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Job sharing is the practice of two or more individuals working part-time to divide up the work of a single full-time job. Employees sometimes participate in job sharing because they have personal obligations that make working a full-time job difficult. Sometimes employers use job sharing, or work sharing, to divide work among various employees so that companies can lay off workers. Some states in the United States have job sharing programs through which they give unemployment benefits to people who are job sharing to avoid layoffs. Often, employees who are job sharing will complete the same job cooperatively with one other employee. Job sharing has benefits and drawbacks for employees and for employers.

The great replacement theory, which is related to the White replacement theory, is an ethno-nationalist idea that states Western countries with majority White populations are having their populations purposefully replaced with people of color. The theory is popular with White nationalists, alt-right supporters, and hardline conservatives in Europe, the United States, Canada, and other nations. The great replacement theory originated in a 2012 book by French writer Renaud Camus, though it has roots in the White genocide theory. This theory has been an important talking point of White supremacists since at least the early twentieth century and has been incorporated into other racist and anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.

The Intellectual Dark Web (IDW) is the self-given name of a group of academics, scientists, and media personalities who believe their controversial views about society, science, and politics have limited their ability to speak freely in public forums and resulted in attacks on their right to free speech. The loosely affiliated group was named the Intellectual Dark Web by a member named Eric Weinstein. Members of the IDW are mostly male, American, and White, though the group does include women and people from different countries and of different cultural backgrounds. The people in the group align with both the American political right and left, though most align more closely with the political right. Some members of the group are seen as part of the alt-right, which is a loosely affiliated group of far-right political and cultural icons whose beliefs sometimes include overt nativism, White supremacy, and misogyny. The members of the IDW are generally self-appointed as such, and millions of people outside the media and academia have also aligned themselves with the group. Although the group has maintained its popularity throughout the first decades of the twenty-first century, the individual members of the IDW have begun to disagree more than agree.

Red pill and blue pill are terms used in social science to refer to choices people can make. The idea of the red pill and the blue pill originated with the 1999 movie The Matrix, in which a character must literally choose to take a pill that is red or a pill that is blue. The terms blue pill and red pill have come to stand for either closing one’s eyes to the truth about society and living in “blissful ignorance” or accepting that society lies to people and only the most observant who choose to see its reality can know the truth. These terms are especially important in Internet culture, where the term red pill has become related to politically conservative groups and even hate groups. For the online groups that hold misogynistic and antisemitic views, taking the red pill also involves believing conspiracy theories about women, people with alternative sexual and gender identities, Jewish people, or racial minorities, and accusing these groups of lying about discrimination to further their own “agendas.” Despite this appropriation of the meaning of the pills from The Matrix, the film’s creator has pointed out that the choice of the red pill and the blue pill was actually largely influenced by her decision to come out as an individual who identifies as transgender or trans.

As its name suggest, information ethics is the branch of ethics dealing with information. It is a vast field and includes questions of applied and normative ethics. The field is also broad because it examines ethical questions in many categories, including the use of artificial intelligence, the philosophy of information, ethics in mass media, privacy and anonymity, and access to information. Because many parts of information ethics deal with technology, the field is constantly changing and evolving. Information ethics is also broad because it concerns people all over the world, and the influence of various cultures and perspectives is essential for a better understanding of the subject.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) is a phrase used when describing the state of diversity and inclusion in organizations and other groups. Social science research indicates that DEI helps groups and individuals succeed, which is why many groups and organizations have DEI initiatives. Many people use the term DEI in the context of increasing a group’s diversity, ensuring inclusion for all different members of the group, and achieving equity in the group. Groups use various methods toward achieving these goals. DEI initiatives have developed a great deal since the idea of diversity first became recognized as a worthwhile goal of workplaces and other organizations in the 1960s.

Ticketmaster is an international corporation that provides booking and ticketing services for the arts and entertainment industries. Ticketmaster belongs to the parent company Live Nation Entertainment, though it was originally started as a small company in the 1970s in Arizona. The company is headquartered in Los Angeles and, as of 2024, employs more than 6,500 people. The company has been accused of holding a monopoly over ticketing systems in the United States. Lawmakers and critics have suggested that the company should be broken up to help ensure it does not have a monopoly. In May 2024, the US Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against Live Nation, seeking to break up the company.

Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) was a group of female civilian volunteers who served as pilots in the US military during the country’s involvement in World War II. Although the women in the group flew under the command of military generals, they were not considered part of the military themselves. The women flew many types of planes, including B-26 and B-29 bombers. Most of their missions included ferrying airplanes from one place to another. Some of the women who led the group hoped that the WASP would eventually become part of the military, but the program was disbanded in 1944 as the end of the war loomed and men began to push women out of positions that they wanted for themselves. Eventually, members of WASP were recognized by the federal government for their contributions.

