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As the demand for high data rates is increasing day by day, fifth-generation (5G) becomes the leading-edge technology in wireless communications. The main objectives of the 5G communication system are to enhance the data rates (up to 20 Gbps) and capacity, ultra-low latency (1 ms), high reliability, great flexibility, and enhance device to device communication. The mentioned objectives lead to the hunting of the millimeter-wave frequency range which lies from 30 to 300 GHz for 5G wireless communications. To design such high capacity, low latency, and flexible systems, antenna design is one of the crucial parts. In this paper, a survey is presented on various antenna designs with their fabrication on different types of substrates such as Rogers RT/duroid 5880, Rogers RO4003C, Taconic TLY-5, etc., at different 5G frequency bands. The different configurations of antennas that covered antenna arrays, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, phased antennas, and beamforming antennas are discussed in detail with their applications. The design of MIMO antennas in the 5G frequency band occupied less space so mutual coupling reduction techniques are required for maintaining the required gain, efficiency, and isolation. This paper is also focused on the mutual coupling reduction techniques and diversity in MIMO antennas.

Alzheimer’s disease is a result of unexpected mix of epigenetic, hereditary, and certain ecological elements. It is one of the most complex neurodegenerative problems in human being. The restorative methodologies to overcome the symptoms still a long way from satisfactory. There is subsequently an utmost need to investigate elective speculations during beginning of this neurodegenerative problem. The current review designed to work out endogenous and exogenous sources of formaldehyde and its correlation to Alzheimer’s disease. The current manuscript work encompassed utilization of various open web databases including Sci-Hub as search tools for unique and audit reviews from proficient social orders. In cerebrum tissues, rise of formaldehyde may lead to significant progress in Alzheimer’s disease development, including diverse systems. An increase in degree of intracranial formaldehyde was found in single infusion of methanol and demonstrates oxidation of formaldehyde to methanol in brains of non-human primates. It reveals connections of methanol’s harmfulness in terms of its produce as formaldehyde and noticed as profound corrosives in brain. The causal connections and interconnected pathways including formaldehyde to epigenetics, microRNA and hereditary molecules along β-amyloid, tau protein, changes in histone, assembly of chromatin, misfortune, and methylation of histone. Consistent investigation during current review leads advancement and progress of Alzheimer’s disease correlates to epigenetics and cerebral formaldehyde may furnish a new understanding in management of Alzheimer’s disease and possible restorative targets. Taking this into account, zeroing inhibitors could be one of the most encouraging methodologies for planning and creating drugs against AD.

The growing need of the compact and portable antennas with high speed and low latency wireless communication is the present and future demand of the voice over Internet protocol, on-demand bandwidth, and multimedia applications. Fifth-generation (5G) covers certain low-frequency bands under 6 GHz spectrum, and most of the high-frequency bands under 60 GHz. 5G is the part of the millimeter wave spectrum (30–300 GHz) and is introduced to overcome the problem of spectrum shortage due to exponential enhancement of wireless applications in industry, medical, airborne, radar, satellite, and research fields. The International Telecommunication Union's objective of wireless communications promises to provide higher data rates up to 10 Gbps for 5G mobile users and connectivity to the artificial intelligence devices, along with high spectral efficiencies and enhanced coverage. The users for the 5G require around 5 and 50 Gbps of data rates for low and high mobility, respectively. Beamforming in 5G is the modern powerful technique for the coverage of the intended user/direction using the narrow beam width radiation patterns. A brief survey on 5G beamforming techniques, i.e. analog, digital, hybrid, switched, and adaptive etc. and its types, working algorithms, design of compact antennas, gain, and size/type of the substrates is carried out in this paper. The study of the hybrid coupler, branchline coupler, Wilkinson power divider, and Butler matrix in beamforming is required for 5G smart antennas. Different beam widths like ±15, ±35, ±45, and ±55° etc. are produced for the intended directions using a variety of beamforming techniques. From lower to higher frequency band beamforming applications with Roger's Duroid 4003/4350/5880, tectonic, and aluminum oxide dielectric substrates are discussed here. Various beamforming techniques with their merits, demerits, and applications are included in the paper for the knowledge extension of the beamforming antenna designers and research community.

