348 results on '"Mohrholz, Volker"'
Search Results
2. Physical Drivers of Southwest African Coastal Upwelling and Its Response to Climate Variability and Change
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Brandt, Peter, primary, Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, additional, Coelho, Paulo, additional, Koungue, Rodrigue Anicet Imbol, additional, Körner, Mareike, additional, Lamont, Tarron, additional, Lübbecke, Joke F., additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Prigent, Arthur, additional, Roch, Marisa, additional, Schmidt, Martin, additional, van der Plas, Anja K., additional, and Veitch, Jennifer, additional
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- 2024
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3. Sedimentary molybdenum and uranium cycling under seasonally contrasting redox conditions on the Namibian Shelf
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Kossack, Michael, Scholz, Florian, Anderson, Chloe H., Vosteen, Paul, Su, Chih-Chieh, Mohrholz, Volker, and Zabel, Matthias
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- 2023
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4. Carbon assimilating fungi from surface ocean to subseafloor revealed by coupled phylogenetic and stable isotope analysis
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Orsi, William D., Vuillemin, Aurèle, Coskun, Ömer K., Rodriguez, Paula, Oertel, Yanik, Niggemann, Jutta, Mohrholz, Volker, and Gomez-Saez, Gonzalo V.
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- 2022
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5. A full year of turbulence measurements from a drift campaign in the Arctic Ocean 2019–2020
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Schulz, Kirstin, Mohrholz, Volker, Fer, Ilker, Janout, Markus, Hoppmann, Mario, Schaffer, Janin, and Koenig, Zoé
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- 2022
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6. Water Measurements
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Mohrholz, Volker, Flohr, Anita, and Foken, Thomas, editor
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- 2021
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7. Physical drivers of Southwest African coastal upwelling and its response to climate variability and change
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von Maltitz, Graham, Midgleiy, Guy F., Veitch, Jennifer, Brümmer, Christian, Rötter, Reimund, Viehberg, Finn, Veste, Maik, Brandt, Peter, Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, Coelho, Paulo, Imbol Koungue, Rodrigue Anicet, Körner, Mareike, Lamont, Tarron, Lübbecke, Joke F., Mohrholz, Volker, Prigent, Arthur, Roch, Marisa, Schmidt, Martin, van der Plas, Anja K., von Maltitz, Graham, Midgleiy, Guy F., Veitch, Jennifer, Brümmer, Christian, Rötter, Reimund, Viehberg, Finn, Veste, Maik, Brandt, Peter, Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, Coelho, Paulo, Imbol Koungue, Rodrigue Anicet, Körner, Mareike, Lamont, Tarron, Lübbecke, Joke F., Mohrholz, Volker, Prigent, Arthur, Roch, Marisa, Schmidt, Martin, and van der Plas, Anja K.
- Abstract
The southeastern tropical Atlantic hosts a coastal upwelling system characterized by high biological productivity. Three subregions can be distinguished based on differences in the physical climate: the tropical Angolan and the northern and southern Benguela upwelling systems (tAUS, nBUS, sBUS). The tAUS, which is remotely forced via equatorial and coastal trapped waves, can be characterized as a mixing-driven system, where the wind forcing plays only a secondary role. The nBUS and sBUS are both forced by alongshore winds and offshore cyclonic wind stress curl. While the nBUS is a permanent upwelling system, the sBUS is impacted by the seasonal cycle of alongshore winds. Interannual variability in the region is dominated by Benguela Niños and Niñas that are warm and cold events observed every few years in the tAUS and nBUS. Decadal and multidecadal variations are reported for sea surface temperature and salinity, stratification and subsurface oxygen. Future climate warming is likely associated with a southward shift of the South Atlantic wind system. While the mixing-driven tAUS will most likely be affected by warming and increasing stratification, the nBUS and sBUS will be mostly affected by wind changes with increasing winds in the sBUS and weakening winds in the northern nBUS.
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- 2024
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8. Metabolic activity analyses demonstrate that Lokiarchaeon exhibits homoacetogenesis in sulfidic marine sediments
- Author
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Orsi, William D., Vuillemin, Aurèle, Rodriguez, Paula, Coskun, Ömer K., Gomez-Saez, Gonzalo V., Lavik, Gaute, Mohrholz, Volker, and Ferdelman, Timothy G.
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- 2020
- Full Text
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9. Dynamical reconstruction of the upper-ocean state in the central Arctic during the winter period of the MOSAiC expedition.
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Kuznetsov, Ivan, Rabe, Benjamin, Androsov, Alexey, Fang, Ying-Chih, Hoppmann, Mario, Quintanilla-Zurita, Alejandra, Harig, Sven, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Schulz, Kirstin, Mohrholz, Volker, Fer, Ilker, Fofonova, Vera, and Janout, Markus
- Subjects
ARCTIC climate ,SEA ice drift ,KINETIC energy ,HEAT flux ,OBSERVATORIES - Abstract
This paper presents a methodological tool for dynamic reconstruction of the state of the ocean, based, as an example, on observations from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) experiment. The data used in this study were collected in the Amundsen Basin between October 2019 and January 2020. Analysing observational data to assess tracer field and upper-ocean dynamics is highly challenging when measurement platforms drift with the ice pack due to continuous drift speed and direction changes. We have equipped the new version of the coastal branch of the global Finite-volumE sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM-C) with a nudging method. Model nudging was carried out assuming a quasi-steady state. Overall, the model can reproduce the lateral and vertical structure of the temperature, salinity, and density fields, which allows for projecting dynamically consistent features of these fields onto a regular grid. We identify two separate depth ranges of enhanced eddy kinetic energy located around two maxima in buoyancy frequency: the depth of the upper halocline and the depth of the warm (modified) Atlantic Water. Simulations reveal a notable decrease in surface layer salinity and density in the Amundsen Basin towards the north but no significant gradient from east to west. However, we find a mixed-layer deepening from east to west, with a 0.084 m km -1 gradient at 0.6 m km -1 standard deviation, compared to a weak deepening from south to north. The model resolves several stationary eddies in the warm Atlantic Water and provides insights into the associated dynamics. The model output can be used to further analyse the thermohaline structure and related dynamics associated with mesoscale and submesoscale processes in the central Arctic, such as estimates of heat fluxes or mass transport. The developed nudging method can be utilized to incorporate observational data from a diverse set of instruments and for further analysis of data from the MOSAiC expedition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Validating Finescale Parameterizations for the Eastern Arctic Ocean Internal Wave Field
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Baumann, Till M., primary, Fer, Ilker, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, and Mohrholz, Volker, additional
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- 2023
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11. The contribution of zooplankton to methane supersaturation in the oxygenated upper waters of the central Baltic Sea
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Schmale, Oliver, Wäge, Janine, Mohrholz, Volker, Wasmund, Norbert, Gräwe, Ulf, Rehder, Gregor, Labrenz, Matthias, and Loick-Wilde, Natalie
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- 2018
12. The Knudsen theorem and the Total Exchange Flow analysis framework applied to the Baltic Sea
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Burchard, Hans, Bolding, Karsten, Feistel, Rainer, Gräwe, Ulf, Klingbeil, Knut, MacCready, Parker, Mohrholz, Volker, Umlauf, Lars, and van der Lee, Eefke M.
