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Since the beginning of the year 2020, Malaysia has been gravely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic where to date over four million of its population have been infected with the virus. At the time of writing this paper, the number of infections is still alarming. This situation undoubtedly places a strain on the healthcare system, particularly on healthcare professionals who have been entrusted to treat COVID-19 patients. Treating a high number of patients in an unprecedented situation may pose a challenge for doctors to fulfil their legal duties that arise from the usual doctor-patient relationship particularly in discharging the established standard of care imposed by the law. This is the main issue that this paper seeks to explore. In addition, this paper also examines doctors’ duty of care towards non-COVID-19 patients amidst limited medical resources and policy consideration that inevitably causes a delay in giving medical treatments and elective surgeries. In answering these questions, the method employed in this paper is qualitative analysis. In conclusion, it is suggested that keeping up to the established standard of care is crucial in maintaining public confidence in the medical profession and also to protect public health and welfare. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; Hospital Resources; Medical law; Negligence; Standard of Care.

Kanak-kanak merupakan modal insan yang signifikan terhadap sesebuah negara. Oleh hal yang demikian, perlindungan terhadap kanak-kanak daripada pengabaian, penderaan, keganasan dan eksploitasi adalah satu aspek penting dan perlu diberi keutamaan. Malaysia telah digemparkan dengan kes-kes penderaan yang telah berlaku dalam sesebuah institusi kekeluargaan dan sehingga suku tahun pertama 2021, sebanyak 2,040 kes penderaan telah direkodkan dilaporkan. Terdapat empat keadaan penderaan yang berlaku terhadap kanak-kanak iaitu penderaan fizikal, pengabaian, seksual dan emosi. Berbeza dengan penderaan yang boleh dilihat kesannya secara pandangan mata kasar, penderaan emosi ini dilihat seakan-akan tidak diambil berat oleh setiap masyarakat. Objektif penulisan ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti sejauh manakah penderaan emosi terhadap kanak-kanak berlaku. Objektif kedua adalah untuk menganalisis statistik kes-kes yang menyentuh isu penderaan emosi kanak-kanak. Penulisan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan menyoroti literatur dari dalam dan luar negara berpandukan sumber primer dan sekunder yang membincangkan isu penderaan terhadap kanak-kanak. Hasil dapatan daripada penulisan ini menunjukkan wujud peningkatan kes penderaan secara umum serta khusus kepada penderaan emosi terhadap kanak-kanak dari selain wujud keperluan agar penguatkuasaan undang-undang diperketatkan agar masalah penderaan emosi kanak-kanak dapat dibendung. Kesimpulannya, hasil daripada penulisan ini akan memberikan pendedahan tentang bagaimana statistik kes-kes penderaan kanak-kanak berfungsi sebagai kayu ukur agar pihak kerajaan, penguatkuasa dan masyarakatnya dapat membendung masalah penderaan kanak-kanak daripada terus meningkat terutamanya dalam konteks penderaan emosi semasa pandemik COVID-19. Selanjutnya, penguatkuasaan undang-undang perlu diperketatkan dengan berkesan dan holistik.

The purpose of this research study aims to dissect the concept of Breach of contract in the civil law of two countries between Indonesia and Malaysia. As a country that has a different legal system but also recognizes Breach of contract or breaking promises in civil relations. In this research method, the type of research that the author uses is normative research. The nature of the research in this paper is the nature of comparative descriptive research. The approach used in this legal research is the statute approach, and the conceptual approach. The results of the study found that the Breach of contract in Indonesian civil law. This is a deviant act committed by one of the parties to the agreement from what was previously agreed without coercion which can result in losses for the opposing party and default in civil law in Malaysia as regulated in the 1950 Contract Law which is called Contract impossibility, a contract may be terminated. If the contracting parties fail to carry out the responsibilities contained in the contract.

