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Objective: To investigate the neuroprotective action of hordenine against the cognitive dysfunction induced by aluminium chloride (AlCl3) in Wistar rats Methodology: Rats were given oral doses of hordenine (25 and 50 mg/kg), donepezil (5 mg/kg), and AlCl3 (175 mg/kg) for 28 days. During the study, neurobehavioral parameters included Morris water maze (MWM), open field test (OFT), and novel object recognition test (NORT) to assess the cognitive effect. On the 29th day rats were sacrificed and brain tissues removed for biochemical and histopathological analyses. Results: AlCl3 rats exhibited altered neurobehavioral patterns and cognitive impairment in experimental rats. Although AlCl3 raised the levels of mid-brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitrite, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-β (IL-β), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and it decreased the levels of antioxidants including glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and body weight. In cortical and hippocampal slices, AlCl3 also revealed anatomical alterations that resulted in a decrease in the density of microglia. But donepezil and hordenine reversed these alterations to normal while demonstrating a neuroprotective effect against AD which is caused by AlCl3. Conclusion: Hordenine improved memory and other cognitive functions, demonstrating a neuroprotective effect against AlCl3-induced Alzheimer's disease. These findings imply that hordenine may be able to reverse the effects of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, improve cognitive decline, and protect the brain's histological structure.

Objective: To investigate the neuroprotective properties of Calendula Officinalis Linn. flower extract (COE) against mild cognitive decline and cognitive dysfunction induced by aluminium chloride (AlCl3) in experimental rats. Methodology: COE (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg p.o.) was given once daily following the treatment of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg p.o.) to male Wistar rats for 20 days. On the 1st, 10th, and 20th days, the walking track test, locomotor activity, and object recognition test were used as behaviour characteristics to assess spatial and non-spatial memory. On the 21st day, animals were sacrificed and brains removed for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: Calendula officinalis Linn. extract significantly attenuated the AlCl3-induced alterations in body weight, and motor coordination such as locomotion, stride length, and object recognition parameters. COE also reduced oxidative stress by increasing GSH, catalase, SOD, and decreasing TBARS levels. Calendula officinalis Linn. extract high dose showed most prominent therapeutic effects. P < 0.05 and mean ± SD were used to compare mean values with normal control, disease control, and high doses of Calendula officinalis Linn. extract. Discussion: Based on our study, oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism for AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity. We conclude that Calendula officinalis Linn. flower extract substantially decreased oxidative stress and behavioural alterations in rats treated with aluminium chloride. Calendula officinalis flowers may provide significant neuroprotective effects, potentially improving memory and learning abilities. Calendula officinalis Linn flower extract contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that might be responsible for its neuroprotective properties.

Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a widespread bacterial infection that remains a significant global health issue. This study focuses on conducting a thorough investigation into the synthesis, evaluation of anti-Tb activity, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation of substituted benzimidazole derivatives. A series of twelve substituted benzimidazole derivatives (1–12) were successfully synthesized, employing a scaffold consisting of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups. The newly synthesized compounds were defined by their FTIR, 1H NMR, and mass spectra. The microplate Alamar blue assay (MABA) was used to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of the synthesized compound against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Compounds 7 (MIC = 0.8 g/mL) and 8 (MIC = 0.8 g/mL) demonstrated exceptional potential to inhibit M. tuberculosis compared to the standard drug (isoniazid). In addition, the synthesized compounds were docked with the Mtb KasA protein (PDB ID: 6P9K), and the results of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation confirmed the experimental results, as compounds 7 and 8 exhibited the highest binding energy of −7.36 and −7.17 kcal/mol, respectively. The simulation results such as the RMSD value, RMSF value, radius of gyration, and hydrogen bond analysis illustrated the optimum potential of compounds 7 and 8 to inhibit the M. tuberculosis strain. Hydrogen bond analysis suggested that compound 7 has greater stability and affinity towards the KasA protein compared to compound 8. Moreover, both compounds (7 and 8) were safe for acute inhalation and cutaneous sensitization. These two compounds have the potential to be potent M. tuberculosis​ inhibitors.

Delusional parasitosis (DP) is a type of delusional disorder which is characterised by single hypochondriacal delusion in which patient believes that he/she is infested with insects/worms/parasite. The authors present a case series of four cases of DP which were assessed in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in Western Maharashtra. The patients with DP were predominantly women around 50 years of age who were treated successfully with Tab Olanzapine and psychotherapy with favourable response.