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- 2018
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13. Wind variability across the North Humboldt Upwelling System
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Yari, Sadegh, primary, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, and Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, additional
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- 2023
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14. Nutrient Dynamics in the Pomeranian Bay (Southern Baltic): Impact of the Oder River Outflow
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Pastuszak, Marianna, Nagel, Klaus, Grelowski, Alfred, Mohrholz, Volker, and Zalewski, Mariusz
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- 2003
15. Dynamical reconstruction of the upper-ocean state in the Central Arctic during the winter period of the MOSAiC Expedition
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Kuznetsov, Ivan, Rabe, Benjamin, Androsov, Alexey, Fang, Ying-Chih, Hoppmann, Mario, Quintanilla-Zurita, Alejandra, Harig, Sven, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Schulz, Kirstin, Mohrholz, Volker, Fer, Ilker, Fofonova, Vera, and Janout, Markus
- Abstract
The Arctic Ocean is a region important for global and regional climate. Although generally quiescent compared to mid-latitudes, the upper Arctic ocean hosts mesoscale and smaller scale processes. These processes can have a profound impact on vertical ocean fluxes, stratification, and feedback with the sea ice and atmosphere. Sparse and non-synoptic in-situ observations of the polar oceans are limited by the distribution of manual observing platforms and autonomous instrumentation. Analyzing observational data to assess tracer field gradients and upper ocean dynamics becomes highly challenging when measurement platforms drift with the ice pack due to continuous changes in drift speed direction. This work presents a dynamical reconstruction of the ocean state, based on observations of the Multidisciplinary Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) experiment. Overall, the model can reproduce the lateral and vertical structure of the temperature, salinity, and density fields, which allows for projecting dynamically consistent features of these fields onto a regular grid. We identify two separate depth ranges of enhanced eddy kinetic energy, which are located around two maxima in buoyancy frequency: the depth of the upper halocline and the depth of the warm (modified) Atlantic Water. Simulations reveal a notable decrease in surface layer salinity and density towards the north, accompanied by high variability in the mixed layer depth in the south-north direction. And no significant horizontal gradients in salinity and density fields but an increase in mixed layer depth from west to east 0.084 m/km gradient with 0.6 m/km standard deviation, indicating opposite characteristics compared to the south-north direction. The model resolves several stationary eddies in the warm Atlantic Water and provides insights into the associated dynamics. The obtained three-dimensional fields of temperature and salinity can be used for further analysis of the thermohaline structure and related dynamics associated with submesoscale processes in the Central Arctic. Dynamic characteristics and eddy fields can be used for further analysis and comparison with state-of-the-art climate and Earth System Models. The developed nudging method can be used to utilize future observational data obtained from a diverse set of instruments.
- Published
- 2023
16. Supplementary material to "Low confidence in multi-decadal trends of wind-driven upwelling across the Benguela upwelling system due to internal climate variability"
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Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, primary, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, and Schmidt, Martin, additional
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- 2023
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17. Low confidence in multi-decadal trends of wind-driven upwelling across the Benguela upwelling system due to internal climate variability
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Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, primary, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, and Schmidt, Martin, additional
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- 2023
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18. Oceanographic structuring of the mucous-mesh grazer community in the Humboldt Current off Peru
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Auch, Dominik, Steinen, Vanessa, Steckhan, Luisa, Koppelmann, Rolf, Yari, Sadegh, Mohrholz, Volker, Schukat, Anna, Fernandez-Mendez, Mar, Kittu, Leila, Peck, Myron A., Auch, Dominik, Steinen, Vanessa, Steckhan, Luisa, Koppelmann, Rolf, Yari, Sadegh, Mohrholz, Volker, Schukat, Anna, Fernandez-Mendez, Mar, Kittu, Leila, and Peck, Myron A.
- Abstract
The Humboldt Upwelling System (HUS) supports high levels of primary production and has the largest single-stock fishery worldwide. The high fish production is suggested to be related to high trophic transfer efficiency in the HUS. Mucous-mesh grazers (pelagic tunicates and gastropods) are mostly of low nutritious value and might reduce trophic transfer efficiency when they are locally abundant. Unfortunately, little is known about the spatial dynamics of mucous-mesh grazers from Peruvian waters, limiting our understanding of their potential ecological role(s). We provide a spatial assessment of mucous-mesh grazer abundance from the Peruvian shelf in austral summer 2018/2019 along six cross-shelf transects spanning from 8.5 to 16° S latitude. The community was dominated by appendicularians and doliolids. Salps occurred in high abundance but infrequently and pelagic gastropods were mostly restricted to the North. At low latitudes, the abundance of mucous-mesh grazers was higher than some key species of crustacean mesozooplankton. Transects in this region had stronger Ekman-transport, higher temperature, lower surface turbidity and a broader oxygenated upper water layer compared to higher-latitude transects. Small-scale lateral intrusions of upwelled water were potentially associated with high abundances of doliolids at specific stations. The high abundance and estimated ingestion rates of mucous-mesh grazers in the northern HUS suggest that a large flux of carbon from lower trophic levels is shunted to tunicates in recently upwelled water masses. The data provide important information on the ecology of mucous mesh grazers and stress the relevance to increase research effort on investigating their functioning in upwelling systems.
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- 2023
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19. Wind variability across the North Humboldt Upwelling System
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Yari, Sadegh, Mohrholz, Volker, Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, Yari, Sadegh, Mohrholz, Volker, and Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi
- Abstract
Surface wind is taken as the primary driver of upwelling in the eastern boundary upwelling systems. The fluctuation of momentum flux associated with the variation in wind regulates the nutrient supply to the euphotic surface layer via changing the properties of oceanic mixed layer depth, the coastal and offshore upwelling, and horizontal advection. Here, the spatial and temporal variability of the surface wind field over the last seven decades across the Peruvian upwelling system is investigated. Strong fluctuations in seasonal to decadal timescales are found over the entire upwelling system. A semi-periodic wind fluctuation on an interannual timescale is found, which is closely related to the regional sea surface temperature and can be attributed to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, the wind anomaly patterns during positive and negative phases of ENSO are not opposite, which suggests an asymmetric response of local wind to ENSO cycles. In addition, a semi-regular fluctuation on the decadal timescale is evident in the wind field, which can be attributed to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Our results show that the sea surface temperature over the Humboldt Upwelling System is closely connected to local wind stress and the wind stress curl. The SST wind stress co-variability seems more pronounced in the coastal upwelling cells, in which equatorward winds are very likely accompanied by robust cooling over the coastal zones. Over the past seven decades, wind speed underwent a slightly positive trend. However, the spatial pattern of the trend features considerable heterogeneity with larger values near the coastal upwelling cells.