Purpose of Review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is identified from Wuhan, China, and has spread almost worldwide. Recently, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed to kill millions of people worldwide and is dangerous to society health, survival, and livelihood. The people with cardiovascular problems are noticed as most common patients of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a greater risk of mortality and morbidity in these patients than other patients of COVID-19. In the heart, expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and response effect of hyperactivity with angiotensin II associated to the renin-angiotensin mechanism are key factors of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congestive heart failure. Recent Findings Mortality rates have been observed about 10.5% cases in patients with cardiovascular disease; however, a mortality rate of 52% was recorded in patients with heart failure, while 12% recovered ultimately. The occupancy of intense injury controlled by troponin elevation was a noteworthy factor in relation to mortality. Among 187 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, about 35% were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) history and 28% with raised troponin. Troponin elevation was identified more frequently (55%) in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Mortality rate in patients without cardiovascular diseases and normal troponin was 7.6%, normal troponin and cardiovascular disease with 13.3%, augmented troponin and without cardiovascular disease 37.5%, however 69.4% among cardiovascular disease and advanced troponin. Summary The study reflected a significant association of case fatality rate (CFR) to COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases which supposed to be the most common dangerous risk factor and health challenge during the current pandemic situation.

This chapter presents a brief description of various meshfree methods, along with their developments over the course of time. A brief description of one of the most prevalent and robust meshfree methods, known as the element-free Galerkin method, is explored. Theoretical aspects of the element-free Galerkin method are introduced, including the terminology and basic concepts. There is a special focus on the application of the element-free Galerkin technique to modeling and simulation of fracture mechanics problems. A number of numerical problems are discussed in the chapter to illustrate the adaptability and robustness of the element-free Galerkin Method.

In this paper, the juice extraction process, collecting locked juice from sugarcane fibers by crushing mill, of sugar factory is taken up for controller design and analysis. It is actually a MIMO (multi input multi output) process with severe multivariable contacts.A decoupled SISO plant model, with the flap position input variable (manipulated variable) and the roller torque output variable (controlled variable), has been imported,in this work, for analysis. The PI and soft computing based, Fuzzy and Neurofuzzy, controllers have been designed, in MATLAB, for this SISO model and their control performance is compared. ANFIS technique has been used for designing neurofuzzy controller. This technique incorporates Takagi -Sugeno model of fuzzy inference system in where the output membership functions are allowed to be only constant or linear. On the other hand, the input membership functions may be of any desired form such as triangular, Gaussian, trapezoidal, etc. All results have been obtained on MATLAB.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is the new normal. As everything is powered by AI in the current time, it has altered our way of living. The widespread adoption of AI across businesses and corporations is helping them in streamlining their processes, increasing productivity, boosting efficiency, and reducing costs. The integration of artificial intelligence with human resource management (HRM) practices is changing the way organizations appoint, manage, and engage their workforce. Artificial intelligence is enabling machines to make decisions more accurately than humans based on existing data sets and behavioural patterns. This transformation has caused machines to take over all the manual work thus leading HR professionals to take up more strategic roles. It is paramount for companies and professionals to understand how this technology works and its role in various HRM functions. This paper reviews the work of many eminent researchers to find out ways in which AI is bringing a change in the field of human resource management. This review highlights the key benefits and hidden challenges of AI when applied to HRM and also illustrate its future potential.

This paper proposed a 1 × 16 antenna array to cover 28 GHz bands for 5G wireless communications systems. The design approach is based on 16-element tapered antenna array with corporate (parallel)-series feed structure network. The individual element of the antenna consists of the inset feed for achieving the proper impedance matching and tapered patch for achieving the desired gain, bandwidth and miniaturization. The whole configuration is designed over a Rogers RT/duroid 5880 dielectric substrate size of 28 × 30 × 0.79 mm3. The measure peak gain is 15.85 dB at 28 GHz. The simulated result shows a return loss of −45.73 dB, bandwidth of 27.56–28.381 GHz, gain of 15.85 dBi and 93.36% of radiating efficiency.

Fifth generation of the wireless communication rely on modern antenna technologies like massive MIMO and mm-wave band to achieve data rate up to 10 Gbps. This paper presents a design analysis of 1×16 elements tapered antenna array feed with tapered microstrip lines and employing bending lines between the patches. The reported antenna covers −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 27.5 to 28.5 GHz frequency band. The Rogers RT duroid 5880 with 35×28 mm2 is used in the design. The proposed antenna resonates at 28 GHz and has return loss of −50.35 dB with measured gain and bandwidth is 17.9 dBi and 1 GHz respectively. In this design by using the bending transmission line between the patch antennas elements helps to enhance the antenna gain, return-loss and bandwidth and radiation efficiency.

