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The coronavirus (COVID-19) is considered to be an external factor that affects teachers' attitudes toward online professional development. Therefore, this study investigates the use of virtual communication in an online professional development program through the lens of teachers' attitudes toward technology. This study was conducted in 15 schools across the United Arab Emirates (UAE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A teacher training program called The Ta'alouf Inclusion Special Education, one of the initiatives of the Al Jalila Foundation (AJL), aimed to train teachers, promote inclusion, and support children with special educational needs and disabilities. Participants (teachers, school leaders, learning support assistants, social workers, and department heads) received 24 hours of virtual training sessions on numerous topics related to inclusive education and special educational needs and disabilities. A concurrent mixed-method approach was utilized to collect quantitative data from participants using an online survey and qualitative data using interviews. The study results reveal that the quarantine of COVID-19 did not affect teachers' continued professional development. On the contrary, teachers felt the ease of using technology and the usefulness of the topics mentioned, which formed their positive attitudes toward using technology and led to their engagement and continuation of developing professionally either during or after the pandemic.

This study aims to understand the effectiveness of online training for pre-service and in-service teachers by exploring any differences between pre-service and in-service teachers' satisfaction and learning following an online professional training video. Additionally, the study focused on evaluating any differences in satisfaction and learning of pre-service and in-service teachers based on age, experience, subject taught, and grade level, as well as nationality. An online 20-minute video session was shown to the participants and a survey questionnaire, based on the Kirkpatrick Model, was used to explore their reactions and learning. The study employed Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with independent sample t-test and ANOVA techniques to compare the training outcomes in pre-service and in-service teachers' satisfaction and learning. The results showed that the teachers were highly satisfied with the video assessment, content, and content structure. Moreover, there was no significant difference found in satisfaction levels or learning between in-service and pre-service teachers. Furthermore, no impact of age, experience, grade taught, or subject taught was found, though nationality was found to impact satisfaction with the video. The study recommends the expansion of similar online professional development programs, considering the high levels of satisfaction among pre-service and in-service teachers alike. Personalization of content to accommodate diverse learner needs, learning preferences, and backgrounds is suggested to further enhance satisfaction and learning outcomes. Lastly, this study's findings emphasize the need to improve teacher training programs, especially in different geographic and cultural contexts, to increase teaching efficacy and address the unique challenges teachers face.

Academic institutions need to enhance online and virtual learning strategies to ensure student engagement, satisfaction, and feedback in online classrooms. Providing online education has become the need of the hour because it enhances learning without regard for distance or the need to travel to school. The present study conducted a qualitative research design to explore students' online engagement in Blackboard's discussion forums. The study aimed to investigate students' perceived benefits of discussion forums and their views on improving their engagements in the discussion boards. In the current study 17 students at a federal university in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) reflected on their engagement in a discussion forum using SWOT analysis. The thematic data analysis technique was used for the data analysis. This study revealed that students perceived the benefit of discussion forums in a number of areas, including by sharing their experiences, reflecting on other students' opinions and giving feedback, and improving students' satisfaction with the course. However, the results indicated that a more technological system could enhance students' engagement in discussion forums by improving the elearning infrastructures and students' needs.

This study investigated the development of preservice teachers' metacognitive knowledge and self-regulation in online learning using the reflective practice model. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic when learning moved completely online. The participants were preservice teachers in an early childhood program in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A sequential mixed-method approach using quantitative and qualitative data was used. The study's results reveal that preservice teachers were able to develop their metacognitive knowledge and regulation due to their use of the reflective model. The preservice teachers set new goals for themselves to achieve and prepare for their future jobs.

Animals make predictions to guide their behavior and update those predictions through experience. Transient increases in dopamine (DA) are thought to be critical signals for updating predictions. However, it is unclear how this mechanism handles a wide range of behavioral timescales-from seconds or less (for example, if singing a song) to potentially hours or more (for example, if hunting for food). Here we report that DA transients in distinct rat striatal subregions convey prediction errors based on distinct time horizons. DA dynamics systematically accelerated from ventral to dorsomedial to dorsolateral striatum, in the tempo of spontaneous fluctuations, the temporal integration of prior rewards and the discounting of future rewards. This spectrum of timescales for evaluative computations can help achieve efficient learning and adaptive motivation for a broad range of behaviors.

