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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have wide-ranging applications and can be synthesized using environmentally friendly green synthesis methods as an alternative to conventional approaches. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an extremely perilous bacterium known for its multidrug-resistant (MDR) nature, posing a significant threat to hospitalized patients and those with compromised immune systems. The bacterium's ability to withstand multiple antibiotics, combined with its capacity to form biofilms, contributes to its high rates of morbidity and mortality. The intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa, along with its ability to form biofilms, further complicates treatment and exacerbates the severity of infections, particularly in susceptible patient populations. Objective: The main objective of this study was to utilize extracts from Ocimum basilicum leaves in a green synthesis approach to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, the research aimed to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of these synthesized nanoparticles against P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the leaf extract of O. basilicum plants under various parameters. The biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was verified using a UV-visible spectrophotometer and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy. Specifically, they demonstrated antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa pathogens. Different concentrations of both O. basilicum extract and synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were tested against P. aeruginosa and observed antibacterial activity. Results: indicated that the ZnO NPs synthesized from O. basilicum exhibited stronger antibacterial activity compared to the plant extract alone. The most effective concentrations were found to be 1.0, 1.5, and 3 mg/ml of prepared ZnO nanoparticles. Increasing the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles resulted in enhanced inhibition of bacterial growth in P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: The green synthesis of ZnO NPs using plant extracts has demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against P.aeruginosa. The high concentration of the ZnO NPs resulted in larger inhibition zones at higher concentrations. These findings underscore the possibility of green-synthesized ZnO NPs as an antimicrobial agent for P. aeruginosa. The environmentally friendly and cost-effective nature of the green synthesis method further enhances its appeal for future applications in antibacterial treatments.

This study numerically explores the thermo-hydraulic performance of a twisted annular circular tube. The annular configurations are investigated at two twisting pitch ratios (y = H/Do=1 and 2) which represents the ratio of the twisting step to the outer tube diameter. This results in nine cases including the straight annulus. The considered cases are AT (typical annulus), TAT (twisted annular tube with both inner and outer surfaces are twisted in the same direction), TOSI (twisted outer surface with a straight inner one), SOTI (straight outer surface with a twisted inner surface), and CW-CCW (both inner and outer surfaces are twisted in opposite directions – outer tube twisted clockwise, inner tube twisted counter-clockwise). The 3D computational domains of the considered cases were modelled and solved using ANSYS 17, SIMPLE algorithm and utilizing the standard k-ε turbulent model, where 10,000 ≤ Re ≤ 30,000 was the range of turbulent flow of air. The important parameters, Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f), as well as thermal performance factor (TPF) are examined. The results indicated that the smallest (y) values yield higher TPF, while larger values result in the opposite trend for all annular cases. TPF for all investigated twisted annuli surpasses unity. The most significant increase is observed in the CW-CCW case (TPF=2.039 at y = 1 and Re = 10,000), showing a 103.9 % rise over the corresponding straight annulus. Conversely, the trivial increase is noted in TPF=1.588 at y = 2 and Re = 30,000, exhibiting an increase of 58.8 %. The obtained results are compared with available data for a plain tube, computed using the well-known Gnielinski and Dittus-Boeltor equations for the Nusselt number, yielding relative errors of 5.3 % and 4 %, respectively. Additionally, the friction factor is determined through Petukhov and Blasius correlations, showing relative errors of 5 % and 3 %, respectively.