In the present work, element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) is modified and implemented to simulate thermoelastic fracture in functionally graded materials (FGMs). By solving the simple heat transfer problem, the temperature distribution over the domain can be obtained which is later used as an input to determine the displacement and stress fields. The crack surfaces are modeled under adiabatic and isothermal conditions. To capture stress fields around the crack tip, intrinsic enrichment criterion is used. A modified conservative M-integral technique has been used to extract the stress intensity factors (SIFs) for the simulated problems. A new algorithm to ensure equal number of nodes in support domain has been suggested. The optimum size of support domain is derived by performing an optimization of predefined EFGM parameters, namely, total number of nodes in problem geometry, Gauss quadrature, and number of nodes in support domain. Taguchi L-16 orthogonal array is used to obtain optimized values of ...

In the present work, element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) has been extended and implemented to simulate thermal fracture in functionally graded materials. The thermo-elastic fracture problem is decoupled into two separate parts. Initially, the temperature distribution over the domain is obtained by solving the heat transfer problem. The temperature field so obtained is then employed as input for the mechanical problem to determine the displacement and stress fields. The crack surfaces are modelled as non-insulated boundaries; hence the temperature field remains undisturbed by the presence of crack. A modified conservative M-integral technique has been used in order to extract the stress intensity factors for the simulated problems. The present analysis shows that the results obtained by EFGM are in good agreement with those available in the literature.

The present work investigates the fatigue life of a functionally graded material (FGM) made of aluminum alloy and alumina (ceramic) under cyclic mix mode loading. Element free Galerkin Method (EFGM) and extended finite element method (XFEM) are employed to simulate and compare the fatigue crack growth. The fatigue lives of aluminum alloy, FGM and an equivalent composite (having the same composition as of FGM) are compared for a major edge crack in a rectangular domain.

The need for automation arises from the fact that repetitive and emulative task can be programmed which ensures efficiency and eliminates human intervention thus making overall process less time consuming. This robot aims to automate the indoor household chores of cleaning i.e. mopping and cleaning floor without human guidance. The obstacle avoiding feature is incorporated on Raspberry-pi along with the task of cleaning and mopping wherein an automatic periodic water pump is also implemented that. The primary purpose of the project is to create simplistic robot which is low cost and thus in total 7 DC motors are used in the prototype of which 4 are used for drive wheels, 1 motor for cleaning mechanism,1 motor for mopping mechanism and 1 low power motor for water pumping action. Autonomy is achieved with the help of ultrasonic sensors which detects obstacles and guides the robot according to algorithm deployed. 3 driver modules are used which acts as an amplifier to run the motors efficiently.The cleaning mechanism is based on high speed, circular movement brush-structure that relies on centrifugal force to pull the waste inside the storage unit.

The present anthology aims to provide an insight into the applications, advantages, and improvisations made in the field of application of computational tools to the area of manufacturing processes. A lot of cost, manpower, and time are consumed in research and analysis of manufacturing processes. The availability of computational tools to simulate complex processes such as machining, casting, or welding has opened up a vast sphere of opportunities in designing of materials and determination of their mechanical properties. This work presented discusses the application of meshfree methods (MMs) in understanding four major manufacturing processes namely machining, welding, casting, and forming over conventional finite element method. A brief review of applications of mesh-based or MMs applied to these sectors is being discussed.

This article aims to study the friction and wear behavior of Ti3Al2.5V alloy sliding against EN-31 steel under dry condition using a multi-tribotester. The effect of variation in load and sliding velocity on wear rate, average coefficient of friction, and contact temperature has been studied and analysis of wear debris has been carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to study the morphology of the wear tracks and deduce microchemical information at the elemental level of worn samples, respectively. Results reveal that the wear rate of Ti-3Al-2.5V increases with increasing sliding velocity and increasing normal load with few exceptions. The average coefficient of friction decreases as the normal load increases with exceptions at some loads. SEM micrographs of worn samples obtained at different loads and sliding velocities show the formation of wear tracks on the surface due to ploughing and flaking of the matrix. The main mechanis...