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- 2023
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20. Synoptic observations of sediment transport and exchange mechanisms in the turbid Ems Estuary : the EDoM campaign
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Van Maren, Dirk S., Maushake, Christian, Mol, Jan Willem, Van Keulen, Daan, Jürges, Jens, Vroom, Julia, Schuttelaars, Henk, Gerkema, Theo, Schulz, Kirstin, Badewien, Thomas H., Gerriets, Michaela, Engels, Andreas, Wurpts, Andreas, Oberrecht, Dennis, Manning, Andrew J., Bailey, Taylor, Ross, Lauren, Mohrholz, Volker, Horemans, Dante M.L., Becker, Marius, Post, Dirk, Schmidt, Charlotte, Dankers, Petra J.T., Van Maren, Dirk S., Maushake, Christian, Mol, Jan Willem, Van Keulen, Daan, Jürges, Jens, Vroom, Julia, Schuttelaars, Henk, Gerkema, Theo, Schulz, Kirstin, Badewien, Thomas H., Gerriets, Michaela, Engels, Andreas, Wurpts, Andreas, Oberrecht, Dennis, Manning, Andrew J., Bailey, Taylor, Ross, Lauren, Mohrholz, Volker, Horemans, Dante M.L., Becker, Marius, Post, Dirk, Schmidt, Charlotte, and Dankers, Petra J.T.
- Abstract
An extensive field campaign, the Ems-Dollard Measurements (EDoM), was executed in the Ems Estuary, bordering the Netherlands and Germany, aimed at better understanding the mechanisms that drive the exchange of water and sediments between a relatively exposed outer estuary and a hyper-turbid tidal river. More specifically, the reasons for the large up-estuary sediment accumulation rates and the role of the tidal river on the turbidity in the outer estuary were insufficiently understood. The campaign was designed to unravel the hydrodynamic and sedimentary exchange mechanisms, comprising two hydrographic surveys during contrasting environmental conditions using eight concurrently operating ships and 10 moorings measuring for at least one spring-neap tidal cycle. All survey locations were equipped with sensors measuring flow velocity, salinity, and turbidity (and with stationary ship surveys taking water samples), while some of the survey ships also measured turbulence and sediment settling properties. These observations have provided important new insights into horizontal sediment fluxes and density-driven exchange flows, both laterally and longitudinally. An integral analysis of these observations suggests that large-scale residual transport is surprisingly similar during periods of high and low discharge, with higher river discharge resulting in both higher seaward-directed fluxes near the surface and landward-directed fluxes near the bed. Sediment exchange seems to be strongly influenced by a previously undocumented lateral circulation cell driving residual transport. Vertical density-driven flows in the outer estuary are influenced by variations in river discharge, with a near-bed landward flow being most pronounced in the days following a period with elevated river discharge. The study site is more turbid during winter conditions, when the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) is pushed seaward by river flow, resulting in a more pronounced impact of suspended sedimen
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- 2023
21. Low confidence in multi-decadal trends of wind-driven upwelling across the Benguela Upwelling System.
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Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, Mohrholz, Volker, and Schmidt, Martin
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UPWELLING (Oceanography) , *COASTS , *SEA level , *SIGNAL-to-noise ratio , *SURFACE structure , *GLOBAL warming - Abstract
Like other eastern boundary upwelling systems, in the Benguela Upwelling System, the upwelling along the coastline is primarily alongshore-wind-driven. In contrast, it is mainly driven by the wind stress curl farther offshore. The surface wind regime across the Benguela Upwelling System is strongly related to the South Atlantic Anticyclone that is believed to migrate poleward in response to anthropogenic global warming. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 reanalysis for 1979–2021, we investigate multi-decadal changes in the South Atlantic Anticyclone and their impacts on coastal upwelling driven by alongshore winds, wind-stress-curl-driven upwelling within the coastal zone and total upwelling as the sum of both across the Benguela Upwelling System. Even though the detailed structure of surface wind over the coastal zone matters for both alongshore-wind-driven coastal upwelling and wind-stress-curl-driven upwelling, we show that it is not of major importance for the total amount of upwelled water. We found a robust connection between the anticyclone intensity and the zonally integrated wind-stress-curl-driven and total upwelling. However, such connection for the alongshore-wind-driven coastal upwelling is weak. The upwelling in the equatorward portion of the Benguela Upwelling System is significantly affected by the anticyclone intensity. In contrast, the poleward portion is also influenced by the meridional position of the anticyclone. In general, the impacts of the anticyclone on the local upwelling are more robust during the austral winter. The multi-decadal trend in the sea level pressure across the South Atlantic renders a considerable heterogeneity in space. However, this trend features a small signal-to-noise ratio and can be obscured by interannual to decadal climate variability. This view is further supported by the coastal and wind-stress-curl-driven upwelling in several upwelling cells showing hardly any significant multi-decadal trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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22. The importance of internal climate variability in the multi-decadal trend of the wind-driven upwelling on the west African coasts
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Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, primary, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, and Schmidt, Martin, additional
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- 2023
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23. Synoptic observations of sediment transport and exchange mechanisms in the turbid Ems Estuary: the EDoM campaign
- Author
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van Maren, Dirk S., primary, Maushake, Christian, additional, Mol, Jan-Willem, additional, van Keulen, Daan, additional, Jürges, Jens, additional, Vroom, Julia, additional, Schuttelaars, Henk, additional, Gerkema, Theo, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, Badewien, Thomas H., additional, Gerriets, Michaela, additional, Engels, Andreas, additional, Wurpts, Andreas, additional, Oberrecht, Dennis, additional, Manning, Andrew J., additional, Bailey, Taylor, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Horemans, Dante M. L., additional, Becker, Marius, additional, Post, Dirk, additional, Schmidt, Charlotte, additional, and Dankers, Petra J. T., additional
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- 2023
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24. Carbon assimilating fungi from surface ocean to subseafloor revealed by coupled phylogenetic and stable isotope analysis
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Orsi, William, primary, Vuillemin, Aurele, additional, Coskun, Ömer, additional, Rodriguez, Paula, additional, Oertel, Yannick, additional, Niggemann, Juta, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, and Gomez, Gonzalo, additional
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- 2023
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25. Author Correction: Metabolic activity analyses demonstrate that Lokiarchaeon exhibits homoacetogenesis in sulfidic marine sediments
- Author
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Orsi, William D., Vuillemin, Aurèle, Rodriguez, Paula, Coskun, Ömer K., Gomez-Saez, Gonzalo V., Lavik, Gaute, Mohrholz, Volker, and Ferdelman, Timothy G.