Mona A Eldosoky,1 Reham Hammad,1 Areej Rushdi,2 Hanan F Ibrahim,2 Amany M Tawfeik,3 Ahmed Mora,4 Sarah F Fahmy,5 Hossam El-Ashmawy,6 Elham Ali,7 Dina H Hamed,8 Amena Rezk Mohammed,9 Alya Mashaal,10 Hanan Mohsen8 1Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 2Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 3Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt; 4Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (for Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 5Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 6Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine (for Boys), Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt; 7Molecular Biology, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science (For Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 8Pediatric Department, Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Children’s Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 9Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 10Immunology, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science (For Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Dina H Hamed, Email dina.alkhtaib@cu.edu.egBackground: Severe bronchial asthma (BA) affects 5– 10% of children, which imposes socioeconomic burden. Therefore, it is crucial to identify biomarkers for risk stratification in children with BA. T regulatory cells (Tregs) play a balancing role in allergic response regulation. We aimed to investigate the relationship between Treg, miR-210-3p, and miR-146a-5p in relation to asthma phenotypes in search of novel biomarkers of disease severity.Methods: This study included 50 children with BA classified into Group 1 (n = 25) children with mild to moderate asthma and Group 2 (n = 25) children with severe asthma. In addition to 26 control subjects. Flow cytometry was used to detect Tregs. Plasma miR-210-3p and miR-146a levels were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Patients’ FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second) was measured.Results: miR-210-3p level correlated negatively with Treg frequency (r = − 0.828, P < 0.001) and FEV1 (r = − 0.621, P < 0.001). The level of miR-146a-5p positively correlated positively with Treg% (r = 0.303, P = 0.032). ROC curve analysis revealed that miR-210-3p was the most sensitive biomarker of severity, with the area under curve (AUC) = 0.923, 96% sensitivity, and 60% specificity. According to multivariate analysis, miR-210-3p is an independent risk factor for BA severity [OR =3.119, P = 0.030], while miR-146a-5p is a protective factor [OR =0.811, P = 0.049].Conclusion: Treg frequency is linked to FEV1, miR-146a-5p and miR-210-3p in childhood BA. Upregulation of miR-210-3p is a sensitive biomarker and an independent risk factor for BA severity in Egyptian children.Keywords: T reg, miR-210-3p, miR-146a-5p, childhood asthma, asthma classifications

The removal of hydrogen sulfide from natural gas and other gases such as biogas, refinery gases, and coal gas is required because it is toxic and corrosive, even in traces. Zeolites are widely used in the removal of H2S from the abovementioned gases. In this work, we prepared an Ag-exchanged 13X molecular sieve by using different concentrations of AgNO3 to increase its adsorption properties. XRD, SEM, and BET techniques were used to characterize samples. To determine the adsorption properties of each of the samples, a laboratory setup with a fixed-bed adsorber was utilized. The adsorption capacity of modified 13X increased when the molar concentration of AgNO3 increased from 0.02 M to 0.05 M. However, the breakthrough time was attained quicker at a high molar concentration of 0.1 M AgNO3, indicating a low adsorption capacity. When compared to unmodified 13X, the adsorption capacity of AgII-13X increased by about 50 times. The results of this study suggest that the silver-modified 13X molecular sieve is highly effective at extracting H2S from natural gas.

Radio spectrum awareness, including understanding radio signal activities, is crucial for improving spectrum utilization, detecting security vulnerabilities, and supporting adaptive transmissions. Related tasks include spectrum sensing, identifying systems and terminals, and understanding various protocol layers. In this paper, we investigate various identification and classification tasks related to fading channel parameters, signal distortions, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols, radio signal types, and cellular systems. Specifically, we utilize deep learning methods in those identification and classification tasks. Performance evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of deep learning in those radio spectrum awareness tasks.

The thermal and hydraulic performance of a twisted circular tube with an obstacle attached to the internal surface along the tube length (L = 1000 mm) is numerically analyzed in this work. The considered configuration is investigated by varying obstacle height ratio (OHR = h/D) which is the obstacle height (h) to the tube diameter (D = 20 mm) while obstacle thickness is kept constant under turbulent flow regime, i.e. Reynolds number 4000 ≤ Re ≤ 10,000 for air as working fluid. Various cases of OHR are triggered 0.0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5 and 0.625 respectively. The results show that the larger OHR gives a higher Nusselt number and vice versa due to increasing swirling power to the air in the tube. However, a higher friction factor is the penalty associated with this large obstacle. Recorded thermal performance factor TPF is beyond unity for all cases. The optimal value of TPF is observed at OHR = 0.625 which is recommended for high heat transfer rate requirement. Corresponding TPF = 2.07 at Re = 4000 and TPF = 1.69 at Re = 10,000. The results are validated against the findings of the previous works and the comparisons show good agreements.