Originalism is a method of legal interpretation that most often applies to the United States Constitution. Originalists believe that legal interpretations of the Constitution should consider the original meaning of the document’s words or the intended meaning of the Founding Fathers who signed the Constitution on September 17, 1787. Originalists have slightly different ideas about what the term means, but nearly all believe that the meaning of the Constitution should not change over time. They believe that the document’s legal meaning has remained constant since it was written. They also believe the only way to change the Constitution is through amending it by the process laid out in the document. Originalists believe that more liberal ways of interpreting the Constitution allow justices to change laws of their own accord. Opponents of Originalism believe changes to the Constitution are warranted because ways of American life and society have changed since the document was written. Originalism became a popular term in the late twentieth century. In the early twenty-first century, it became identified as a method most often used by justices with conservative political beliefs, typically affiliated with the Republican Party.

Neo-Nazism is a group of modern social and political beliefs based on tenets of the Nazi Partywho ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and oversaw the Holocaust and other crimes against humanity. Neo-Nazism hold antisemitic and White supremacist beliefs. Neo-Nazis emerged even before World War II and have been creating various political and social networks around the world since that time. Most Neo-Nazis want to establish a social order similar to the one established by Nazis in Germany, and revere Adolf Hitler and other leaders of the original movement. Many neo-Nazi groups also adopt Nazi symbolssuch as the swastikaand mythologysuch as the belief in a so-called Aryan “master race.” Modern neo-Nazis usually express hatred for many of the same communitiesJews, Catholics, Black people, LGBTQ+ personsas did the original Nazis. Many modern neo-Nazis also express Islamophobia and extreme nativistanti-immigrantviews. Although Nazism originated in Germany and spread to other parts of Europe in the early twentieth century, in modern times neo-Nazism thrives in many parts of the world, including Europe and the Americas, and sometimes overlaps with the far-right “Alt-Right” movement.

Sexual assault of LGBT persons refers to nonconsensual sexual acts against individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. Studies have indicated that LGBT persons are more likely to experience sexual assault throughout their lives than non-LGBT persons. Certain groups within the community are most at risk because they have been oversexualized or are vulnerable to attack because of biases and discrimination. LGBT persons are also more likely to face obstacles to accessing care and finding professional resources after experiencing sexual assault. Fear of being outed or not being believed may prevent individuals from seeking the help they need.

An inuksuk, or inukshuk, is a figure made of piles of stones or boulders. The Inuit people of North America and people throughout the Arctic have a tradition of making inuksuit, which is the plural of inuksuk. They make the figures to communicate with one another. The word inuksuk means “to act in the capacity of a human” and is related to the Inuit word inuk, meaning “person.” The oldest known inuksuit have been found in archeological locations dating back thousands of years.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term used to describe the trend of more and more devices being connected to the internet and to each other. As smartphones, wearable data collection devices, and other "connected" products become more common, the IoT is becoming more useful and more popular. The IoT became a real factor during the early 2010s, as high-speed internet became more readily available and hardware and software became less expensive to produce. It has been said that IoT could potentially affect all devices with an on/off switch. By the 2020s, the impact of the IoT was far-reaching, as it affected people's personal lives as well as businesses.

The mass media plays a significant role in modern society, wielding considerable influence on public opinion. Agenda setting theory proposes that the media affects society by deciding which topics people view as most important. This theory was created by professors who studied the public during a presidential campaign. Other researchers have conducted further studies over the years, adding more insight into the theory. Researchers believe this theory is important because it shows how public attitude and public policy can be indirectly changed by the mass media and socialization.

A logic model is a tool used to organize information and goals for programs and projects. Logic models are common in social science fields, but are also used in many different fields including health care, education, and business. People or groups can create their own logic models, helping them organize and prioritize the data they need. Logic models are flexible and can be updated as the data needed for the model changes. This data can include inputs, outputs, outcomes, assumptions, and external factors. Logic models are usually represented as graphic organizers with the organizer including a section for each factor included the model. The graphic organizer shows the relationships among the different factors in the model. Logic models can be used during various stages of a program or project.