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- 2020
- Full Text
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26. Synoptic observations of sediment transport and exchange mechanisms in the turbid Ems estuary: the EDoM campaign
- Author
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van Maren, Dirk S., primary, Maushake, Christian, additional, Mol, Jan-Willem, additional, van Keulen, Daan, additional, Jürges, Jens, additional, Vroom, Julia, additional, Schuttelaars, Henk, additional, Gerkema, Theo, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, Badewien, Thomas H., additional, Gerriets, Michaela, additional, Engels, Andreas, additional, Wurpts, Andreas, additional, Oberrecht, Dennis, additional, Manning, Andrew J., additional, Bailey, Taylor, additional, Ross, Lauren, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Horemans, Dante M. L., additional, Becker, Marius, additional, Post, Dirk, additional, Schmidt, Charlotte, additional, and Dankers, Petra J. T., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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27. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography
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Rabe, Benjamin, Heuzé, Céline, Regnery, Julia, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Allerholt, Jacob, Athanase, Marylou, Bai, Youcheng, Basque, Chris, Bauch, Dorothea, Baumann, Till M., Chen, Dake, Cole, Sylvia T., Craw, Lisa, Davies, Andrew, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Doglioni, Francesca, Ebert, Falk, Fang, Ying-Chih, Fer, Ilker, Fong, Allison A., Gradinger, Rolf, Granskog, Mats A., Graupner, Rainer, Haas, Christian, He, Hailun, He, Yan, Hoppmann, Mario, Janout, Markus, Kadko, David, Kanzow, Torsten, Karam, Salar, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Koenig, Zoe, Kong, Bin, Krishfield, Richard A., Krumpen, Thomas, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Lan, Musheng, Laukert, Georgi, Lei, Ruibo, Li, Tao, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Lin, Lina, Lin, Long, Liu, Hailong, Liu, Na, Loose, Brice, Ma, Xiaobing, McKay, Rosalie, Mallet, Maria, Mallett, Robbie D. C., Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mertens, Christian, Mohrholz, Volker, Muilwijk, Morven, Nicolaus, Marcel, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., Perovich, Donald, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Ribeiro, Natalia, Rinke, Annette, Schaffer, Janin, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, Schulz, Kirstin, Shupe, Matthew D., Shaw, William, Sokolov, Vladimir, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stanton, Timothy, Stephens, Mark, Su, Jie, Sukhikh, Natalia, Sundfjord, Arild, Thomisch, Karolin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Toole, John M., Vredenborg, Myriel, Walter, Maren, Wang, Hangzhou, Wang, Lei, Wang, Yuntao, Wendisch, Manfred, Zhao, Jinping, Zhou, Meng, Zhu, Jialiang, Rabe, Benjamin, Heuzé, Céline, Regnery, Julia, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Allerholt, Jacob, Athanase, Marylou, Bai, Youcheng, Basque, Chris, Bauch, Dorothea, Baumann, Till M., Chen, Dake, Cole, Sylvia T., Craw, Lisa, Davies, Andrew, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Doglioni, Francesca, Ebert, Falk, Fang, Ying-Chih, Fer, Ilker, Fong, Allison A., Gradinger, Rolf, Granskog, Mats A., Graupner, Rainer, Haas, Christian, He, Hailun, He, Yan, Hoppmann, Mario, Janout, Markus, Kadko, David, Kanzow, Torsten, Karam, Salar, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Koenig, Zoe, Kong, Bin, Krishfield, Richard A., Krumpen, Thomas, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Lan, Musheng, Laukert, Georgi, Lei, Ruibo, Li, Tao, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Lin, Lina, Lin, Long, Liu, Hailong, Liu, Na, Loose, Brice, Ma, Xiaobing, McKay, Rosalie, Mallet, Maria, Mallett, Robbie D. C., Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mertens, Christian, Mohrholz, Volker, Muilwijk, Morven, Nicolaus, Marcel, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., Perovich, Donald, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Ribeiro, Natalia, Rinke, Annette, Schaffer, Janin, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, Schulz, Kirstin, Shupe, Matthew D., Shaw, William, Sokolov, Vladimir, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stanton, Timothy, Stephens, Mark, Su, Jie, Sukhikh, Natalia, Sundfjord, Arild, Thomisch, Karolin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Toole, John M., Vredenborg, Myriel, Walter, Maren, Wang, Hangzhou, Wang, Lei, Wang, Yuntao, Wendisch, Manfred, Zhao, Jinping, Zhou, Meng, and Zhu, Jialiang
- Abstract
Arctic Ocean properties and processes are highly relevant to the regional and global coupled climate system, yet still scarcely observed, especially in winter. Team OCEAN conducted a full year of physical oceanography observations as part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), a drift with the Arctic sea ice from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the program to characterize the Arctic Ocean system in unprecedented detail, from the seafloor to the air-sea ice-ocean interface, from sub-mesoscales to pan-Arctic. The oceanographic measurements were coordinated with the other teams to explore the ocean physics and linkages to the climate and ecosystem. This paper introduces the major components of the physical oceanography program and complements the other team overviews of the MOSAiC observational program. Team OCEAN’s sampling strategy was designed around hydrographic ship-, ice- and autonomous platform-based measurements to improve the understanding of regional circulation and mixing processes. Measurements were carried out both routinely, with a regular schedule, and in response to storms or opening leads. Here we present alongdrift time series of hydrographic properties, allowing insights into the seasonal and regional evolution of the water column from winter in the Laptev Sea to early summer in Fram Strait: freshening of the surface, deepening of the mixed layer, increase in temperature and salinity of the Atlantic Water. We also highlight the presence of Canada Basin deep water intrusions and a surface meltwater layer in leads. MOSAiC most likely was the most comprehensive program ever conducted over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. While data analysis and interpretation are ongoing, the acquired datasets will support a wide range of physical oceanography and multi-disciplinary research. They will provide a significant foundation for assessing and advancing modeling cap
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- 2022
28. Climate change in the Baltic Sea region : a summary
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Meier, H. E. Markus, Kniebusch, Madline, Dieterich, Christian, Gröger, Matthias, Zorita, Eduardo, Elmgren, Ragnar, Myrberg, Kai, Ahola, Markus P., Bartosova, Alena, Bonsdorff, Erik, Börgel, Florian, Capell, Rene, Carlén, Ida, Carlund, Thomas, Carstensen, Jacob, Christensen, Ole B., Dierschke, Volker, Frauen, Claudia, Frederiksen, Morten, Gaget, Elie, Galatius, Anders, Haapala, Jari J., Halkka, Antti, Hugelius, Gustaf, Hünicke, Birgit, Jaagus, Jaak, Jüssi, Mart, Käyhkö, Jukka, Kirchner, Nina, Kjellström, Erik, Kulinski, Karol, Lehmann, Andreas, Lindström, Göran, May, Wilhelm, Miller, Paul A., Mohrholz, Volker, Müller-Karulis, Bärbel, Pavón-Jordán, Diego, Quante, Markus, Reckermann, Marcus, Rutgersson, Anna, Savchuk, Oleg P., Stendel, Martin, Tuomi, Laura, Viitasalo, Markku, Weisse, Ralf, Zhang, Wenyan, Meier, H. E. Markus, Kniebusch, Madline, Dieterich, Christian, Gröger, Matthias, Zorita, Eduardo, Elmgren, Ragnar, Myrberg, Kai, Ahola, Markus P., Bartosova, Alena, Bonsdorff, Erik, Börgel, Florian, Capell, Rene, Carlén, Ida, Carlund, Thomas, Carstensen, Jacob, Christensen, Ole B., Dierschke, Volker, Frauen, Claudia, Frederiksen, Morten, Gaget, Elie, Galatius, Anders, Haapala, Jari J., Halkka, Antti, Hugelius, Gustaf, Hünicke, Birgit, Jaagus, Jaak, Jüssi, Mart, Käyhkö, Jukka, Kirchner, Nina, Kjellström, Erik, Kulinski, Karol, Lehmann, Andreas, Lindström, Göran, May, Wilhelm, Miller, Paul A., Mohrholz, Volker, Müller-Karulis, Bärbel, Pavón-Jordán, Diego, Quante, Markus, Reckermann, Marcus, Rutgersson, Anna, Savchuk, Oleg P., Stendel, Martin, Tuomi, Laura, Viitasalo, Markku, Weisse, Ralf, and Zhang, Wenyan