Fiber photometry is a key technique for characterizing brain-behavior relationships in vivo. Initially, it was primarily used to report calcium dynamics as a proxy for neural activity via genetically encoded indicators. This generated new insights into brain functions including movement, memory, and motivation at the level of defined circuits and cell types. Recently, the opportunity for discovery with fiber photometry has exploded with the development of an extensive range of fluorescent sensors for biomolecules including neuromodulators and peptides that were previously inaccessible in vivo. This critical advance, combined with the new availability of affordable plug-and-play recording systems, has made monitoring molecules with high spatiotemporal precision during behavior highly accessible. However, while opening exciting new avenues for research, the rapid expansion in fiber photometry applications has occurred without coordination or consensus on best practices. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide to help end-users execute, analyze, and suitably interpret fiber photometry studies.

With the rapid emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the academic realm, understanding their implications, advantages, and challenges becomes crucial. ChatGPT, a leading AI conversational model, has gained significant traction in educational settings, warranting a comprehensive investigation into its academic impact. This systematic review aimed to elucidate the current state of research regarding implementing ChatGPT in academic cultures, focusing on its applications, challenges, and potential in reshaping contemporary pedagogies. An exhaustive review of 32 peer-reviewed articles from 2023 encompassed categorizing diverse research fields, journals, and studies. The research then delved into the challenges, factors affecting its use, and the myriad opportunities ChatGPT offers within academic settings. An overwhelming 75% of the studies emphasized the relevance of ChatGPT and generative AI tools within higher education, underscoring its importance. Significant challenges identified included pedagogical integration (31.25%) and student engagement (15.63%). However, ChatGPT's potentially inefficient content creation (25.00%) and enhanced personalized learning (21.88%) presented promising avenues for reshaping educational experiences. Furthermore, the tool's adaptability in catering to diverse student needs and fostering collaborative environments was notable. ChatGPT emerges as a transformative force in academia, with vast potential to revolutionize pedagogical practices. Yet, academic institutions must address inherent challenges to harness their full capabilities. Future directions point towards a symbiotic integration, with AI complementing human educators to promote inclusive, dynamic learning.

This paper explores mobile learning (m-learning) acceptance and use through integrating UTAUT and IS success models to examine whether quality factors (including "Information Quality," "System Quality" and "Service Quality") and behavioral factors (including "Performance Expectancy," "Social Influence" and "Facilitating Conditions") predict students' satisfaction and their intention to use m-learning systems. Data were collected through surveys from a total of 383 higher education male and female students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Structural equation modelling and path analysis were employed to test the proposed research model, showing that "Information Quality," "System Quality," "Service Quality," "Performance Expectancy," "Social Influence," "Facilitating Conditions," and "Satisfaction" determined students' intentions to use m-learning. "Satisfaction" was the most important antecedent of user behavior with m-learning, and "Performance Expectancy" was found to have the highest effect on "Satisfaction." The study's contribution to the advancement of m-learning acceptance and usage is connected to the theory and practice.

This paper aims to have a critical evaluation of an online training module among pre-service and in-service teachers in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to provide a thorough examination of the various aspects that contribute to both satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the training module. This evaluation is critical in the process of facilitating the accommodation of the synchronous and asynchronous online models that have established a permanent mark in education years after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. A total of thirty educators who registered for the online training module were selected as participants for the study, in which open-ended online questionnaires were employed as the primary method of data collection. This research employed Braun and Clarke's technique, which involves a six-step theme analysis process. The results revealed the mixed feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with adopting training modules. The motivation behind satisfaction stemmed from several factors, including the pertinence of content structure, adaptability, proficient utilization of media, and a determined attitude. Conversely, dissatisfaction was driven by the inadequacy of the content in addressing issues they thought were pertinent for teachers in the 21st century. The study underlined the crucial role of content design in online instruction, highlighting the need for robust planning to create accessible, engaging, and flexible modules compatible with standard devices like smartphones. The study proposes the ongoing adjustment of online modules to cater to the requirements of learners in the 21st century. This is because online modules have great potential for establishing a permanent position in the training of pre-service and in-service teachers.