Natural gas, biogas, and refinery gas all include H2S, which has adverse effects not only on the environment and human health but also on the equipment and catalysts that are employed in the relevant processes. H2S is removed from the aforementioned gases using a variety of techniques in order to fulfill the necessary sales criteria and for reasons of safety. The adsorption method stands out among various other approaches due to its straightforward operation, high level of efficiency, and low overall cost. This technique makes use of a variety of adsorbents, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), activated carbon, and zeolites. The use of zeolite-based adsorbents is by far the most common of these various types. This is due to the specific properties of zeolite-based adsorbents, which include a high adsorption capacity, the ability to be regenerated, a high temperature stability, a diversity of types, the possibility of modification, high efficiency, and low cost. In addition, research is being done on adsorbents that are made from inexpensive raw materials in order to remove H2S. This article focuses on zeolites, zeolite modifications, and wastes as an adsorbent for the removal of H2S, all of which have been investigated fruitfully in recent years, as well as the promising applications of zeolites.

Background:The Streptomyces are considered the most important bacterial source for bioactive compounds production including natural antibiotics. Objective: This study focused on analysis of these products to characterize the most active substances which may contain new antibiotics. Materials and methods: Samples with the highest antibacterial activities (21, M5, N- and D-) were chosen from a previous study after secondary screening for the intracellular (biomass) extract which showed more antagonism efficiency than that observed in extracellular crude extract.Gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was preformed to detect the structure of the compounds in intracellular crude extracts in these isolates. Results: The GC-MS analysis showed a total of 49 peaks observed in 4 isolates, isolate M5=14 peaks, isolate D=11peaks, isolate N= 20 peaks and isolate 21= 4peaks. Isolate D-, which showed the highest zone of inhibition in secondary screening than that in other isolates, is associated with the most prevalence active compounds like the Decane derivatives, in addition to Triadimenol; Azetidine, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-methyl; Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, 2-ethylhexyl ester and 3,3,7,7-Tetramethyl-1,5-diazabicyclo(3.3.0)octane. While isolate 21, has less peaks in comparing with the other samples, with great occurrence in components: 1-Dimethylaminohexane with molecular formula C8H19N and molecular weight 129 and Propamocarb with molecular formula C9H20N2O2 and molecular weight 188, in addition to many volatile organic compounds. The greatest components of isolate M5 were Triadimenol and 3,3,7,7-Tetramethyl-1,5-diazabicyclo(3.3.0)octane, in addition to the presence of Decane derivatives; amine compounds and Vitamin E. Isolate N- showed a great occurrence with components Triadimenol and Azetidine, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-methyl-with a molecular formula C8H17N and with a molecular weight 127; also the presence of an important component Hexanoic acid, 2-methyl- with the molecular formula C7H14O2 and with molecular weight 103 which has been considered as an essential component of muramycin antibiotic; compounds which contain Benzene ring. Conclusion: The most prominent compounds detected in the selected isolates by using GC-MS technique were Decane derivatives and Triadimenol.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint destructive disorder with great morbidity. Unraveling genetic determinants causing the disease would pave the road towards early detection and precise medicine. Interleukin 37 (IL-37), a natural inhibitor of innate immunity, was shown to be a key modulator in RA. Plasma levels were deregulated and correlated with disease activity. Therefore, we hypothesized the IL-37 gene variants could influence the clinical characteristics of RA patients. Objective: This is a pilot study to assess the association of rs3811047 variant of IL-37 gene with RA development and disease activity in an Egyptian population. Methods: A total of 100 individuals (50 RA patients and 50 healthy individuals) were enrolled in the study. Disease activity score of 28 joints (DAS28) was estimated for RA patients. Genotyping was performed using Real-Time PCR technology. Results: There was no statistically significant association between genotype frequencies of rs3811047 and RA risk. However, there was a significant relationship between the studied single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and disease activity. Patients carrying the GG genotype had higher DAS28 score than patients with AA or AG genotypes (p = .041). Conclusion: IL-37 gene rs3811047 SNP was associated with more severe RA disease activity in the current population. Larger epidemiological study is warranted to validate our results.