In the principle of informed consent, doctors were obliged to establish communication with patients before carrying out medical treatments. Information from the doctor became a guideline or consideration for patients in making a choice (freedom to choose) and gave approval to the doctor to carry out medical action to them. The obligation of doctors to effectively communicate has been regulated in Article 35 and Article 45 of Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice and further strengthened by Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 290/ Menkes/ Per/ III/ 2008 concerning Approval of Medical Measures. The effectiveness of communication in health services was an act of caution in medical treatments. Before the medical treatment was carried out, the patient should already knew about the disease, the chances of healing, the risk of medical treatment and the patients were also given alternative methods of other treatments so that the patients has information about the illness and therapy that doctors would do. If communication between patients and doctors is effective, it could prevent medical malpractice.

Purpose This study aims to make some contribution to the process of corporate compliance governance in China. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts qualitative method, literature research, case analysis and comparative methods to explore the Chinese compliance governance model in the field of collusive bidding crimes. Findings In the process of criminal prosecution of enterprises suspected of committing crimes, the judicial authorities should promote the restoration of normal production and operation of corporate enterprises by promoting the construction of corporate compliance, which is conducive to solving the difficult problem of attribution of collusive bidding crimes. In addition, corporate compliance under prosecutorial supervision is also conducive to optimizing the regulatory path of collusive bidding and achieving more effective prevention and control of unit crimes in the mode of co-regulation between the state and corporate. Originality/value Compliance governance corporate crime is at a nascent stage in China, and this study seeks to provide some reference for future compliance review governance in China through the analysis of specific business crime cases.

Purpose Corporate gift-giving and hospitality are some of the high-risk areas for corruption. This paper aims to see comparisons between the Malaysian Ministerial Guidelines and the UK Guidance and to analyse whether the guideline in Malaysia is adequate in dealing with corporate gift-giving and hospitality. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used in this paper is qualitative research which is based on data collection through online searches, legal databases, information obtained from articles, books, statutes and related government publications. Findings The findings show that the statutory guideline in Malaysia is immature, still not adequate, and lacks detailed regulations in determining gifts and hospitality as corruption (unclear boundary), as compared to the UK law which is more detailed. Originality/value This paper explains on comparison of corporate gift giving and hospitality practise in Malaysia and the UK based on the statutory guidelines.

Purpose The objectives of this study are to analyse the present Malaysian law regarding money laundering, to identify advantages and disadvantages of the current anti-money laundering law, to analyse its impact on the public sector and the private sector and to make recommendations on any improvements that should be made. Design/methodology/approach This study will use a qualitative method where the literature review method applies to collect primary and secondary data regarding anti-money laundering laws. Data has been collected from the various provisions of laws and text reading, such as books, articles, journals, law cases and thesis regarding anti-money laundering laws and those analysed with the content analysis method and the critical analysis method. Findings This study found that Malaysia has one law regarding anti-money laundering and they have control over individual and corporate entities in Malaysia. Originality/value This study found that Malaysia has one law regarding anti-money laundering and they have control over individual and corporate entities in Malaysia.

Perlakuan buli telah menjadi suatu fenomena yang merisaukan sejak akhir-akhir ini. Terdapat banyak kes buli di Malaysia yang dilaporkan di media-media massa dan elektronik. Apa yang lebih membimbangkan ialah perlakuan membuli di negara ini berlaku dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah rendah dan menengah. Penulisan ini mengupas permasalahan dari perspektif prinsip asas syariah. Penulisan ini adalah berasaskan kepada suatu kajian perundangan tulin yang bercirikan kualitatif. Sumber-sumber berkaitan buli dan prinsip-prinsip syariah yang berkaitan dikumpul melalui kajian perpustakaan. Semua bahan berkaitan buli dalam bentuk buku, manuskrip mahupun artikel dalam jurnal telah semuanya dianalisis dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan dan analisis kritis. Secara objektifnya, penulisan ini pertamanya menganalisis prinsip akhlak menurut syariah dan bagaimana kehidupan berakhlak itu bertunjangkan kepada akidah dan takwa. Keduanya, ia mengenal pasti kepincangan akhlak yang membawa kepada perlakuan membuli adalah sebenarnya berpunca dari kepincangan akidah dan taqwa dalam diri pembuli. Ketiganya, penulisan ini turut mencadangkan penyelesaian perundangan dengan mencadangkan pembentukan ‘standard operating procedure’ atau SOP serta modul khusus. Ianya turut menegaskan bahawa sebarang pembentukan SOP dan modul untuk memerangi gejala buli adalah selari dengan prinsip syariah. Diharapkan agar penulisan ini berupaya memberikan penjelasan yang lebih baik tentang perlakuan membuli dari perspektif syariah dan apakah yang boleh dilakukan dalam membendung gejala yang merisaukan ini.