This paper aims to evaluate the preservice teachers' teaching performance in a blended field experience during the quarantine of COVID-19. An exploratory sequential mixed method approach was adopted using Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis as a qualitative tool and quantitative data collected using a teacher evaluation rubric that merged the INTASC standards in the Danielson domains. The results show that using SWOT analysis positively impacts teachers' performance: they understand how to use the external environment (seizing opportunities and avoiding threats) to control the internal environment (enhancing strengths and removing weaknesses).

Purpose: The production/excretion rate of Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the basis of the plaque burden in alzheimer's disease (AD), which depends on both central and peripheral clearance. In this study, the effect of silymarin and rosuvastatin on serum markers and clinical outcomes in dyslipidemic AD patients was investigated. Methods: Participants (n=36) were randomized to silymarin (140 mg), placebo, and rosuvastatin 10 mg orally three times a day for 6 months. Serum collection and clinical outcome tests were performed at baseline and after completion of treatment. Lipid profile markers, oxidative stress markers, Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 ratio, and Soluble Low-density lipoprotein receptor-Related Protein-1 (sLRP1)/Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) ratio were measured. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in Δ-high density lipoprotein (ΔHDL) between silymarin and placebo (P

Background & objectives: Lice infestation is considered as a reemerging problem as well as a health challenge. Based on Protection Motivation Theory, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of training mothers in regard to pediculosis preventive behavior among school students. Methods: In a critical trial, 180 mothers of primary school daughters were assessed in two study groups in the Iranian city of Qom in 2021. They received training intervention in a course of four ninety-minute sessions during four weeks. After six months, the post-test questionnaire and the checklist were completed by them. The data were gathered using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Finally, data analysis was performed using SPSS 20. Results: After the training intervention, a significant difference was observed within the intervention group in scores of the prevention motivation constructs (P0.05). Additionally, no significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups (P

Motivation to work for potential rewards is critically dependent on dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). DA release from NAc axons can be controlled by at least two distinct mechanisms: (1) action potentials propagating from DA cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and (2) activation of β2* nicotinic receptors by local cholinergic interneurons (CINs). How CIN activity contributes to NAc DA dynamics in behaving animals is not well understood. We monitored DA release in the NAc Core of awake, unrestrained rats using the DA sensor RdLight1, while simultaneously monitoring or manipulating CIN activity at the same location. CIN stimulation rapidly evoked DA release, and in contrast to slice preparations, this DA release showed no indication of short-term depression or receptor desensitization. The sound of unexpected food delivery evoked a brief joint increase in CIN population activity and DA release, with a second joint increase as rats approached the food. In an operant task, we observed fast ramps in CIN activity during approach behaviors, either to start the trial or to collect rewards. These CIN ramps co-occurred with DA release ramps, without corresponding changes in the firing of lateral VTA DA neurons. Finally, we examined the effects of blocking CIN influence over DA release through local NAc infusion of DHβE, a selective antagonist of β2* nicotinic receptors. DHβE dose-dependently interfered with motivated approach decisions, mimicking the effects of a DA antagonist. Our results support a key influence of CINs over motivated behavior via the local regulation of DA release.

BackgroundLipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) and oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) are each independent risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The extent to which Lp(a) and OxPLs predict coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and outcomes in a contemporary, statin-treated cohort is not well established.ObjectivesThis study sought to evaluate the relationships between Lp(a) particle concentration and OxPLs associated with apolipoprotein B (OxPL-apoB) or apolipoprotein(a) (OxPL-apo[a]) with angiographic CAD and cardiovascular outcomes.MethodsAmong 1,098 participants referred for coronary angiography in the CASABLANCA (Catheter Sampled Blood Archive in Cardiovascular Diseases) study, Lp(a), OxPL-apoB, and OxPL-apo(a) were measured. Logistic regression estimated the risk of multivessel coronary stenoses by Lp(a)-related biomarker level. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (coronary revascularization, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and cardiovascular death) in follow-up.ResultsMedian Lp(a) was 26.45 nmol/L (IQR: 11.39-89.49 nmol/L). Lp(a), OxPL-apoB, and OxPL-apo(a) were highly correlated (Spearman R ≥0.91 for all pairwise combinations). Lp(a) and OxPL-apoB were associated with multivessel CAD. Odds of multivessel CAD per doubling of Lp(a), OxPL-apoB, and OxPL-apo(a) were 1.10 (95% CI: 1.03-1.18; P = 0.006), 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03-1.34; P = 0.01), and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.99-1.16; P = 0.07), respectively. All biomarkers were associated with cardiovascular events. HRs for MACE per doubling of Lp(a), OxPL-apoB, and OxPL-apo(a) were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03-1.14; P = 0.001), 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05-1.26; P = 0.004), and 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01-1.14; P = 0.02), respectively.ConclusionsIn patients undergoing coronary angiography, Lp(a) and OxPL-apoB are associated with multivessel CAD. Lp(a), OxPL-apoB, and OxPL-apo(a) are associated with incident cardiovascular events. (Catheter Sampled Blood Archive in Cardiovascular Diseases [CASABLANCA]; NCT00842868).

We report on a conceptual replication of Révész (2012) in order to investigate the idea whether learners provided with recasts do engage in different kinds of behavioral engagement as a function of their working memory and if/how this engagement comes to bear on performance on different measures. Engagement with recasts was measured through a coding method categorizing responses to the recasts running the gamut from: (1) no opportunity, (2) opportunity, but did not repeat, (3) repeated the recasted form, (4) negotiated the response, to (5) used the recasted form later in the discourse. Consistent with Révész (2012), though with lower effect sizes, the results showed that recasts were most conducive to gains on an oral task and less so on a written description task, but non-effective on a grammaticality judgment task. Furthermore, it was revealed that learners with a high phonological short-term memory were more prone to recast-induced engagement on an oral production task, whereas those enjoying a higher reading span were considerably less so. We propose that learner engagement be deemed more important in future interaction research.

The role of international arbitration in maintaining world peace and security has been largely through the peaceful settlement of international disputes as well as the development of arbitration precedents regarding international law governing the settlement of international disputes. Today, the growing role of non-state actors as new subjects of international law has become increasingly important. In addition, international and non-governmental organizations have played a constructive role in the gradual development of international law. In this study, by examining some important international arbitration cases, we seek to answer the question of How the International Arbitration has been influential in resolving disputes between governments and non-governmental actors and non-governmental actors with each other, in maintaining world peace and security and in developing international law. After analyzing the practice of international arbitration, the author comes to the general conclusion that when diplomatic efforts to resolve disputes are fruitless, the best and most effective solution is to refer to arbitration. In fact, the arbitration can resolve the dispute at an early stage and prevent it from escalating into hostilities. Accordingly, at the end of this research, suggestions addressed to the diplomatic system are also presented.