Background. Diagnosis of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a challenging matter that involves the summation of clinical, laboratory, radiological, and liver histological parameters; in addition to specific investigations to exclude other causes of neonatal cholestasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate liver tissue immunohistochemistry of bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance 3 (MDR3) proteins in differentiating PFIC from other causes of neonatal cholestasis, particularly, when genotyping is unavailable.Material and methods. The study included 25 patients diagnosed phenotypically as PFIC including 2 with PFIC1, 17 with PFIC2 and 6 with PFIC3. A second group of 25 cholestatic newborns with confirmed etiologies other than PFIC, termed as non-PFIC, included as controls. Liver biopsies from all patients were obtained and immunostained for BSEP and MDR3.Results. Negative immunoreaction of BSEP and MDR3 was found in the majority of PFIC group (76 and 64% respectively). Nonetheless, the negative immunoreaction was demonstrated in a considerable number of the non-PFIC group. BSEP immunoreaction was negative in the majority (82.4%) of PFIC2 but in none of the two patients with PFIC1. In addition, negative MDR3 immunoreaction was more frequently associated with PFIC3 compared to non-PFIC group.Conclusion. MDR3 and BSEP immunostaining would be a helpful tool in supporting the phenotypic diagnosis of PFIC subtypes and in differentiating PFIC from other causes of neonatal cholestasis.

The nanocrystallization of Co67Fe4Cr7Si8B14 amorphous ribbons which prepared by planar flow melt spinning process (PFMS) was investigated. Crystallization of the ribbons was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The DTA result of amorphous ribbon at heating rate of 10˚C/min showedoccurrence of phase transitions in two stages. The ribbons were isothermally annealed for 30 minutes in argon atmosphere at different temperatures between 300 and 650ºC with 25ºC steps. The magnetic properties of annealed samples were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The VSM results revealed that optimum soft magnetic properties occurred at 400ºC. XRD patterns showed that the samples isothermally annealed up to 450ºC were amorphous, while TEM results at 400ºC indicated 7-8 nm mean size nanocrytallites in amorphous matrix and size of the nanocrystallites increased by increasing temperature. Also by X-ray diffraction pattern, precipitation of different phases at higher temperatures confirmed.

This study was aimed to isolate and identify the fungus Trichophyton violaceum from human skin specimens and evaluate the activity of antibacterial and plant essential oils. The results showed of direct microscopy by using KOH examination and morphological identification, nine samples from skin were positive in KOH test. Microscopical examination appeared that colonies of T. violaceum were coarse with abundant aerial mycelium on SDA, growth rates 6-8cm/14 days. The color changes with age from white in the middle to brownish yellow at the edges which was more intense on the reverse side. Susceptibility test to antibacterial showed that 100% of T.Violaceum T2 isolate was resistant to TE (Tetracycline), AK (Amikacin), CTX (Cefotaxime), CFM (Cefixime), CIP (Ciprofloxacin), ERY (Erythromycin) and STR (Streptomycin). Also results showed that all plant essential oils at different concentrations significantly inhibit growth of T. violaceum T2. However, the peppermint oil, Myrrh oil, Cardamom oil, Chamomile oil and Castor oil at highest concentration (25mg / ml) caused highest reduction of mycelia growth (100%) followed by Olive oil (67.3%) and Clove oil (64%) at the same concentration, compared with the control treatment.