Lockdowns were among the control measures taken by many countries to hinder the virus from rapidly spreading. Public places had to be closed, including schools, as children are among the vulnerable groups that must always be protected. The primary purpose of this article is to explain children’s rights to education based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDG 2030). This article further investigates the consequences of COVID-19 lockdowns for ensuring that privilege for children. The article applies a qualitative method and observed that the lockdown strategy created challenges for all children with respect to receiving education, as the traditional learning pedagogy involving face-to-face meetings forcibly replaced by online learning. The principle of the best interest of the child is a primary consideration. In conclusion, governments must be responsible for providing all necessities to support education for all children, which is essential for human development.

In 2021, the Indonesian Constitutional Court decided conditionally unconstitutional in the review of the Job Creation Law. It was among a few decisions made by the Constitutional Court to accept a formal review, even if some dissenting opinions followed it. While the decision has largely influenced a wide array of regulatory laws because the Job Creation Law adopts the omnibus law model, the pivotal issue in this paper rests on the legal basis for investment in Indonesia after this decision. Firstly, it enquired whether the Constitutional Court exceeded its power for a procedural judicial review against the Job Creation Law. Second, it discussed the legal basis for investment in Indonesia after the Constitutional Court's Decision No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020. Using normative research, the results showed that with the conditional unconstitutional decision, the Indonesian investment world would experience legal uncertainty for the next two years, especially new businesses, licensing, and investments with the enactment of the Job Creation Law. In particular, if the legislative branch failed to improve this law over two years, businesses, licensing, and investments in Indonesia might have no legal basis, resulting in the uncertain situation of the government’s desire to realize the friendly investment.

Perlindungan imunisasi merangkumi program vaksinasi yang penting untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit dalam kalangan masyarakat atau mereka yang mempunyai sistem imun yang rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, kes penyakit berjangkit, seperti COVID-19 telah meningkat secara mendadak di seluruh dunia, termasuk Malaysia. Peningkatan ini, antara lain, disebabkan oleh pengabaian tatacara pengendalian piawai atau pergerakan kumpulan tertentu yang tidak mempercayai keberkesanan vaksin. Dalam isu pemberian vaksin, terdapat tiga isu yang perlu diteliti. Pertama, adakah vaksin berkesan dalam melindungi badan seseorang individu? Kedua, adakah vaksin diwajibkan untuk setiap individu di dalam negara? Ketiga, adakah terdapat pampasan tertentu sekiranya individu yang di vaksin mengalami kecederaan kesan suntikan vaksin tersebut? Penulisan ini membincangkan dan menganalisis isu-isu dan kerangka kerja sedia ada tentang pemberian vaksin di Malaysia. Selain itu, penulisan ini juga menganalisis rujukan amalan dan pelaksanaan program imunisasi kepada masyarakat di Amerika Syarikat. Selanjutnya, penulisan ini menyoroti isu-isu tentang vaksinasi sama ada wujud pelanggaran kebebasan dan hak asasi manusia yang termaktub dalam instrumen perundangan. Penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menganalisis dokumen dan instrumen perundangan di Malaysia dan antarabangsa yang berkaitan dengan konteks suntikan vaksin dan isu hak asasi manusia. Penulisan ini mendapati bahawa isu berkaitan suntikan vaksin wajar diberikan perhatian penuh dan penyelesaian terbaik adalah suatu yang menjadi kemestian. Dapatan daripada penulisan ini penting untuk memberikan panduan kepada pembuat dasar dan penggubal undang-undang bagi melihat keperluan pembaharuan undang-undang yang menjamin hak asasi dalam konteks pemberian vaksin di Malaysia.

