Robat and Siah Kohe), and productive intrusive rocks (porphyry associated intrusions) in the UDMA (i.e., Dalli, Ali-Abad and Darreh-Zerreshk, Parkam, Sarcheshmeh, Meiduk and Sungun). Data for the UDMA porphyry intrusions (41 samples) were adopted from studies of Daneshjou (2014), Zarasvandi et al. (2005), Taghipour and Mohammadi Laghab (2014), Barzegar (2007), Taghipour (2007), and Hezarkhani (2006). Furthermore, the data of the SSZ barren intrusions (42 samples) comes from Esna Ashari et al. (2012), Khalaji et al. (2007), Aliani et al. (2012), Tahmasbi et al. (2010), Alirezaei and Hassanzadeh (2001), and Arvin et al. (2007). Two criteria were used for selection of 83 representative samples: (1) samples with a relatively similar mineralogical and compositional range (quartz diorite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite and granite), and (2) samples with the least amount of alteration (minimal amounts of Loss On Ignition; LOI wt.% = H2O + CO2). Results Productive intrusions in UDMA have positive Eu anomalies, LREE enrichment relative to HREE, and high Lan/Ybn ،Sr/Y، Dyn/Ybn، Lan/Smn ratios. In comparison, barren granitoids in the SSZ are characterized by steep downward LREE to HREE, negative Eu anomalies and low Lan/Ybn ، Sr/Y، Dyn/Ybn، Lan/Smn ratios. Discussion Based on the presented results, it is proved that due to the lack of considerable crustal thickness in SSZ (during the subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere under the SSZ zone), and the presence of dry magma (low H2O contents), the SSZ granitoids exhibit barren characteristics. In contrast, during the ongoing processes of closure of Neo-Tethys and during compression and crustal shortening, magma mixing and evolution toward high magmatic water content lead to the increasing of metal endowment in the porphyry associated granitoids of (UDMA) It seems that magma generation from the melting of thickened lower crust (garnet amphibolite source) could be considered as one important key factors for the generation of metal-rich magmas with high oxidation state and high H2O contents has led to the development of porphyry Cu systems in the UDMA compared to those of SSZ granitoids. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz for the research funding by the Grant Commission in 2017. References Aliani, F., Maanijou, M., Sabouri, Z. and Sepahi, A.A., 2012. Petrology, geochemistry and geotectonic environment of the Alvand Intrusive Complex, Hamedan, Iran. Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry, 72(4): 363–383. Alirezaei, S. and Hassanzadeh, J., 2012. Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of the Permian A-type Hasanrobat granite, Sanandaj–Sirjan belt: A new record of the Gondwana break-up in Iran. Lithos, 15(151): 122–134. Arvin, M., Pan, Y.M., Dargahi, S., Malekizadeh, A. and Babaei, A., 2007. Petrochemistry of the Siah-Kuh granitoid stock southwest of Kerman, Iran: implications for initiation of neotethys subduction. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 30(3): 474–489. Barzegar, H., 2007. Geology, petrology and geochemical characteristics of alteration zones within the Seridune prospect, Kerman, Iran. Ph.D. thesis, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, 320 pp. Daneshjou, M., 2014. Investigation of geology, geochemistry and genetic model of the Dalli porphyry Cu–Au deposit, Delijan, Markazi province. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, 150 pp. (in Persian with English abstract) Esna-Ashari, A., Tiepolo, M., Valizadeh, M.V., Hassanzadeh, J. and Sepahi, A.A., 2012. Geochemistry and zircon U–Pb geochronology of Aligoodarz granitoid complex, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 43(1): 11–22. Hezarkhani, A., 2006. Petrology of the intrusive rocks within the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Azerbaijan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(3): 326–340. Khalaji, A.A., Esmaeily, D., Valizadeh, M.V. and Rahimpour-Bonab, H., 2007. Petrology and geochemistry of the granitoid complex of Boroujerd, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29(5): 859–877. Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C.L. and Sahandi, M.R., 2003. Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4): 397–412. Shafiei, B., Haschke, M. and Shahabpour, J., 2009. Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggers porphyry Cu mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks, southeastern Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 44(3): 265–283. Taghipour, N., 2007. The application of fluid inclusions and isotope geochemistry as guides for exploration, alteration and mineralization at the Meiduk porphyry copper deposit, Shahr-Babak, Kerman. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran, 321 pp. Taghipour, N. and Mohammadi Laghab, H., 2014. Sara (Parkam) Porphyry Copper Deposit in Kerman, Iran: Petrography, Geochemistry and Geodynamic Setting. Geochemistry Journal, 1(3): 14–26. Tahmasbi, Z., Castro, A., Khalili, M., Khalaji, A.A. and de la Rosa, J., 2010. Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of Astaneh pluton, Zagros orogenic belt, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39(3): 81–96. Zarasvandi, A., Liaghat, S. and Zentilli, M., 2005. Geology of the Darreh-Zerreshk and Ali-Abad porphyry copper deposits, central Iran. International Geology Review, 47(6): 620–646.