Microbial protease represents the most important industrial enzymes, which have an active role in biotechnological processes. The objective of this study was to isolate new strain of Streptomyces that produce proteolytic enzymes with novel properties and the development of the low-cost medium. An alkaline protease producer strain NRC-15 was isolated from Egyptian soil sample. The cultural, morphological, physiological characters and chemotaxonomic evidence strongly indicated that the NRC-15 strain represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, hence the name Strptomyces pseudogrisiolus NRC-15. The culture conditions for higher protease production by NRC-15 were optimized with respect to carbon and nitrogen sources, metal ions, pH and temperature. Maximum protease production was obtained in the medium supplemented with 1% glucose, 1% yeast extract, 6% NaCl and 100 μmol/L of Tween 20, initial pH 9.0 at 50 °C for 96 h. The current results confirm that for this strain, a great ability to produce alkaline proteases, which supports the use of applications in industry.

In this study, a sample of galaxies has been adopted. It consists of 112 elliptical galaxies, among them were 56 dwarf elliptical galaxies, which belong to virgo cluster, 37 normal galaxies and 19 bright galaxies. Also, surface brightness profiles fitted for these galaxies with sersic model (r1/n-model). The linear relation between effective surface brightness and logarithm effective radius log re(kpc) have been calculated, and found, the slope for dwarf elliptical galaxies is 1.89, 2.8 for normal elliptical galaxies and 2.8 for bright galaxies. Also, The linear relation between slope for these type from galaxies and average absolute magntude have been calculated, and found . It is found that rms scatter of this relation is 0.2 mag.

Postpartum haemorrhage & retained placenta are the most common serious abnormalities encountered ‎during the third stage of labour, the aim of this study was to compare three different management ‎protocols for retained placenta. This prospective study was carried out in Basrah Maternity & Children ‎hospital during the period from march 2001 till march 2002. A total of 75 women with retained placenta ‎after active management of third stage of labour were included, they were divided into three groups , the ‎first group received oxytocin and normal saline injected in the umbilical vein, the second received ‎normal saline and the third was the expectant group. In 56% of women in the oxytocin group, placental ‎expulsion occurred within 45 minutes compared to 16% in the expectant group and 24% in the saline ‎group respectively. Also 44% of women in the oxytocin group needed manual removal of the placenta ‎compared to 84% in the expectant and 76% in the saline group. We conclude that intraumbilical vein ‎injection in cases with retained placenta seems simple and promising technique to reduce the incidence ‎of potentially morbid procedures. ‎

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/starch/graphene oxide nanocomposites containing different ratios of tungsten oxide (W[O.sub.3]) were prepared for use in the medical field as low-cost, facile, eco-friendly, and biodegradable low-energy [gamma]-ray shielding materials. The effect of different W[O.sub.3] loading (0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 wt%) on nanocomposites' structural, mechanical, and gamma attenuation properties was studied. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope verified the incorporation of W[O.sub.3] into the nanocomposite matrix. The thermal stability and activation energy of the decomposition of nanocomposites showed continuous improvement with increasing W[O.sub.3]. The maximum tensile strength and elongation of nanocomposites were achieved by incorporating 4 wt% W[O.sub.3] compared to the lowest tensile strength and elongation at 8 and 12 wt% of W[O.sub.3], respectively. The good filler distribution inside the polymeric matrix at lower filler loading compared to the creation of voids and agglomeration at higher filler levels explains this behavior. It was found that nanocomposites' calculated mass attenuation coefficient [[mu].sub.m] ([cm.sup.2]/g) increased with increasing W[O.sub.3] at different photon energies. Half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) values fall as W[O.sub.3] concentration rises. The sample with 12 wt% of W[O.sub.3] exhibits lower HVL and TVL values and higher [[mu].sub.m], demonstrating a more remarkable gamma attenuation ability. Such results endorsed the prepared nanocomposites as low energy [gamma]-rays attenuation materials in medical fields. Highlights * PVA/starch/graphene oxide nanocomposites with different W[O.sub.3]s were fabricated as shielding materials. * The impact of W[O.sub.3] on nanocomposites' mechanical and shielding characteristics was studied * Thermal stability of nanocomposites showed continuous improvement with increasing W[O.sub.3] * [[mu].sub.m] increased with continuously increasing W[O.sub.3] at different photon energies. KEYWORDS mechanical, nanocomposites, PVA, radiation, shielding, thermal, 1 | INTRODUCTION The [gamma]-rays are used extensively in the military, healthcare, scientific, and agricultural fields. Hospitals and research facilities now use increasingly dangerous radiation, particularly X-rays and gamma sources, [...]