The work presents a modified form of element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) based on a procedure which allows selection of equal number of nodes in the support domain. This procedure is further improved by selecting domain nodes depending on the region of the problem geometry. The optimum number of support domain nodes is obtained by performing an optimization of selectable EFGM parameters namely total number of nodes in problem geometry, Gauss quadrature and random or desired number of nodes in support domain. Taguchi L-16 orthogonal array is used to obtain optimized values of these parameters. The optimized EFGM parameters provide good accuracy with lesser number of nodal points and reduce the computational time of conventional EFGM by an average of 85%. Interaction integral technique has been used in order to extract the stress intensity factors for the simulated problems. The worth of so presented accelerated element-free Galerkin method (AEFG) is established by simulating various cases of fracture problems and the results so obtained are concurrent with those available in literature.

The main objective of this project is to develop a simple and cost efficient home automation system with an Android application which would act as a remote and make at most use of all the appliances that can be connected which would help to simplify daily life. The idea of conserving electricity means to avoid wasting it and its minimum utilization. This means doing simple things like turning off the electrical appliance when any person is about to leave the room etc. The biggest motivation for the people to conserve electricity is for the accumulated savings in their energy bills at the end of the year. Now a days due to the Unplugging of fans and lights when it is not in use, most of the energies are wasted. This is happened mainly because most of the switches are located far away from the users. Modern houses are gradually shifting to centralized control system, involving wireless controlled switches. Basically, every single appliance in your house can be controlled using a remote device. Android based E-home is an application of embedded system which integrates Android operating system, Arduino controller and the Bluetooth for the implementation of Smart Home. Any Android device can act as a transmitting device. The user can control any appliance through a user friendly mobile application built in Android platform. In order to avoid this situation, we have proposed a system using Bluetooth and Android application which help users to control the fans and lights within a certain distance from them. Also nowadays all the new homes are shifting towards LED lights so by using our designed app and system we can control the intensity of these lights and also apply it in other applications like fan, motor etc.

Wireless Communication has become one of the most vibrant and emerging section of the communication industry. Mobile communication has developed as one of the broadly used wireless communication nowadays. But with the advancement., wireless communication has to face several technical challenges that must be overcome. The basic phenomenon due to which wireless transmission becomes unreliable is time varying fading and adjacent and cochannel interference that occurs among cells in neighboring areas. In this paper the impact of adjacent and co-channel interference is studied and BER has been investigated and compared for three different channels i.e. Rayleigh fading channel., Rician fading channel and AWGN channel using a QAM modulated technique.

The article presented broadens the dexterity of element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) for analysis of thermal fracture in case of materials with coatings under plane stress conditions. A conjugated modeling approach developed and employed in this work by amalgamation of jump function approach and enrichment criterion. This approach allows the successful modeling of multiple weak and strong discontinuities in one domain. To distinguish the interface of two materials, jump function methodology is used, while for capturing the stress field oscillations around the crack tip are intrinsic enrichment criterion is put to use. The interaction integral scheme for thermal fracture has been modified to compensate thermal strains for generating mode-I stress intensity factors (SIFs). The effect of mechanical properties on crack under sudden temperature change is compared using three cases in which Zinc and Steel substrates are used (Steel/Zinc/Steel configuration and Zinc/Steel/Zinc configuration) and compared with results of mono-material configuration.

MIMO is an upcoming wireless technology in which more and more data can be transmitted with the use of different antennas at transmitter and receiver end, at a same time. With this technique, it becomes possible to linearly increase the channel capacity and improve the signal quality with maximum data transmission having less BER. In most recent years, MIMO brings a new page to the history of wireless communication system where the spectral bandwidth is a precious commodity with greater efficiency. This innovative idea is the key for recent high speed Wi-Fi and 4G mobile systems that has transformed the era of wireless communication system. While transmission through channel, signal get exploited due to dispersion effect leading Inter symbol Interference. Equalizers are kind of filters that eliminate this effect at the receiver end in the communication system. In this paper, we discussed linear and non-linear equalizers for Frequency-flat fading and frequency-selective fading in Rician channel system using QPSK signal.

In the present work, various element free Galerkin method based approaches are chosen to solve solid mechanics problems containing material discontinuities. Three different approaches namely Domain partitioning, Lagrange multiplier and Jump function have been used for this study. The first approach requires the modifications in the solutions during implementation level, second one is based on the treatment of interface conditions at the variational level, while the third one enriches the approximation by the addition of special shape function that contain discontinuities in the derivative. The trial and test functions of the weak form are constructed using moving least-square interpolants in each material domain. The numerical results are obtained for two different cases of a bi-material problem and are compared with each other as well as with FEM solution.