Background: Pregnancy is a sensitive time in women’s lives, as they experience numerous physical, psychological, and behavioral changes that can affect their sexual and marital relations. Due to the significance of this topic, the present study aimed to examine pregnant women’s experiences of sexual activity during pregnancy.Methods: The participants in this qualitative content analysis study were 23 pregnant women who visited hospitals in Babolsar, Iran (2019-2020) and were selected using purposive sampling. Following in-depth interviews, a semi-structured questionnaire guide was used to collect qualitative data. Data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. The MAXQDA 10 software was utilized for qualitative data analysis.Results: In the present study, pregnant women ranged in age from 19 to 35 years. The analysis of pregnant women’s experiences of sexual activity during pregnancy led to the identification of four categories including sexual changes perceived during pregnancy, strategies for coping with sexual changes during pregnancy, sexual changes leading to the couple’s development, and factors influencing sexual activity during pregnancy.Conclusion: During pregnancy, women observe various sexual changes in themselves and their partners, influenced by gestational age, medical disorders, physical changes, psychological and emotional factors, and underlying factors. Accordingly, it is recommended that couples be educated on sexual health during pregnancy which emphasizes the need for further research in this area.

Abstract Background During transportation many horses develop post‐transportation infection, which can be life‐threatening and end their sport career. Preventing mucus accumulation and inflammation during transportation is vital, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to enhance overall horse health welfare. Objectives Assess the impact of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on mucus accumulation and inflammation in horses subjected to 18 hours of head confinement. Animals Six healthy crossbred horses, 5.3 ± 2.1 years of age and weighing 387 ± 30 kg. Methods Prospective placebo‐controlled cross‐over design study. The horses' heads were restrained in their stalls for a period of 18 hours. They were studied under 4 conditions: Not confined (NC): before head confinement, placebo (P), and confined head (CH): 18 hours of head confinement without treatment, and N‐Acetylcysteine (NAC): 18 hours of head confinement treated with NAC before confinement (15 mg/kg/day NAC PO for 3 days). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in each condition. Mucus accumulation along the trachea was evaluated by endoscopy. Results Endoscopic scores were significantly different between CH and other conditions, whereas no significant differences were found among NC, P, and NAC. The BAL cell count (34 291 ± 2624 cells/μL), neutrophil and lymphocyte count (18 601 ± 3193 cells/μL and 3337.4 ± 593 cells/μL, respectively) in CH were significantly higher compared to NAC. Neutrophil percentage was significantly higher in CH (53.8 ± 8%) compared to horses that received NAC (20.08 ± 8%). Conversely, in comparison to NAC (66.33 ± 9%), the percentage of macrophages was significantly lower in CH (35.7 ± 10%). Conclusions N‐acetylcysteine was found to significantly decrease mucus accumulation and inflammatory cell counts in horses with head confinement.

Abstract Background Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) is a form of Stage B heart failure (HF) at high risk for progression to overt disease. Using baseline characteristics of study participants from the Aldose Reductase Inhibition for Stabilization of Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure (ARISE-HF) Trial we sought to characterize clinical characteristics of individuals with findings consistent with DbCM. Methods Among study participants meeting inclusion criteria, clinical characteristics, laboratory testing, imaging, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly (PASE) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) results were tabulated. Cluster phenogroups were identified. Results Among 691 study participants (mean age 67.4 years; 50% were female), mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was 14.5 years. The median (Q1, Q3) N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide and high sensitivity cardiac troponin T were 71 (35, 135) ng/L and 9 [6, 12] ng/L. The most common echocardiographic abnormalities were reduced global longitudinal strain in 25.3% and impaired diastolic relaxation in 17.7%. Despite rather well-preserved KCCQ scores the average PASE score was markedly impaired at 155 accompanied by an average maximal oxygen consumption of 15.7 mL/Kg/minute on CPET. In K-means clustering, 4 phenogroups were identified including a higher-risk group with more advanced age, greater elevation of cardiac biomarkers, and more prevalent evidence for diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusions Baseline data from the ARISE-HF Trial provide clinical characterization of individuals with T2DM and features of stage B HF, and may help clarify the diagnosis of DbCM. Trial Registration ARISE-HF, NCT04083339.

