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The depletion of fossil fuels and their market inequality have led to the popularity of biofuels. Biofuels are a renewable energy source which can be a promising solution to the environmental issues created by fossil fuels. The emission of greenhouse gases and fluctuating prices of fossil fuels have put pressure on developing countries and small economic nations. Thus, one of the main concerns is the production of bio jet fuel from renewable resources, with a relatively low greenhouse gas life cycle and sustainability with affordable prices. Therefore, it is imperative to introduce and produce alternative aviation fuels generated from sustainable resources, specifically biofuels. In this study, we have reviewed alternative aviation fuels and their sources. We have also outlined the selection criteria for alternative aviation fuels along with discussing the sources that can be potentially used as fuel for the aviation industry.

This paper explores the thermal characterization of eggshell composition at different sizes and concentrations in glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites as a potential flame retardants material. The eggshell powder (ESP) with different sizes (53 μm and 100 μm) and concentrations (10 wt% and 30 wt% ) was mixed with epoxy and laminated with four layers of 800 gsm E-glass. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) has been performed to analyze the thermal properties of the GFRP laminates. The finding reveals that incorporating the ESP in the GFRP composites material does not affect the epoxy matrix’s thermal properties as all the trails deteriorate between 450 °C to 480 °C. The combination of 100 μm filler size and 30 wt% ESP improved the fire resistance by 4.68% when compared to 53 μm size and 30 wt% ESP. In addition, the increment of filler loading from 10 wt% to 30 wt% of the 100 μm filler size showed an improvement of 10.9%. This concludes the potential of ESP as a fire retardant material.

Composite holds great promise for future materials considering its advantages such as excellent strength, stiffness, lightweight, and cost-effectiveness. Due to rising environmental concerns, the research speed gradually changes from synthetic polymer composites to natural fibre reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs). Natural fibres are believed a valuable and robust replacement to synthetic silicates and carbon-based fibres, along with biodegradability, recyclability, low cost, and eco-friendliness. But the incompatibility between natural fibre and polymer matrices and higher moisture absorption percentage of natural fibre limitise their applications. To overcome these flaws, surface treatment of natural fibre and nanofiller addition have become some of the most important aspects to improve the performance of NFRPCs. This review article provides the most recent development on the effect of different nanofiller addition and surface treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and wetting behaviour of NFRPCs. It concludes that the fibre surface treatment and nanofillers in natural fibre polymer composites positively affect mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties. A systematic understanding in this field covers advanced research basics to stimulate investigation for fabricating NFRPCs with excellent performance.

The electrospray deposition (ESD) method was used to deposit carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto the surface of glass fiber (GF). The morphology of the hybrid CNTs-GF was analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope, and the images indicated that the CNTs were uniformly and homogenously deposited onto the GF’s surface. Laminated composite based on GF and hybrid CNTs-GF were then fabricated via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. The mode I interlaminar fracture toughness was measured using the double cantilever beam test method. The hybrid CNTs-GF showed a 34% increase in fracture toughness relative to the control sample. The mechanism of interlaminar fracture toughness enhancement was elucidated via fractography, where fiber bridging, adhesive and cohesive failures, hackles, and coarse matrix surface were observed along the crack pathways.

Hollow glass microsphere (HGM) filled jute composites were fabricated using woven comingled fabric. Tensile, drop weight impact and Charpy impact tests were conducted to study the effects of HGM to the jute laminates. The tensile properties were enhanced with the addition of 1.5 % HGM (19 % tensile strength and 6 % modulus) while further addition of HGM up to 3 % decreased the tensile properties (16 % tensile strength and 19 % modulus). The impact strength was improved by 10 % with the incorporation of 1.5 % HGM and an increase of 19 % was observed in the 3 % HGM composites compared to the control composites.

The growth of the application of electronic devices has created a new form of pollution known as noise or radio frequency interference, electromagnetic radiation, or electromagnetic interference (EMI), which results in the malfunction of equipment. A new carbon-based polymer composite has been unlocked through the discovery of polymer composites. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown potential as reinforcement fillers in polymer to enhance an EMI shielding material owing to their large specific surface area, well-defined 3D networking structure, and unique electronic structure. The main focus of this review is the role of CNT as fillers in intrinsic conducting polymer and conducting polymer composite. The factors that influence EMI shielding performance are also included in this review. The roles of the size; shape; and electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties of nanomaterials in tuning the EMI shielding effectiveness of polymer hybrid are emphasized. The structural design of CNT polymer composite has been reviewed as well. Future research direction has been proposed to overcome the current technological limitations and realize the most advanced EMI shielding materials for future use. The composites have a potential to replace traditional shielding materials owing to their advantageous properties.