Augmented reality (AR) refers to any technology that inserts digital interfaces into the real world. For the most part, the technology has included headsets and glasses that people wear to project interfaces onto the physical world, but it can also include cell phones and other devices. In time, AR technology could be used in contact lenses and other small wearable devices.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) modelalso called the seven-layer OSI model or the seven-layer modelis a conceptual framework that describes how computers network and communicate with each other. The OSI model defines seven different levels, or layers, that work together to send communication over a network. The model defines the network and describes the way computers transfer packets of information using the different layers. The OSI model, which was first created in the 1980s, has remained a useful framework even as computing and technology have advanced significantly since that time. Some technology professionals have argued that the model should be updated, specifically to add more layers. Some people believe that other layers, such as a security layer, should be standardized and put into the model to make them a vital part of network planning and implementation. The OSI model is used in many different applications, including creating simple networks and creating complicated cloud computing systems. Its broad categories and simple, logical framework have allowed people to apply it to many different situations, even though technology has evolved a great deal since its creation.

Utilitarianism is a well-known moral theory. It is a type of consequentialism, which is the belief that the morality of an act is determined by what happens as a result of committing the act. Utilitarianism states that an act is moral only if the outcomes of the act are good. In utilitarianism, pleasure or happiness are considered good. Suffering or discomfort are considered bad. Followers of utilitarianism believe that people should make choices based on increasing the amount of good in the world. Another important aspect of utilitarianism is that all people are equally deserving of good. Thus, a person should take into account how actions will affect all people, not just the person making the decision or that person's friends or family.

Quantum computing refers to the development of computers using ideas gained from quantum physics. A quantum computer can potentially make certain complex calculations far faster than traditional computers, which would bring great benefits to scientific research and many other applications. The theory behind quantum computing emerged in the 1980s, and small-scale models were demonstrated over the next few decades. By the 2020s, many technology companies were investing heavily in quantum research. However, quantum technology remained mostly experimental well into the twenty-first century. Early quantum computers required very specific environments to operate and had essentially no practical use. Scientists continue to work on making quantum computers more reliable as they strive to better understand quantum physics and quantum computing components.

An electromagnetic field, also called an EM field, is created through an electromagnetic force. The electromagnetic force is one of four fundamental forces in the universe, the others being gravity, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force. EM fields are waves that transport electromagnetic energy, which includes any source of energy on the electromagnetic spectrum such as visible light and gamma rays. EM fields can be natural or artificial and occur throughout the universe.

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is part of the brain that helps regulate decision making, planning, and speaking. The PFC is part of the frontal lobe—one of the last parts of the brain to develop in humans. The PFC helps regulate emotion and executive function, which includes complicated mental processes such as planning and decision-making. Scientists have been able to study the PFC through imaging and observations of people who have illnesses or injuries that affect that section of the brain. Scientists believe that the PFC is an important factor in a number of mental illnesses and disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Multitasking is completing more than one task at a time. Many people believe that multitasking saves time because they can complete more than one job at once. However, research indicates that attempting to multitask is usually harmful for productivity and the quality of a person’s work. Some people engage in multitasking because they believe it will increase their productivity while others engage in it because they have competing demands on their time and little choice but to work on multiple tasks at the same time.

The state and local tax (SALT) deduction is a deduction some taxpayers in the United States use to reduce their federal tax liability. The SALT deduction is an itemized deduction, which means it is available only to taxpayers who take itemized deductions rather than the standard deduction. The SALT deduction has been controversial since the late twentieth century, though it had been part of the tax law since the early part of the century. Opponents of the SALT deduction say most people who use the deduction are wealthy high-income earners. Opponents assert that the deduction is unfair because it favors the wealthiest individuals. Supporters of the deduction claim that allowing taxpayers to deduct state and local taxes prevents a “race to the bottom” in state tax rates. The United States government passed several laws affecting the SALT deduction in the late 2010s and early 2020s.

When skimming, or speed reading, a reader quickly reviews the most important information in a text instead of reading every word. Skimming allows readers to grasp the major points of an article or a book without devoting the time and concentration required to review and comprehend each word. Skimming is used when reading nonfiction and is generally not appropriate when reading fiction.

Designing research questions is one of the earliest steps in the research process. Research questions are those that a research project aims to answer. People use research questions to guide research projects, and designing these questions is an essential part of the research process because the entire project rests about these questions.

Problem statements are brief explanations of challenges that researchers aim to address through their work. These statements are an important part of most research projects, including graduate-level dissertations, because they help guide research projects. Problem statements express the fundamental reason why the researchers are doing the work and indicate why the research is worthwhile or important. Problem statements also generally use research and data to help explain the cause of the problem. Researchers often use a multistep, iterative process to create high-quality problem statements.