Mayapada, dunia semakin moden dengan kehadiran sains dan teknologi. Permasalahan kajian dilihat berkait rapat dengan isu perkembangan teknologi dalam bidang perubatan ini, iaitu sama ada ia mendatangkan manfaat atau mudarat kepada seseorang pesakit. Maka, wujud tiga persoalan daripada permasalahan ini. Pertama, adakah teknologi dalam bidang perubatan memberikan manfaat? Kedua, adakah eutanasia dibenarkan menurut undang-undang dan etika perubatan? Ketiga, adakah pesakit berhak untuk memberikan keizinan terhadap rawatan perubatan? Objektif penulisan ini adalah untuk menganalisis sejauh manakah eutanasia dari sudut undang-undang dan etika perubatan dibenarkan. Selain itu, kelima-lima jenis eutanasia akan dibincangkan bagi meneliti fungsi dan tujuannya secara tuntas. Penulisan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan menyoroti literatur dari dalam dan luar negara berpandukan sumber primer dan sekunder yang membincangkan isu eutanasia. Hasil dapatan daripada penulisan ini menunjukkan wujud kekaburan dari segi undang-undang dan etika perubatan di Malaysia. Intihanya, penulisan ini mencadangkan terdapat keperluan berkaitan mekanisme yang lebih jelas dari aspek undang-undang dan etika perubatan berkaitan eutanasia di Malaysia.

Secara umumnya, perintah reman merupakan antara proses yang penting dalam sistem pentadbiran keadilan jenayah di Malaysia. Perintah reman digunakan sekiranya terdapat alasan yang kukuh bahawa penyiasatan tidak dapat dilengkapkan oleh pihak berkuasa dalam tempoh dua puluh empat jam. Namun begitu, perintah reman sering kali disalahgunakan oleh pihak berkuasa bagi motif yang berlainan tanpa mengambil kira tujuan asal perintah reman diberikan. Oleh itu, suspek yang berada dalam tahanan polis sering kali terdedah kepada pelbagai ancaman dan seksaan pihak berkuasa, seperti pemukulan yang merupakan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang serius. Sehubungan dengan itu, artikel bertujuan untuk mengupas takrifan reman dari pelbagai perspektif. Selain itu, artikel ini akan menilai peruntukan undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan reman di bawah Kanun Tatacara Jenayah di Malaysia. Selanjutnya, artikel ini akan memfokuskan perbincangan kepada isu-isu yang timbul akibat penyalahgunaan tatacara reman di bawah undang-undang di Malaysia. Kes-kes yang relevan berkaitan dengan penahanan reman juga akan dikupas dalam artikel ini. Oleh itu, artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat perundangan tulen. Berdasarkan analisis kes-kes yang berkaitan dengan reman, dapat dilihat bahawa terdapat kelemahan dalam undang-undang berhubungan dengan reman di Malaysia, terutamanya dari segi tempoh penahanan seseorang suspek. Undang-undang berkaitan dengan reman di Malaysia juga tidak komprehensif kerana tidak mengambil kira isu-isu terkini, seperti reman berantai. Oleh hal yang demikian, kekangan dan kelemahan dalam undang-undang reman di Malaysia haruslah diatasi secepat mungkin bagi mengelakkan penyalahgunaan proses reman dan penganiyaan yang berterusan terhadap seseorang suspek.

One of the most common forms of evidence used by the Public Prosecutor in a courtroom to prove a case is DNA evidence. The DNA evidence process started when the police collected the physical evidence relevant to the alleged offence at the crime scene. The collected evidence will then usually be sent to the Department of Chemistry Malaysia for DNA analysis. The chemist will extract the DNA from the relevant physical evidence by using specific techniques. The outcome of the analysis will be used to complete the investigation of the case. Being an independent organization, the Chemistry Department strives to provide impartial forensic science analysis. Thus, from the analysis, sometimes DNA evidence does not necessarily implicate the accused with the alleged offence but may also disclose the involvement of a third party in the alleged offence that may cast doubt on the prosecution’s case. This can be seen in the Federal Court’s case of Public Prosecutor v Hanif Basree Abdul Rahman [2008] 4 CLJ 1. The evidence will then be presented by the prosecution before the court to assist judges in making the right decisions. This indicates the important role played by an expert in the court decision making process. In this context, questions always arise as to the probative value of DNA evidence given by experts in the courtroom. Can the court convict a person solely on DNA evidence? This article focuses on the position of DNA experts in Malaysia under section 45 of the Evidence Act 1950. It was found that although the DNA evidence is given by the experts, the probative value depends on the nature of the evidence itself.

