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In the recent decades, efficiency enhancement of refineries and chemical plants has been become a focus of research and development groups. Use of nanofluids in absorption, regeneration, liquid-liquid extraction and membrane processes can lead to mass transfer and heat transfer enhancement in processes which results in an increased efficiency in all these processes. Nanofluids and Mass Transfer introduces the role of nanofluids in improving mass transfer phenomena and expressing their characteristics and properties. The book also covers the theory and modelling procedures in details and finally illustrates various applications of Nanofluids in mass transfer enhancement in various processes such as absorption, regeneration, liquid-liquid extraction and membrane processes and how can nanofluids increase mass transfer in processes. - Introduces specifications of nanofluids and mechanisms of mass transfer enhancement by nanofluids in various mass transfer processes - Discusses mass transfer enhancement in various mass transfer processes such as: absorption, regeneration, liquid-liquid extraction and membrane processes - Offers modelling mass transfer and flow in nanofluids - Challenges industrialization and scale up of nanofluids

The Hormones: Physiology, Chemistry and Applications, Volume IV covers the advances in understanding the nature and function of plant and non-mammalian animal hormones. This volume is divided into 11 chapters, and begins with an examination of the major characteristics of auxins, including the diversity of its action, chemical control, and systematic patterns. The subsequent chapters explore the chemistry and physiology of neurohormones and their role in insect growth. A chapter highlights the control of color of hormones and the actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The remaining chapters are devoted to the occurrence, physiological role, biochemistry, mode of action, metabolism, and biosynthesis of other hormones, such as gastrointestinal hormones, catecholamines, insulin, and glucagon. These chapters deal also with the general principles and application of immunoassay of protein hormones. Endocrinologists, physiologists, biochemists, and hormone researchers will find this book invaluable.

Relativity Reexamined examines relativity from a new angle and with an unconventional perspective. Topics covered range from quantum theory and relativity to gravitation and relativity quantized atomic clocks, as well as special relativity Doppler effect and spherical symmetry. A distinction is also made between mathematical coordinates and physical frames of reference. This book is comprised of eight chapters and begins by considering the development of scientific theories in general, citing examples to show how scientists'viewpoints have progressively changed. Some of the problems that have emerged, and which even Albert Einstein was unable to foresee, are highlighted. The first chapter reviews the historical sequence of events that led to quantum theory and relativity, while the second chapter focuses on some problems about restricted relativity, paying particular attention to the meaning of potential energy and the importance of field theory in relativistic theories. The following chapters analyze a variety of experimental evidences that challenge many basic assumptions in theoretical physics, focusing on the fundamental importance of the Mössbauer effect and of atomic clocks; the link between gravitation and relativity; classical problems of theoretical mechanics; and special relativity Doppler effect. A gravistatic problem with spherical symmetry is also described. This monograph will be of interest to physicists and students of physics.

The Hormones: Physiology, Chemistry and Applications, Volume V covers the advances in understanding the nature and function of hormones. This seven-chapter volume is a continuation of Volume IV on the endocrinology of plant and non-mammalian animal hormones. The introductory chapters examine the structure, metabolite actions, and some other chemical aspects of pituitary hormones. The following chapter explores the physiological, biochemical, and phylogenetic aspects of thyroid hormones, as well as brief description of thyroid cytology and process kinetics related to the thyroid. This chapter also presents mathematical models describing the processes of accumulation and binding of iodide in the thyroid, along with the release and metabolism of thyroid hormone. These topics are followed by discussions on the methods and concepts used for in vivo studies with labeled steroids in man. A chapter focuses on the role of hormones on tumorigenesis and tumor growth. Another chapter considers the concepts of mode of action of other hormones, such as insulin, epinephrine, and estradiol. The concluding chapter treats some examples of endocrine disease from the standpoint of the biological problems. Endocrinologists, physiologists, biochemists, phylogeneticists, and researchers who are interested in expanding knowledge on hormones will find this book invaluable.

The Hormones: Physiology, Chemistry and Applications, Volume III covers the chemistry, physiology, and methods of analysis of various plant and animal hormones. This book is organized into 15 chapters that are mostly revision or reassessment of previous information presented in Volumes I and II. The first two chapters describe the chromatographic separation of plants hormones, particularly auxins, as well as hormones in invertebrates. These topics are followed by a chapter on the production, transport, storage, release, and mode of action of neurohormones. Significant chapters are devoted to the chemistry and physiology of secreted hormones, including parathyroid, pituitary, Islets of Langerhans, growth, lactogenic, thyroid, steroid, and sex hormones. The role and influence of these hormones on vital body processes are also discussed. The last chapter emphasizes the progress in understanding the principles and approaches in clinical endocrinology. This volume will be of great value to endocrinologists, physiologists, and biochemists.

The Hormones: Physiology, Chemistry and Applications, Volume II covers the chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications of the mammalian endocrinology. This volume contains 10 chapters, and begins with discussions on the physiology and the role of ovarian hormones and androgens on vital processes. The subsequent chapters explore the biochemistry, physiology, and metabolism of specific secreted hormones, such as adrenal cortex, thyroid, and posterior pituitary hormones, and gonadotrophins. Other chapters deal also with the chemical control of nervous activity of acetylcholine, adrenaline, sympathin, and neurohormones. The concluding chapter focuses on the clinical applications of the covered hormones and their role in mammalian growth. This book is an invaluable source for mammalian endocrinologists, physiologists, biochemists, and researchers who are interested in mammalian development.

The Hormones: Physiology, Chemistry and Applications, Volume I covers roles of hormones in a wide diversity of vital processes. This volume consists of 16 chapters that discuss the chemistry of hormones, their role in organisms other than mammals, and some aspects of the animal physiology. After a brief history of hormone research studies, this book goes on exploring the chemistry, physiology, assay, and mechanism of action of plant, insect, and crustacean hormones. The subsequent chapters examine the biochemistry, physiology, and assay methods of hormones of the gastrointestinal tract, parathyroid gland, pancreas, and ovary. These topics are followed by discussions on the chemistry and metabolism of other hormones, such as progesterone, androgens, and adrenal cortical and anterior pituitary hormones. The final chapters consider the role of ovarian, pituitary, and thyroid hormones in mammary growth, as well as the mechanism of hormonal control of lactation. Endocrinologists, applied biologists, physiologists, biochemists, and researchers in various fields of medicine will find this book of great value.