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Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere. Based on the summaries of the recent knowledge gained in palaeo-, historical, and future regional climate research, we find that the main conclusions from earlier assessments still remain valid. However, new long-term, homogenous observational records, for example, for Scandinavian glacier inventories, sea-level-driven saltwater inflows, so-called Major Baltic Inflows, and phytoplankton species distribution, and new scenario simulations with improved models, for example, for glaciers, lake ice, and marine food web, have become available. In many cases, uncertainties can now be better estimated than before because more models were included in the ensembles, especially for the Baltic Sea. With the help of coupled models, feedbacks between several components of the Earth system have been studied, and multiple driver studies were performed, e.g. projections of the food web that include fisheries, eutrophication, and climate change. New datasets and projections have led to a revised understanding of changes in some variables such as salinity. Furthermore, it has become evident that natural variability, in particular for the ocean on multidecadal timescales, is greater than previously estimated, challenging our ability to detect observed and projected changes in climate. In this context, the first palaeoclimate simulations regionalised for the Baltic Sea region are instructive. Hence, estimated uncertainties for the projections of many variables increased. In addition to the well-known influence of the Nor
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29. 6. Wochenbericht MSM105
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Sabbaghzadeh, Bita, Rehder, Gregor, Mohrholz, Volker, Sabbaghzadeh, Bita, Rehder, Gregor, and Mohrholz, Volker
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FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 6. Wochenbericht 14. - 20.02.2022
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- 2022
30. 3. Wochenbericht MSM105
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Zettler, Michael, Mohrholz, Volker, Zettler, Michael, and Mohrholz, Volker
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FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 3. Wochenbericht 24. - 30.01.2022
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- 2022
31. 5. Wochenbericht MSM105
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Schulz-Vogt, Heide, Jürgens, Klaus, Mohrholz, Volker, Schulz-Vogt, Heide, Jürgens, Klaus, and Mohrholz, Volker
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FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 5. Wochenbericht 07. - 13.02.2022
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- 2022
32. 2. Wochenbericht MSM105
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Schmidt, Martin, Mohrholz, Volker, Schmidt, Martin, and Mohrholz, Volker
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FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 2. Wochenbericht 17. - 23.01.2022
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- 2022
33. 4. Wochenbericht MSM105
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Kossack, Michael, Mohrholz, Volker, Kossack, Michael, and Mohrholz, Volker
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FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 4. Wochenbericht 31.01. - 06.02.20222
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- 2022
34. 1. Wochenbericht MSM105
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Mohrholz, Volker and Mohrholz, Volker
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FS MARIA S. MERIAN Fahrt MSM105 11.01.2022 – 23.02.2022 Walvis Bay – Mindelo BUSUC II Das Benguela-System im Klimawandel - Auswirkungen der Variabilität des physikalischen Antriebs auf den Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffhaushalt 1. Wochenbericht 11.01. – 16.01.2022
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- 2022
35. Spatial and temporal habitat partitioning by zooplankton in the Bornholm Basin (central Baltic Sea)
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Schulz, Jan, Peck, Myron A., Barz, Kristina, Schmidt, Jörn Oliver, Hansen, Frank C., Peters, Janna, Renz, Jasmin, Dickmann, Miriam, Mohrholz, Volker, Dutz, Jörg, and Hirche, Hans-Jürgen
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- 2012
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36. Does impact climate change the Peruvian upwelling system?
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Yari, Sadegh, primary and Mohrholz, Volker, additional
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- 2022
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37. Submesoscale dynamics in the central Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC: optimising the use of observations and high-resolution modelling.
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Kuznetsov, Ivan, primary, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Fang, Ying-Chih, additional, Androsov, Alexey, additional, Zurita, Alejandra Quintanilla, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Tippenhauer, Sandra, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, Fofonova, Vera, additional, Janout, Markus, additional, Fer, Ilker, additional, Baumann, Till, additional, Liu, Hailong, additional, and Mallet, Maria Patricia, additional
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- 2022
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38. Evolution of the wintertime salt budget of the Arctic Ocean mixed layer observed during MOSAIC
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Kanzow, Torsten, primary, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Schaffer, Janin, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Tippenhauer, Sandra, additional, Li, Tao, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Janout, Markus, additional, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Stanton, Timothy, additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, and Lei, Ruibo, additional
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- 2022
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39. Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary
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Meier, H. E. Markus, primary, Kniebusch, Madline, additional, Dieterich, Christian, additional, Gröger, Matthias, additional, Zorita, Eduardo, additional, Elmgren, Ragnar, additional, Myrberg, Kai, additional, Ahola, Markus P., additional, Bartosova, Alena, additional, Bonsdorff, Erik, additional, Börgel, Florian, additional, Capell, Rene, additional, Carlén, Ida, additional, Carlund, Thomas, additional, Carstensen, Jacob, additional, Christensen, Ole B., additional, Dierschke, Volker, additional, Frauen, Claudia, additional, Frederiksen, Morten, additional, Gaget, Elie, additional, Galatius, Anders, additional, Haapala, Jari J., additional, Halkka, Antti, additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Hünicke, Birgit, additional, Jaagus, Jaak, additional, Jüssi, Mart, additional, Käyhkö, Jukka, additional, Kirchner, Nina, additional, Kjellström, Erik, additional, Kulinski, Karol, additional, Lehmann, Andreas, additional, Lindström, Göran, additional, May, Wilhelm, additional, Miller, Paul A., additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Müller-Karulis, Bärbel, additional, Pavón-Jordán, Diego, additional, Quante, Markus, additional, Reckermann, Marcus, additional, Rutgersson, Anna, additional, Savchuk, Oleg P., additional, Stendel, Martin, additional, Tuomi, Laura, additional, Viitasalo, Markku, additional, Weisse, Ralf, additional, and Zhang, Wenyan, additional
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- 2022
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40. Role of finescale processes in water exchanges and geostrophic circulation in western and central Baltic Sea
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Fenoglio, Luciana, Staneva, Joanna, Mohrholz, Volker, Kastersen, Johannes, Bange, Hermann, Benjamin, Jacob, and Jürgen, Kusche
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Sub-mesoscale features in the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition zone correspond to upwelling events and water transport. The transport is mainly driven by sea level differences and the flow by barotropic pressure gradient. The Gotland basin in the central Baltic basin is dominated by the Gotland gyro with mean cyclonic basin scale circulation of radius 25-35 km. We analyse the pre-SWOT status with concurrent SAR altimetry, ocean models, gridded altimeter products for SLA and MDT and SWOT simulations performed with the JPL Ocean Simulator. We also compare to in situ permanent stations records and previous campaign data. At these small scales, ocean dynamics evolve rapidly and the combination of altimetric SSH with other satellite or in situ data of different space-time coverage is a challenge. This study is part of the « Adopt-a-crossover » initiative, in preparation to the SWOT Ocean Fast-sampling phase. In situ campaign experiments are planned. The in-situ data will contribute to initial validation of SWOT, and are expected to provide an intercomparison of physical and bio-physical fine-scale ocean processes.