Setiap pesakit berhak menentukan apa yang beliau mahu atau tidak mahu dilakukan ke atas tubuh badan mereka. Perbincangan tentang hak pesakit bagi meneruskan atau meninggalkan rawatan perubatan akan memberi kesan kepada hak mereka untuk kekal hidup atau tidak. Huraian tentang hak pesakit telah dinyatakan dalam Piagam Pesakit, Persatuan Perubatan Malaysia (MMA). Dalam keadaan ini, keizinan pesakit menjadi faktor penting sama ada doktor dibenarkan meneruskan rawatan perubatan terhadap pesakit atau tidak. Arahan Awal Perubatan (AMD) adalah satu dokumen khusus bagi menyatakan kehendak pesakit berkeupayaan sama ada ingin meneruskan atau meninggalkan rawatan perubatan tentang pelan perubatan masa hadapannya sekiranya beliau menjadi tidak berkeupayaan. Rujukan di England dibuat dan keputusannya mendapati bahawa terdapat suatu peruntukan perundangan khusus berhubung dengan AMD. Berbanding dengan Malaysia, AMD masih dianggap bukan perkara lazim dan kedudukannya dalam aspek perundangan masih tidak jelas. Maka, objektif artikel ini adalah membincangkan hak-hak pesakit dewasa dengan mengambil kira AMD di Malaysia dan asas undang-undang yang berkaitan dengannya. Kaedah yang digunakan di dalam artikel ini adalah kualitatif. Keputusan daripada penulisan kertas ini dapat memberi gambaran yang lebih jelas tentang hak pesakit dewasa berhubung dengan perlaksanaan AMD di Malaysia.

People fly for several reasons. One of the goals is to obtain medical attention. This idea is known as “medical tourism.” In defending this concept, the notion of medical tourism is one of the prospects of increasing industries that have rapidly grown in Malaysia and other countries. One of the factors that led to this trend is the propensity to pursue better medical care at a lower cost. Around the same time, certain patients in modern society have begun to provide input on their medical care in cases where they are unable to give consent. Advance Medical Directive (AMD) is a particular directive containing the desires of a knowledgeable patient regarding his or her future medical plans if he or she becomes incompetent or unable to make any decisions regarding his or her body. However, the concern that arises in the sense of medical tourism is whether there are applicable laws in Malaysia that will ensure that the AMD of patients is enforced. The art of AMD is still relatively new in the country and, as a result, the legal status on the AMD is still vague and uncertain. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to define the laws that can be applied in relation to AMD in the context of medical tourism. The approach used in this article is qualitative. It found that Malaysia did not have a clear legal framework for AMD within the scope of medical tourism. This article concludes that this legal challenge can be overcome by means of the special AMD regulations on medical tourism in Malaysia.

The right to health is recognised as a fundamental human right in the World Health Organisation (WHO) Constitution. In Malaysia, the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is a fundamental human right without discrimination for every human being. Consequently, the principle of the "right to health," regardless of the legal status of an individual, is the driving force in creating acceptable standards of health care for all citizens. Even for individual who suffers from Covid-19, he still has a fundamental right to health. The issue of the right to health is whether the patients have any rights of their health? If they do have the right to health, the next issue is whether the hospitals are legally bound to follow such right, i.e. the right to health of the patients. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse and discuss the issues regarding the rights to health of the patients. Without the legal mechanism in recognising the right to health, it pointed out that is no such right. The method employed in this paper is qualitative based. The paper finds that although Malaysia does not have any specific legal framework about the right to health, the application of international legal mechanism can be referred to a guideline. Thus, it is important to have a specific legal framework by applying international legal mechanism in order to address this issue. © 2021 Universiti Putra Malaysia. All rights reserved.