PurposeWe aimed to estimate the level and trend of plasma cholesterol and raised total cholesterol (TC > 200 mg/dl) prevalence at national and subnational level of Iran.MethodsNine national surveys and 27 studies, encompassing 3,505 unique points on over 500,000 adults, aged > 25 years with a report of laboratory measurement of TC were found. Age-spatio-temporal model and Gaussian Process Regression were used to estimate mean TC for each sex, 5-year age groups, and 31 provinces from 1990 to 2016.ResultsAt national level, age-standardized prevalence of TC > 200 mg/dL has decreased from 57·2%(53·3-61·1) to 22·4%(20·5-24·3) in women and 53·2%(49·1-57·3) to 18·0%(16·4-19·6) in men. TC distribution presented a condensation between 170-200 mg/dL. At subnational level, decreasing and converging patterns of raised TC prevalence were detected.ConclusionThe decrease in raised TC is likely the result of statin widespread use, food industry improvements, and the expanded primary health care.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01052-w.

Acetylcholine is widely believed to modulate the release of dopamine in the striatum of mammals. Experiments in brain slices clearly show that synchronous activation of striatal cholinergic interneurons is sufficient to drive dopamine release via axo-axonal stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However, evidence for this mechanism in vivo has been less forthcoming. Mohebi, Collins and Berke recently reported that, in awake behaving rats, optogenetic activation of striatal cholinergic interneurons with blue light readily evokes dopamine release measured with the red fluorescent sensor RdLight1 (Mohebi et al., 2023). Here, we show that blue light alone alters the fluorescent properties of RdLight1 in a manner that may be misconstrued as phasic dopamine release, and that this artefactual photoactivation can account for the effects attributed to cholinergic interneurons. Our findings indicate that measurements of dopamine using the red-shifted fluorescent sensor RdLight1 should be interpreted with caution when combined with optogenetics. In light of this and other publications that did not observe large acetylcholine-evoked dopamine transients in vivo, the conditions under which such release occurs in behaving animals remain unknown.

Abstract Background Medication safety competence is very important as one of the clinical skills among nursing students to provide safe nursing care. The lack of medication safety competence in nursing students leads to occurrence of medication errors subsequently jeopardizing patient safety. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate safe nursing care and medication safety competence among nursing students in the south of Iran. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted from September to December 2022. The research population included nursing students of three universities of medical sciences in Fars Province, Southern Iran. A total of 310 nursing students who were selected through convenience sampling participated in the study. The data collection instruments consisted of a demographics survey, Medication Safety Competence Scale (MSCS), and a Safe Nursing Care Scale (SNCS). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Independent t-test, Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient). The data were analyzed in SPSS 23 and the level of significance was considered 0.05. Results The mean age of the participants was 22.53 ± 1.69 years. The total mean scores for medication safety competence and safe nursing care were found to be 111.97 ± 11.85 and 105.12 ± 11.64, respectively. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between safe nursing care and medication safety competence (r = 0.084, P

Most rocks in nature are porous and usually saturated with different fluids such as water, oil, and gas. The conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs are mainly associated with sedimentary formations. The main rocks of these reservoirs are sandstone (porous rock), limestone and oil shale (tight rock), which are associated with varying porosity. Hence, porosity serves as a fundamental parameter for most reservoir rocks. In this research, the effect of porosity on the mechanical behaviour of geo-materials and its fatigue behaviour was investigated. For this purpose, a total of five geo-material sample groups with varying porosities were prepared and designated, i.e. groups A, B, C, D, and E. Group A exhibited the highest porosity 20-21.5%, while group E had the lowest porosity 2-3%, respectively. The conventional quasi-static strength tests and cycle loading tests with constant frequency and amplitude were performed on the samples and different results were obtained. The samples belonging to group E, with the lowest porosity (2-3%), exhibited the highest mechanical strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness values and the lowest Poisson's ratio compared to those of higher porosity samples. During the cyclic loading period, the fatigue stress-life graph of the E group has the lowest slope compared to the other groups. It means that the slope of the graph increases as the porosity increases in all groups. Therefore, the E group has the lowest porosity and the longest fatigue life time, i.e. porosity and fatigue resistance have an inverse correlation.