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- 2022
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41. Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans
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Stramma, Lothar, Johnson, Gregory C., Sprintall, Janet, and Mohrholz, Volker
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- 2008
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42. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography
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Rabe, Benjamin, primary, Heuzé, Céline, additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Aksenov, Yevgeny, additional, Allerholt, Jacob, additional, Athanase, Marylou, additional, Bai, Youcheng, additional, Basque, Chris, additional, Bauch, Dorothea, additional, Baumann, Till M., additional, Chen, Dake, additional, Cole, Sylvia T., additional, Craw, Lisa, additional, Davies, Andrew, additional, Damm, Ellen, additional, Dethloff, Klaus, additional, Divine, Dmitry V., additional, Doglioni, Francesca, additional, Ebert, Falk, additional, Fang, Ying-Chih, additional, Fer, Ilker, additional, Fong, Allison A., additional, Gradinger, Rolf, additional, Granskog, Mats A., additional, Graupner, Rainer, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, He, Hailun, additional, He, Yan, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Janout, Markus, additional, Kadko, David, additional, Kanzow, Torsten, additional, Karam, Salar, additional, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, additional, Koenig, Zoe, additional, Kong, Bin, additional, Krishfield, Richard A., additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Kuhlmey, David, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Lan, Musheng, additional, Laukert, Georgi, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Li, Tao, additional, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, additional, Lin, Lina, additional, Lin, Long, additional, Liu, Hailong, additional, Liu, Na, additional, Loose, Brice, additional, Ma, Xiaobing, additional, McKay, Rosalie, additional, Mallet, Maria, additional, Mallett, Robbie D. C., additional, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Mertens, Christian, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Muilwijk, Morven, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., additional, Perovich, Donald, additional, Ren, Jian, additional, Rex, Markus, additional, Ribeiro, Natalia, additional, Rinke, Annette, additional, Schaffer, Janin, additional, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Shaw, William, additional, Sokolov, Vladimir, additional, Sommerfeld, Anja, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Stanton, Timothy, additional, Stephens, Mark, additional, Su, Jie, additional, Sukhikh, Natalia, additional, Sundfjord, Arild, additional, Thomisch, Karolin, additional, Tippenhauer, Sandra, additional, Toole, John M., additional, Vredenborg, Myriel, additional, Walter, Maren, additional, Wang, Hangzhou, additional, Wang, Lei, additional, Wang, Yuntao, additional, Wendisch, Manfred, additional, Zhao, Jinping, additional, Zhou, Meng, additional, and Zhu, Jialiang, additional
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- 2022
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43. Carbon assimilating fungi from surface ocean to subseafloor revealed by coupled phylogenetic and stable isotope analysis
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Orsi, William D., primary, Vuillemin, Aurèle, additional, Coskun, Ömer K., additional, Rodriguez, Paula, additional, Oertel, Yanik, additional, Niggemann, Jutta, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, and Gomez-Saez, Gonzalo V., additional
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- 2021
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44. On phosphate pumping into the surface layer of the eastern Gotland Basin by upwelling
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Lass, Hans-Ulrich, Mohrholz, Volker, Nausch, Günther, and Siegel, Herbert
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- 2010
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45. Phosphorus input by upwelling in the eastern Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea) in summer and its effects on filamentous cyanobacteria
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Nausch, Monika, Nausch, Günther, Lass, Hans Ulrich, Mohrholz, Volker, Nagel, Klaus, Siegel, Herbert, and Wasmund, Norbert
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- 2009
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46. Vertical mixing in the Baltic Sea and consequences for eutrophication – A review
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Reissmann, Jan Hinrich, Burchard, Hans, Feistel, Rainer, Hagen, Eberhard, Lass, Hans Ulrich, Mohrholz, Volker, Nausch, Günther, Umlauf, Lars, and Wieczorek, Gunda
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- 2009
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47. Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region: A Summary
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Meier, H. E. Markus, primary, Kniebusch, Madline, additional, Dieterich, Christian, additional, Gröger, Matthias, additional, Zorita, Eduardo, additional, Elmgren, Ragnar, additional, Myrberg, Kai, additional, Ahola, Markus, additional, Bartosova, Alena, additional, Bonsdorff, Erik, additional, Börgel, Florian, additional, Capell, Rene, additional, Carlén, Ida, additional, Carlund, Thomas, additional, Carstensen, Jacob, additional, Christensen, Ole B., additional, Dierschke, Volker, additional, Frauen, Claudia, additional, Frederiksen, Morten, additional, Gaget, Elie, additional, Galatius, Anders, additional, Haapala, Jari J., additional, Halkka, Antti, additional, Hugelius, Gustaf, additional, Hünicke, Birgit, additional, Jaagus, Jaak, additional, Jüssi, Mart, additional, Käyhkö, Jukka, additional, Kirchner, Nina, additional, Kjellström, Erik, additional, Kulinski, Karol, additional, Lehmann, Andreas, additional, Lindström, Göran, additional, May, Wilhelm, additional, Miller, Paul, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Müller-Karulis, Bärbel, additional, Pavón-Jordán, Diego, additional, Quante, Markus, additional, Reckermann, Marcus, additional, Rutgersson, Anna, additional, Savchuk, Oleg P., additional, Stendel, Martin, additional, Tuomi, Laura, additional, Viitasalo, Markku, additional, Weisse, Ralf, additional, and Zhang, Wenyan, additional
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- 2021
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48. The relation of wind-driven coastal and offshore upwelling in the Benguela Upwelling System
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Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, primary, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, and Schmidt, Martin, additional
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- 2021
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49. Hydrographic-hydrochemical assessment of the Baltic Sea 2020
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Naumann, Michael, Gräwe, Ulf, Mohrholz, Volker, Kuss, Joachim, Kanwischer, Marion, Osterholz, Helena, Feistel, Susanne, Hand, Ines, Waniek, Joanna J., and Schulz-Bull, Detlef E.