In the present work, a new enrichment criterion has been proposed for modeling kinked cracks using the element free Galerkin method (EFGM). The proposed criterion is based on the full intrinsic enrichment method wherein some additional terms are incorporated in the linear basis of EFGM so as to obtain the crack tip stress singularity. Since the conventional intrinsic enrichment criteria is capable of modeling straight cracks only, hence some modifications have been proposed so as to extend its capability for modeling kinked crack. The effectiveness of proposed criterion is demonstrated by modeling cracks with multiple kinked segments. Further, the proposed criterion has been successfully implemented for simulating quasi-static crack growth under mix mode loading conditions.

MPC is a computer-based technique that requires the process model to anticipate the future outputs of that process. An optimal control action is taken by MPC based on this prediction. The MPC is so popular since its control performance has been reported to be best among other conventional techniques to control the multivariable dynamical plants with various inputs and outputs constraints. In this work, the control of lime kiln process with two manipulated variables namely the fuel gas flowrate, and the percent opening of the induced draft damper and two controlled variables namely front-end temperature and back-end temperature has been attempted using MPC technique. Lime kiln process is very complex and nonlinear multivariable process. A linearized model obtained using Taylor series expansion around operating point has been used.

In the present work, an efficient partial domain, intrinsic, enriched element-free Galerkin criterion has been extended to simulate the cracks lying in nonconvex domains. According to this criterion, only a part of the domain near the crack tip has been enriched. A linear ramp function has been used to avoid the sudden truncation of the enrichment effect. Some cases of cracks lying in convex as well as in nonconvex domains have been solved by both full and partial domain enrichment criteria under plane stress conditions. For the cracks lying in convex domain, the results obtained by full domain enrichment criterion are found in good agreement with those obtained by partial domain enrichment criterion, whereas for cracks lying in nonconvex domain, the results obtained by full domain enrichment criterion are found to be misleading. The partial domain enrichment not only accurately simulates the cracks in nonconvex domains but also reduces the computational cost of the method.

This paper presents the implementation of element free Galerkin method for the stress analysis of structures having cracks at the interface of two dissimilar materials. The material discontinuity at the interface has been modeled using a jump function with a jump parameter that governs its strength. The jump function enriches the approximation by the addition of special shape function that contains discontinuities in the derivative. The trial and test functions of the weak form are constructed using moving least-square interpolants in each material domain. An intrinsic enrichment criterion with enriched basis has been used to model the crack tip stress fields. The mixed mode (complex) stress intensity factors for bi-material interface cracks are numerically evaluated using the modified domain form of interaction integral. The numerical results are obtained for edge and center cracks lying at the bi-material interface, and are found to be in good agreement with the reference solutions for the interfacial crack problems.

In this work, element free Galerkin method (EFGM) has been used to obtain the solution of various edge crack problems under thermo-mechanical loads as it provides a versatile technique to model stationary as well as moving crack problems without re-meshing. Standard diffraction criterion has been modified with multiple crack weight technique to characterize the presence of various cracks in the domain of influence of a particular node. The effect of crack inclination has been studied for single as well as two edge cracks, whereas the cracks interaction has been studied for two edge cracks lying on same as well as opposite edges under plane stress conditions. The values of mode-I and mode-II stress intensity factors have been evaluated by the interaction integral approach.

In the present work, element free Galerkin method (EFGM) has been extended to solve thermo-elastic fracture problems in homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials (bi-materials). A thermo-elastic fracture problem is decoupled into two separate problems. At first, the temperature distribution is obtained by solving the heat transfer problem. The temperature field is then employed as input for the mechanical problem to determine the displacement and stress fields. The disturbances due to the presence of crack results in a non-smooth temperature distribution, and induces a singularity in the heat flux at the crack tip. Thermal as well as mechanical problems are enriched intrinsically in order to represent the discontinuous temperature, heat flux, displacement and traction across the crack surfaces. Both isothermal and adiabatic conditions are considered at the crack surfaces. Jump function technique has been employed to model a bi-material interface, and intrinsic enrichment has been used to model a crack at the bi-material interface. The conservative M-integral technique has been modified in order to extract the mixed mode stress intensity factor for thermo-elastic fracture problems. The present analysis shows that the results obtained by EFGM are in good agreement with those available in the literature.