Introduction Almost all of the well-known porphyry copper deposits in Iran occur within the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc (KCMA) (Fig 1) in the southeastern part of Cenozoic Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belt (Hassanpour et al., 2015). The Miocene Chahfiruzeh porphyry copper deposit as an example of collisional porphyry intrusion is located in the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc (Fig 2) (Einali et al., 2014). In this research, we attempt to characterize the physicochemical attributes of parental magma in the Chahfiruzeh porphyry deposit, using chemistry of magmatic biotite. Materials and methods Samples from various rocks were collected from drill cores belonging to 123.1-667.1m depths. The chemical compositions of magmatic biotites were obtained by analyzing the carbon coated polished thin sections using electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). All samples were prepared and analyzed in the Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria using a superprobe Jeol JXA 8200 instrument. The analyses were conducted with 15 kV accelerating voltage and 10 nA beam and beam size of about 1 μm. The counting times (upper and lower) were 100 and 20 s, respectively. Results Chahfirouzeh porphyry deposit containing 100 Mt ore reserves (Mohammaddoost et al., 2017), and 0.4-0.8% Cu is located at the 95 km NW of Sarcheshmeh deposit and 35 km NE of Shahr-e- Babak in the Kerman province. (Einali et al., 2014). The compositions of analysed magmatic biotites from the Chahfiruzeh porphyry copper deposit are summarized in Table 1. According to (Mg–Li) vs. (Fetot + Mg + Ti–AlVI) and Mg–(Fe2+ + Mn)–(AlVI + Fe3+ + Ti) diagrams, the biotite from Chahfiruzeh deposit are Mg-rich (Fig. 5-A,B). Chemical compositions of biotites on the ternary diagram of Beane (1974) shows a magmatic origin for the analysed samples (Fig 7). Magmatic biotites are characterized by high SiO2 values ranging from 37.44-44.71 (Wt. %). Also, MgO and FeO vary between 12.54-14.36 (Wt. %) and 14.94-16.3 (Wt.%), respectively. Moreover, TiO2, K2O, and Na2O range from 4.53-5.97, 8.3-9.38, 0.15-0.29 (Wt.%), respectively (Fig 6-A-D). Fluorine and Cl contents in biotite range from 0.3 to 1.52 wt.% and 0.03 to 0.04 wt.%, respectively. Discussion Chemical compositions of selected biotites on the classification diagrams of Abdel-Rahman (1994) indicate that magmatic biotites from the Chahfiruzeh porphyry copper deposit belong to calc-alkaline (C) series (Fig. 8). Also, according to ternary Xpdo-Xan-Xph diagram (Wones and Egster , 1965), Oxygen fugacities of Chhfiruzeh and other pre-collisional porphyry deposits (e.g., Reagan) occur in NNO distinct (Fig 9). It is evident that granitic rocks of both studied deposits are formed in relatively similar oxidiant conditions. Moreover, the preformed geothermometry on the magmatic biotites in the Chahfiruzeh porphyry the copper deposit shows a range of temperatures between 478-632 ° C (average 565.3 °C). Moreover, XMg/XFe values confirm that Mg is enriched in Chahfiruzeh (collisional porphyry) compared to that of Reagan (pre-collisional porphyry; Fig 10-A). Also, fluorine has the highest concentration in collisional porphyry copper deposits. The plot of the Chahfiruzeh biotites on the log (XMg/ XFe) versus log (XF/XOH) discrimination diagram of Brimhall and Crerar (1987) represent that the intrusion crystallized from a weakly to strongly crustal-contaminated, I-type granitic magma (Fig 11). The log fH2O/fHF and fH2O/fHCl ranges between 4.69-4.84 and 4.09-4.28 having an average value of 5.14 and 4.14, respectively (Table 1). According to XFe vs. XF/XOH and XCl/XOH, Cl fugacities in Chahfiruzeh are analogous to that of Reagan porphyry (Fig 12). The calculated halogen fugacity ratios (log fH2O/fHCl vs. log fH2O/fHF and fHF/fHCl) and log fH2O/fHCl vs. IV(Cl) of magma in equilibrium with biotite for Chahfiruzeh porphyry and comparison with Reagan and other known porphyry of the world show that Chafiruzeh and Ragan deposits are analogous to those of Sarcheshmeh and Bingham porphyry deposits (Fig 13 and 14). Finally, Chahfiruzeh deposit as collisional porphyry has higher IV(F) than Reagan deposit (pre-collisional). In comparison with collisional porphyry copper systems (Chahfiruzeh), poor mineralization in the Reagan pre-collisional deposit may be due to lower Cl content of the magma in Reagan deposit. Acknowledgements This research was made possible by the help of the office of vice-chancellor for Research and Technology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. We acknowledge their support. Authors highly appreciate the efforts of Prof. Johann. Raith and Dr. Federica Zaccarini for EMPA analysis. We also gratefully acknowledge the staff of the National Iranian Copper Industries Company (NICICO), for helping us in sampling. References Abdel-Rahman, A.M., 1994. Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline, and peraluminous magmas. Journal of Petrology, 35 (2): 525–541. Beane, R.E., 1974. Biotite stability in the porphyry copper environment. Economic Geology, 69(1): 241–256. Brimhall, G.H. and Crerar, D.A., 1987. Ore fluids: magmatic to supergene. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 17(1): 235–321. Einali, M., Alirezaei, S. and Zaccarini, F., 2014. Chemistry of magmatic and alteration minerals in the Chahfiruzeh porphyry copper deposit, south Iran: implications for the evolution of the magmas and physicochemical conditions of the ore fluids. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 23(1): 147–165. Hassanpour, Sh., Alirezaei, S., Selby, D. and Sergeev, S., 2015. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb and biotite and hornblende Ar–Ar geochronology of Sungun, Haftcheshmeh, Kighal, and Niaz porphyry Cu–Mo systems: evidence for an early Miocene porphyry-style mineralization in northwest Iran. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 104(1): 45–59. Mohammaddoost, H., Ghaderi, M., Kumar, T.V, Hassanzadeh, J. and Alirezaei, S., 2017. Holly J. Stein e,f, E.V.S.S.K. BabuZircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology, with S isotopic composition of sulfides from the Chah-Firouzeh porphyry Cu deposit, Kerman Cenozoic arc, SE Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 88 (1): 384–399. Wones, D.R. and Eugster, H.P., 1965. Stability of biotite: experiment, theory, and application. American Mineralogist, 50(1): 1228–1272.

Airborne Gamma Ray Spectrometry (AGRS) with its important applications such as gathering radiation information of ground surface, geochemistry measuring of the abundance of Potassium, Thorium and Uranium in outer earth layer, environmental and nuclear site surveillance has a key role in the field of nuclear science and human life. The Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS), with its advanced numerical unconstrained nonlinear optimization in collaboration with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) provides a noteworthy opportunity for modern AGRS. In this study a new AGRS system empowered by ANN-BFGS has been proposed and evaluated on available empirical AGRS data. To that effect different architectures of adaptive ANN-BFGS were implemented for a sort of published experimental AGRS outputs. The selected approach among of various training methods, with its low iteration cost and non-diagonal scaling allocation is a new powerful algorithm for AGRS data due to its inherent stochastic properties. Experiments were performed by different architectures and trainings, the selected scheme achieved the smallest number of epochs, the minimum Mean Square Error (MSE) and the maximum performance in compare with different types of optimization strategies and algorithms. The proposed method is capable to be implemented on a cost effective and minimum electronic equipment to present its real-time process, which will let it to be used on board a light Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The advanced adaptation properties and models of neural network, the training of stochastic process and its implementation on DSP outstands an affordable, reliable and low cost AGRS design. The main outcome of the study shows this method increases the quality of curvature information of AGRS data while cost of the algorithm is reduced in each iteration so the proposed ANN-BFGS is a trustworthy appropriate model for Gamma-ray data reconstruction and analysis based on advanced novel artificial intelligence systems. Keywords: Artificial neural networks, BFGS training algorithm, Airborne gamma ray spectrometry, Nuclear site surveillance

Bioorthogonal reactions are known as types of chemical reactions without the interference from biological reactions within the living systems. The requirements for such reactions include activities in aqueous environment, mild temperature, and physiological pH. One of the facile ways, for detecting bioorthogonal reactions, is covalently attaching a florescent compound to biomolecules such as proteins. In this work, two novel derivatives of fluorescein, 5(6)acylchloride fluorescein and 5(6)thiophenol fluorescein, were synthesized. The products were confirmed using 1H NMR. Subsequently, the reactions of the synthesized derivatives of with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Hen Egg white lysozyme (HEWL), under physiological conditions, were investigated. The advantages of reactions of the derivatives with proteins can include selectivity towards lysine, high kinetics of reactions, and low concentrations of reactants.The fluorescein-attached proteins were purified using size-exclusion chromatography and dialysis. The success of covalent attachments to proteins was confirmed using SDS-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The reactivity of 5(6)thiophenol fluorescein towards BSA was investigated at pH 7 and pH 9.