Sydney Festival, which is also known as SydFest, is an arts and cultural festival held annually in Sydney, Australia. The festival includes visual arts, musical performances, theatrical performances and more. Held since 1977, the festival normally attracts musicians, artists and performers from around the world. It is a major cultural event in Sydney and has become a major economic force because of the tourism that it generates. The weeks-long event draws approximately 450,000 visitors on average and features about 800 Australian and international artists. Although the festival is popular in Sydney, some residents have criticized the amount of taxpayer money that goes toward the festival.

Jude, also known as the letter of Jude, is a book in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a letter, or an epistle, like many other New Testament books. Like many other biblical epistles, the book gets its name from the author Jude, sometimes known as Judah. Little is known about Jude, but many scholars and theologians agree that he was a member of the early Christian Church. Most also agree that he was most likely the same person as a man named Jude who is mentioned multiple times in the New Testament. However, theologians disagree about Jude’s relationship with Jesus.

A substitution cipher is a way of encoding a message to make its content secret. Substitution ciphers are just one of many types of ciphers that can encode messages. Cryptology is the science of sending and receiving secret information, and cryptologists study ciphers, such as substitution ciphers. Encoding data through ciphers and other methods has been important for thousands of years. It is especially important in the modern era because digital information is encoded, or encrypted, so that other people cannot read it. In a substation cipher, the letters that make up a message are substituted for other letters, symbols, or images. However, substitution ciphers can be easy to break.

Chestnut blight is a disease that affects hardwood trees around the world but is particularly a problem in North America. The fungus Cryphonectria parasitica causes the disease. The fungus kills branches and trunks of American chestnut trees and some other trees. Asia introduced the blight to the United States in the late 1800s. It spread quickly and killed nearly all of the American chestnut trees, which included between three billion and six billion trees, in the United States. Only a handful of American chestnut trees remain alive in the late 2010s, and these trees will most likely die in the future from the disease. Into the twenty-first century, scientists are working on a solution.

Microglia are a type of neuroglia, or glial cell. Microglia are located in the central nervous system (CNS). These cells are the main immune cells of the CNS. They help attack and destroy pathogens in the CNS, and they help clear away dead cells in the system. Microglia may also play a role in the development of some diseases and disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, that affect the CNS. Microglia got their name because they are the smallest neuroglia.

Hematopoiesis (also spelled haematopoiesis) is the process during which blood cells are made in the body. This process ensures that a person has a steady level of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The process occurs in the bone marrow of children and adults. It takes place in different parts of a fetus's body. Stems cells inside the bone marrow change to become different types of blood cells. Diseases and disorders that affect hematopoiesis can be very dangerous, and sometimes bone marrow transplantation is used to treat people with such diseases.

A nephron is a structure inside the kidney that helps filter waste from blood. Each kidney in the human body contains approximately one million nephrons. Each nephron is made up of three main parts—a renal corpuscle, a renal tubule, and a capillary network. These parts filter waste from the blood, reabsorb water into the blood, and help move the final waste product out of the kidneys. Nephrons are the main function units of the kidneys and are vital to renal function.

The North Pole is the northernmost area on Earth. The geographic North Pole is located at the northern end of Earth’s axis—the imaginary line that runs through Earth’s center. Earth also has a magnetic North Pole, whose position is related to Earth’s magnetic field and is constantly changing. The North Pole is located in the Arctic Ocean but is covered in a layer of ice. While it is possible for people and animals to travel there on foot, few humans have done so. Most human interest in the North Pole concerns the resources found under the Arctic Ocean, though scientists are also interested in the site.

Chloroform, which is also called trichloromethane, has the chemical formula CHCl3. It is a colorless, volatile liquid that has a sweet smell similar to ether. It was once commonly used as an anesthetic in the United States and other countries; however, chloroform's potential health risks made it less popular in medicine by the 1870s. Today, chloroform is commonly used as a solvent in laboratories and in industry, specifically in refrigeration. This chemical can cause a number of adverse health reactions and might also be a carcinogen.

FtsZ is a protein that is important in cell reproduction, particularly bacteria. FtsZ is one of the proteins that builds the band (called a septum) that grows around some bacteria during fission and helps them replicate. The FtsZ protein builds a specific part of the bacterium septum called the Z ring. The structure of the septum is very specific, and it is built by a number of specific proteins. The FtsZ protein is just one of at least ten proteins that are common in bacteria cell reproduction. In addition, the FtsZ protein has been found in chloroplasts and helps the tiny parts of the plant cell divide.

The Georgian Orthodox Church is one of a number of Eastern Orthodox churches. The Eastern Orthodox Church is made up of Christian churches that split with the Catholic Church in 1054 CE. Eastern Orthodox churches govern themselves and have hierarchies made up of bishops, priests, and deacons.