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte No 119 2021 - Marine Science Reports No 119 2021, Die Arbeit beschreibt die hydrographisch-hydrochemischen Bedingungen in der westlichen und zentralen Ostsee im Jahr 2020. Basierend auf den meteorologischen Verhältnissen werden die horizontalen und vertikalen Verteilungsmuster von Temperatur, Salzgehalt, Sauerstoff/Schwefelwasserstoff und Nährstoffen mit saisonaler Auflösung dargestellt. Für den südlichen Ostseeraum ergab sich im Winter 2019/2020 an der Station Warnemünde für die Lufttemperatur eine Kältesumme von 0 Kd. Im Langzeitvergleich setzt er damit einen neuen Rekord als wärmster Winter seit Beginn der Aufzeichnungen im Jahr 1948 und wird als extrem mild klassifiziert. Der Sommer 2020 nimmt mit einer Wärmesumme von 234,3 Kd den 14. Platz in der 72-jährigen Datenreihe ein und liegt weit unter dem Rekordwert von 2018 (394,5 Kd). Das Langzeitmittel liegt bei 159,7 +/- 75,1 Kd. Die Situation in den Tiefenbecken der Ostsee war weiterhin geprägt durch stagnierende Bedingungen mit ausgedehnten Sauerstoffmangelgebieten. Kleinere Einstromereignisse ereigneten sich im November 2019 sowie Januar und Februar 2020 in der westlichen Ostsee und prägten das Tiefenwasser im Arkona Becken und Bornholm Becken. Ein weiterer schwacher Einstrom folgte Mitte bis Ende Oktober. Anhand der Temperatur und Salinitätsverhältnisse an den Schlüsselstationen Bornholm Tief und Stolper Rinne hat keines dieser Ereignisse die Stolper Schwelle gequert. Das Bodenwasser in der Stolper Rinne blieb mit 9,1 - 9,5 °C im Jahresverlauf deutlich wärmer im Vergleich zur Temperaturentwicklung im Bornholm Becken, das durch die Wintereinströme geprägt war (Jahresmittel 8,4 °C). Das Tiefenwasser im östlichen Gotland Becken war immer noch geprägt von den warmen Einströmen in den Vorjahren und mit Bodenwerten von 7,2 °C deutlich erhöht. Aufgrund der Daten von 9 Referenzstationen wurde ermittelt, dass die Winterkonzentrationen der Nährstoffe Nitrat und Phosphat im Oberflächenwasser der westlichen und zentralen Ostsee 2020 etwas niedriger als im Jahr 2019 lagen. Eine Ausnahme bildete die Mecklenburger Bucht, die eine höhere Nitratkonzentration als in 2019 aufwies. Ein klarer Trend über die letzten Jahre zeichnete sich aber nicht ab. Auffällig war noch das Verhältnis des gelösten anorganischen Stickstoffs und Phosphors im Oberflächenwasser im Winter, das in der Mecklenburger Bucht über 11 und in der westlichen Gotlandsee bei immerhin 8 lag, deutlich höher als in den vergangenen Jahren. Dies könnte die Bedeutung der Cyanobakterien in den Seegebieten etwas zurückgedrängt haben. Die euxinischen Bedingungen im Tiefenwasser der zentralen Ostsee verschärften sich im Jahr 2020 weiter. Dies bestimmte auch die Nährstoffsituation in den Baltischen Tiefs entlang des Talwegs. Im Bornholmtief nahmen die Phosphat und Ammonium Konzentrationen noch leicht ab. Im Gotlandtief, Landsorttief und Karlsötief akkumulierten diese Nährstoffe weiter, sogar bis auf über 5 ?mol/l Phosphat und etwa 20 ?mol/l Ammonium im Gotlandtief in 2020. Eine leichte Erholung zeigte das Fårötief, das in 2020 einen Schub sauerstoffhaltiges Wasser erhielt. Dadurch nahmen die Schwefelwasserstoffkonzentration und die Nährstoffkonzentrationen leicht ab. Unter den herrschenden euxinischen Bedingungen wurde im Tiefenwasser kein Nitrat mehr vorgefunden. Eine Ausnahme bildete das Bornholmtief, das im Jahresmittel noch 0,9 ml/l Sauerstoff und damit auch eine hohe Nitratkonzentration von etwa 8 ?mol/l aufwies. So konnte hier noch kein Ammonium nachgewiesen werden und die Phosphatkonzentration lag mit etwa 3?mol/l in einem normalen Bereich für oxisches Tiefenwasser. In diesem Bericht sind die während des Ostsee-Umweltmonitorings im Januar/Februar 2020 ermittelten Oberflächenwasserkonzentrationen und -sedimentgehalte für chlorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe (CHC) und polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (U.S. EPA PAH), sowie Oberflächensedimentgehalte für Organozinnsubstanzen (OT) zusammengefasst. Für alle im Oberflächenwasser untersuchten Schadstoffe zeigt sich ein Konzentrationsgradient von der westlichen Ostsee im Bereich der Kieler Bucht/Fehmarnbelt (?DDTsum: 5,72 pg/L,?PCBICES,SUM: 7,20 pg/L, HCBSUM: 4,90 pg/L, ?PAKSUM: 4660 pg/L) bis zur östlichen Gotlandsee (?DDTsum: 1,96 pg/L, ?PCBICES,SUM: 1,22 pg/L, HCBSUM: 3,43 pg/L, ?PAKSUM:1344 pg/L) mit zudem auffälligen Konzentrationen im Bereich der Pommerschen Bucht(?DDTsum: 13,06 pg/L, ?PCBICES,SUM: 5,15 pg/L, HCBSUM: 9,30 pg/L, ?PAKSUM: 5626 pg/L).Die Daten lassen darauf schließen, dass die Oder eine Quelle für Schadstoffe in der Ostsee ist, besonders für partikulär gebundene. Die höchsten CHC- und PAH-Gehalte im Oberflächensediment wurden für das Arkonabecken nachgewiesen (?DDT: 90,7 ng/g TOC,?PCBICES: 9 1,3 n g/g T OC, H CB: 5,0 n g/g TOC, ?PAH: rd. 37000 ng/g TOC), während höchste Organozinngehalte in der Mecklenburger Bucht detektiert wurden (?OT: 275 ng/g TOC). Die Bewertung der Daten auf Grundlage der UQN der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie zeigt, dass eine schädliche Wirkung auf marine Organismen durch die Konzentrationen des hochmolekularen PAK Benzo(b)fluoranthen für die Bereiche Kieler Bucht/Fehmarnbelt, östliche und westliche Gotlandsee zu erwarten sind. Die Gehalte für Anthracen im Oberflächensediment überstiegen den Grenzwert des HELCOM-Indikators PAH an der Station N1 im Fehmarnbelt. Die Oberflächensedimentgehalte von Tributylzinn überstiegen an allen untersuchten Stationen den Grenzwert des HELCOM-Testindikators TBT and imposex.Die Zeitreihenanalysen der Oberflächenwasserdaten zurückliegend zum Teil bis zum Jahr 2001 zeigen abnehmende Trends der Konzentrationen für PCBICES sowie DDT und seine Metabolite; die der Oberflächensedimentdaten zeigen keine Trends im betrachteten Zeitraum., The article summarizes the hydrographic-hydrochemical conditions in the western and central Baltic Sea in 2020. Based on the meteorological conditions, the horizontal and vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, oxygen/hydrogen sulphide and nutrients are described on a seasonal scale. For the southern Baltic Sea area, the Warnemünde station recorded in the winter 2019/2020 a “cold sum” of the air temperature of 0 Kd leading to a classification of an extreme mild winter season, setting a new record as warmest winter since the beginning of the time-series in 1948. The summer “heat sum” of 234.3 Kd ranks on the 14th position over the past 72 years and is far below the record of 394.5 Kd during 2018. The long-term average is 159.7 +/- 75.1 Kd. The situation in the deep basins of the Baltic Sea was mainly characterized by stagnation and widespread hypoxic to