Introduction: The involvement of the Female Genital Tract (FGT) by lymphoma is extremely rare, with ovaries being most commonly affected. Less than 1% of lymphomas present with ovarian involvement and less than 1.5% of ovarian neoplasms are of lymphoid origin. Secondary involvement of ovary by systemic lymphoma is more common than Primary Ovarian Lymphomas (POL) which is usually Primary Ovarian Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PONHL) of B-cell lineage. Aim: To understand the clinicopathological and immunomorphological features of Primary Ovarian Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study conducted at Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka. India, for a duration of 14 years between July 2006 to June 2020. Eight cases of PONHL were identified from departmental archives and clinicopathological and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings of these tumours were analysed. Results: The PONHL constituted 0.4% of all Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) reported during the study period. The patients age ranged from 13-60 years with a mean age of 34 years. Among eight cases of PONHL, two cases were of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), followed by one case each of High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified (HGBL, NOS), Follicular Lymphoma (FL), Burkitt Lymphoma (BL), Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL), Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (B-LBL), and precursor T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (T-LBL). Seven cases were staged IE (Ann Arbor staging system) while one case was designated as stage IIE. Conclusion: This was probably the first study on PONHL from India. The diagnosis of PONHL is challenging unless there is a high index of suspicion as these patients present with non specific pelvic symptoms and can be misdiagnosed as other epithelial, stromal or germ cell ovarian neoplasm which differs in treatment and prognosis. Histological examination with IHC and molecular testing are essential to establish a diagnosis.

Background: Inguinal hernia repair has been a controversial area in surgical practice. Its complexity is reflected by the fact that numerous different procedures including both open and laparoscopic techniques are in use today. Laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair is preferred over transabdominal pre-peritoneal repair as the peritoneum is not breached and also due to fewer intra-abdominal complications. This is the most elegant technique but rather difficult to perform. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe Dulucq's technique for inguinal hernia repair and the use of three-dimensional mesh without fixation in laparoscopic TEP inguinal hernioplasty. Methods: Surgical technique of laparoscopic TEP inguinal hernia repair is detailed in the text. Results: A total of 945 hernia repairs were included in the study. The hernias were repaired by Dulucq's technique. Mean operative time was 45 min in unilateral hernia and 65 min in bilateral hernia. There were no serious complications. Conclusion: The laparoscopic TEP hernioplasty by Dulucq's technique is feasible with fewer intra-abdominal complications. The dissection must always be done with the same stages with minimal monopolar diathermy and patient in a slight Trendelenburg position.

Background: Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a relatively novel technique to treat essential tremor (ET). The objective of this review was to analyze the efficacy and the safety profile of MRgFUS for ET.Methods: A systematic literature review was done. The post procedure changes in the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) score, hand score, disability and quality of life scores were analyzed.Results: We found 29 studies evaluating 617 patients. DTI based targeting was utilized in six cohorts. A significant difference was observed in the pooled standard mean difference between the pre and postoperative total CRST score (p-value < 0.001 and 0.0002), hand score (p-value 0.03 and 0.02); and the disability at 12 months (p-value 0.01). Head pain and dizziness were the most in procedure complications. The immediate pooled proportion of ataxia was 50%, while it was 20% for sensory complications, which, respectively, declined to 31 and 13% on long term follow up. A significant reduction (p = 0.03) in immediate ataxia related complications was seen with DTI targeting.Conclusion: MRgFUS for ET seems to be an effective procedure for relieving unilateral tremor. Use of DTI based targeting revealed a significant reduction in post procedure ataxia related complications as compared to traditional targeting techniques. Analysis of other complications further revealed a decreasing trend on follow up.

The present paper focuses on computational approach to analyze the heat loss due to natural convection and radiation in a trapezoidal shaped solar cooker. Heat losses due to forced convection and radiation are considered from the top glass cover. The results are verified with standard procedure. Radiative heat loss from the cavity is found to be dominant mode which contributes around 70–80% of the total heat loss. Parametric studies regarding heat loss from the cavity are studied by varying cavity depths, heat transfer coefficients based on the wind speed above the glass surface, emissivity of the plate. Based on different parameters, flow pattern and isotherms inside the cavity have been analyzed. Results are obtained in non-dimensional forms for more generic use and correlation between the total average Nusselt number and its influencing parameters has been formulated for the considered solar cooker cavity. Keywords: Solar cooker, Trapezoidal cavity, Combined heat loss, Computational approach, Flow pattern, Nusselt number, Correlation

Background: People are aware of the consequences of high serum lipid levels, specifically, total cholesterol. Awareness about harmful effects of very low levels of serum lipids is still lacking. Very low levels of serum lipids lead to psychological consequences. Objectives: The objective of this study was to show whether there was a significant relationship between serum lipid levels and depression. Material and Methods: Total 70 subjects were included in this study. 40 subjects suffering from depression as assessed with the help of clinical findings and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were included in the study group, while control group comprised of 30 normal subjects. Lipid profile was done on blood samples obtained after overnight fasting. BDI scores were also obtained in control group using BDI. Co-relation between BDI score and lipid levels was obtained in both the groups. Results: Serum lipid levels were significantly low in study group as compared to control group. There was a significant negative co-relationship between serum lipid levels with depression. Subjects of study group having lower lipid levels specifically Total Cholestrol (TC) (r = -0.78), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (r = -0.69), TG (r = -0.41) and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) (r = - 0.418), showed higher BDI scores (p

Osteomas are benign osteogenic lesions with very slow growth, which may arise from proliferation of either cancellous or compact bone. Peripheral osteomas of maxilla are relatively rare. Excluding the maxillary sinus, there are few cases of maxillary osteoma reported in the English-language literature. This paper reports an additional case of osteoma in the palatal region in a 34-year-old female patient. The aim of this paper is to present an unusual case along with an analysis of the literature in order to contribute to the knowledge concerning the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management of these lesions.