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the properties of the median nerve and the flexor retinaculum within the carpal tunnel with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) under two conditions: (a) fingers extended, and (b) fingers in an isometric squeeze grip. METHODS: Thirty-Four volunteers participated in this experimental study. The flexor retinaculum and median nerve characteristics were measured during both conditions using MRI. RESULTS: The isometric squeeze grip condition resulted in significant palmar bowing of the flexor retinaculum (t = 7.67, p

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The removal of hydrogen sulfide from natural gas and other gases such as biogas, refinery gases, and coal gas is required because it is toxic and corrosive, even in traces. Zeolites are widely used in the removal of H2S from the abovementioned gases. In this work, we prepared an Ag-exchanged 13X molecular sieve by using different concentrations of AgNO3 to increase its adsorption properties. XRD, SEM, and BET techniques were used to characterize samples. To determine the adsorption properties of each of the samples, a laboratory setup with a fixed-bed adsorber was utilized. The adsorption capacity of modified 13X increased when the molar concentration of AgNO3 increased from 0.02 M to 0.05 M. However, the breakthrough time was attained quicker at a high molar concentration of 0.1 M AgNO3, indicating a low adsorption capacity. When compared to unmodified 13X, the adsorption capacity of AgII-13X increased by about 50 times. The results of this study suggest that the silver-modified 13X molecular sieve is highly effective at extracting H2S from natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is the use of a high dosage of radiation, usually to an intracranial target. Healthy brain tissue often surrounds the target when therapies are delivered inside the skull, and this is usually the main organ that is at risk (OAR). To reduce the possibility of normal tissue toxicity and its associated side effects, it is imperative to establish a steep dosage falloff from the target's periphery to normal tissue when using these kinds of treatments. Objective To evaluate the plans of vestibular Schwannoma using the latest version of gamma knife "lightning by estimating the correlation between the overall sphericity degree and, most important the evaluation parameters such as coverage, selectivity, homogeneity index (HI), selectivity, gradient index (GI), and shot density. Methods A cross-sectional study. The sphericity degree (φ) was determined by using planning for each target volume (TV) of the fifty patients who had stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) performed on them in order to treat vestibular schwannoma, Calculating this parameter required developing a theoretical concept for operational sphericity, which was done and following are some of the measurements that are used in the analysis of the values that were found: coverage (C), selectivity (S), gradient index (GI), Paddick conformity index (CI Paddick), and dosage distribution (IV/TV). Results The mean age of patients was 44.54±11.93 years ranging from (20-80) years and the prevalence of females in this study was 35 (70%) more than the males 15 (30%). The prescribed dose for vestibular Schwannoma patients was 12Gy. The mean target volume is 5.367±0.058 cm3, ranging from (0.079-26.497) cm3. This study showed that dividing the tumor into 2 spheres, the first sphere delineates the regular part of the tumor, and the second sphere is delineated irregular cancer components, since the reference plan is a spherical target, the degree of sphericity is an excellent parameter to use when evaluating the dose distribution of a plan for the treatment of vestibular Schwannoma. Conclusion According to the findings of this study, dividing the tumor into two spheres provides valuable information regarding the dose distribution both inside and outside the desired volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]