This paper presents a new intrinsic enriched element free Galerkin method (EFGM) criterion for the simulation of multiple interacting crack problems. The principle attraction of the proposed criterion lies in its ability to handle multiple cracks of equal/unequal lengths. According to this proposed criterion, few modifications are made in standard intrinsic enriched EFGM criterion to solve multiple interacting cracks lying on the same as well as on the opposite face under plane stress conditions. The values of mode-I and mode-II stress intensity factors have been evaluated using domain based interaction integral approach. The modeling capabilities and accuracy of the proposed criterion has been demonstrated by comparing the results with those obtained by FEM. The proposed enrichment criterion has been found quite capable in analyzing crack growth as well as equal or unequal size multiple cracks.

The meshfree methods in computational mechanics have been actively proposed and increasingly developed in order to overcome some drawbacks in the conventional numerical methods. Over past three decades meshfree methods have found their way into many different application areas ranging from classical astronomical problems to solid mechanics analysis, fluid flow problems, vibration analysis, heat transfer and optimization to the numerical solution of all kind of (partial) differential equation problems. The present work is an effort to provide a comprehensive review of various Meshfree methods, their classification, underlying methodology, application area along with their advantages and limitations. Key contributions of mesh free techniques to the area of fracture mechanics have been discussed with applications of element free Galerkin method (EFGM) to fracture analysis as primary concern.

In this work, the element free Galerkin method (EFGM) has been used to obtain the solution of multiple edge crack problems. The regular intrinsic enrichment approach used in EFGM has been modified to analyze and study the multiple crack problems. The modified approach provides a versatile technique to model multiple static as well as moving crack problems without any requirement of re-meshing. In this approach, the regular enrichment criterion has been modified to solve multiple interacting crack problems using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). Few test cases of multiple edge cracks lying on the same as well as on the opposite faces are solved under plane stress conditions. The results obtained by modified intrinsic enrichment technique are compared with those obtained by the diffraction criterion, analytical and FEM solutions. The values of mode-I and mode-II stress intensity factors have been evaluated by the interaction integral approach.

Incorporation of a commercially available single pole four throw (SP4T) switch for beam steerable square loop antenna over hybrid HIS is presented. Using this switch with appropriate selection of its 1∶4 output port a tilted beam of the antenna can be electronically steered in all the four space quadrants. An accurate model of the complete integrated switch with the antenna is developed and is simulated. For the test frequency band of 4.3 GHz to 5.0 GHz, the antenna generates a steerable tilted beam of (θ max ) = 36° ± 3°. For this frequency band, the directivity of antenna stays at 8.0 dBi ° 0.4 dB.

The present paper describes an analytical model derived from energy theorem which is coupled with the uncertainty associated with material properties and geometrical parameter to estimate fatigue life and crack growth at different level of probability and confidence level. The analysis of cracks within structure is an important application if the damage tolerance and durability of structures and components are to be predicted. As part of the engineering design process, engineers have to assess not only how well the design satisfies the performance requirements but also how durable the product will be over its life cycle. Often cracks cannot be avoided in structures; however the fatigue life of the structure depends on the location and size of these cracks. In order to predict the fatigue life for any component, crack growth study needs to be performed.

The household-level food production strategy which is as old as human civilization and plant domestication itself, now in the modern world we called it Kitchen garden, which shows the crucial importance to a large proportion of the population in the recent world history, which gives the promising future in the struggle against world hunger and malnutrition. Food production in and around the household is the most ancient form of cultivation. Despite mounting evidence that backyard gardens yield surprisingly significant nutritional and economic benefits to gardening households and societies, they have been ignored as a legitimate area of research. Understanding the present state of the art of garden research may be a key to elevating the household gardening food strategy to its rightful place in the study and improvement of agricultural system. In the present time only the developed countries of the world realize the important of Kitchen Garden with organic farming, which is good example for the developing and underdeveloped countries of the world. In Sikkim besides the geographical structure of the state, Sikkim able to developed the practice of Kitchen Garden with organic farming. While the economic development and growth of the country or state is depends on three basic sectors called Primary, secondary and tertiary sector, where the contribution of primary sector is maximum in developing and under-developed country. But still these types of country face a problem like food deficit. The occurrence of unnatural phenomenon of food deficit in the developing and under developed countries where the maximum number of rural people are directly depends on primary sector for their livelihood is a big Question mark in human world. The practice of micro and the macro Kitchen Garden is able to solve the problem of food deficit and also provide the source of income through sustainable development.