euxinic areas. In wintertime 2019/2020 three weak inflow phasesoccurred in November, January and February which dominated the situation in the deep water of Arkona Basin and Bornholm Basin. A next weak inflow pulse occurred from mid to end of October. Comparing of temperature and salinity measurements at the key stations Bornholm Deep and Slupsk Channel, none of these events crossed the Slupsk Sill. The deep water temperature in the Slupsk Sill stayed warm between 9.1 to 9.5 °C whereas an annual mean of 8.4 °C was found the Bornholm Deep, which was influenced by colder water of the winterly inflow pulses. The deepwater at the eastern Gotland Basin was still influenced by the warm inflows of previous years and with bottom temperatures of 7.2 °C above average. The winter nutrient concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in surface water in the western and central Baltic Sea were slightly lower in 2020 compared to 2019 according to 9 reference stations. An exception was the Mecklenburg Bight that showed an elevated nitrate concentration in 2020. However, a clear trend over the last years could not be registered. It may be emphasized that the dissolved inorganic nitrogen/phosphorus ratio in winter in surface water was above 11 in the Mecklenburg Bight and almost 8 in the western Gotland Sea, significantly higher compared to recent years. This might have reduced the cyanobacteria abundance in 2020 in these areas. The euxinic conditions in the deep water of the Baltic proper continued to intensify in the year 2020. This determined the nutrient situation in the Baltic Deeps along the Thalweg. In the Bornholm Deep phosphate and nitrate concentrations still slightly declined. The Gotland, Landsort and Karlsö Deeps showed ongoing accumulation, with a maximum in the Gotland Deep of about 5 ?mol/l phosphate and 20 ?mol/l ammonium in 2020. A slight improvement was documented for the Fårö Deep that received some oxygenated water. So hydrogen sulphideconcentration and nutrient accumulation were reduced there. Under the prevailing euxinicconditions nitrate was depleted in deep waters. An exception was the Bornholm Deep, that showed an annual average of 0.9 ml/l oxygen and consequently a high annual average nitrateconcentration of 8 ?mol/l. So, no ammonium could be detected and the phosphateconcentration was determined at 3 ?mol/l, a quite normal value for oxic deep water. This report summarizes surface water concentrations and sediment contents for chlorinatedhydrocarbons (CHC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (U.S. EPA PAH), as well as surface sediment contents for organotin substances (OT) which were determined during the Baltic Sea monitoring in January/February 2020. Seawater concentration gradients for the analysed contaminants ranging from the western Baltic Sea in the area of the Kiel Bight/Fehmarn Belt (?DDTsum: 5.72 pg/L, ?PCBICES,SUM: 7.20 pg/L,HCBSUM: 4.90 pg/L, ?PAKSUM: 4660 pg/L) to the eastern Gotland Sea (?DDTsum: 1.96 pg/L,?PCBICES,SUM: 1.22 pg/L, HCBSUM: 3.43 pg/L, ?PAKSUM: 1344 pg/L) with noticeable concentrations in the Pomeranian Bight (?DDTsum: 13.06 pg/L, ?PCBICES,SUM: 5.15 pg/L,HCBSUM: 9.30 pg/L, ?PAKSUM: 5626 pg/L). The data suggest that the Odra River is a source of pollution in the Baltic Sea, especially for particulate contaminants. The highest CHC and PAHlevels in the surface sediment were detected for the Arkona Basin (?DDT: 90.7 ng/g TOC,?PCBICES: 9 1.3 n g/g T OC, H CB: 5 .0 n g/g T OC, ?PAH: a bout 37000 ng/g TOC); while highest organotin levels were detected in the Mecklenburg Bight (?OT: 275 ng/g TOC).The assessment of the data based on the EQS of the Water Framework Directive shows that a harmful effect on marine organisms must be expected from concentrations of the high molecular weight PAH benzo(b)fluoranthene for the Kiel Bight/Fehmarn Belt, eastern and western Gotland Sea areas. Contents for anthracene in surface sediment exceeded the threshold value of the HELCOM indicator PAH at station N1 in the Fehmarn Belt. Surface sediment contents of tributyltin exceeded the threshold value of the HELCOM test indicator TBT and imposex at all sites studied. Time series data for surface water back to year 2001 show decreasing trends for concentrations of PCBICES and DDT and its metabolites. No trends can be observed for surface sediment timeseries data within the studied time period.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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50. The relation of wind-driven coastal and offshore upwelling in the Benguela Upwelling System
- Author
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Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, Mohrholz, Volker, Schmidt, Martin, Bordbar, Mohammad Hadi, Mohrholz, Volker, and Schmidt, Martin
- Abstract
Spatial and temporal variations of nutrient-rich upwelled water across the major eastern boundary upwelling systems are primarily controlled by the surface wind with different, and sometimes contrasting, impacts on coastal upwelling systems driven by alongshore wind and offshore upwelling systems driven by the local wind-stress-curl. Here, concurrently measured wind-fields, satellite-derived Chlorophyll-a concentration along with a state-of-the-art ocean model simulation spanning 2008-2018 are used to investigate the connection between coastal and offshore physical drivers of the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS). Our results indicate that the spatial structure of long-term mean upwelling derived from Ekman theory and the numerical model are fairly consistent across the entire BUS and closely followed by the Chlorophyll-a pattern. The variability of the upwelling from the Ekman theory is proportionally diminished with offshore distance, whereas different and sometimes opposite structures are revealed in the model-derived upwelling. Our result suggests the presence of sub-mesoscale activity (i.e., filaments and eddies) across the entire BUS with a large modulating effect on the wind-stress-curl-driven upwelling off Lüderitz and Walvis Bay. In Kunene and Cape Frio upwelling cells, located in the northern sector of the BUS, the coastal upwelling and open-ocean upwelling frequently alternate each other, whereas they are modulated by the annual cycle and mostly in phase off Walvis Bay. Such a phase relationship appears to be strongly seasonally dependent off Lüderitz and across the southern BUS. Thus, our findings suggest this relationship is far more complex than currently thought and seems to be sensitive to climate changes with short- and far-reaching consequences for this vulnerable marine ecosystem.
- Published
- 2021
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