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Hydroquinone is a widely used derivative of phenol which has a negative influence on human beings and the environment. The determination of the accurate amount of hydroquinone is of great importance. Recently, the fabrication of an electrochemical sensing device has received enormous attention. In this study, we reported on the facile synthesis of cerium dioxide (CeO

Polypyrrole titanium(IV)sulphosalicylophosphate (PPy-TSP) cation exchange nanocomposite was synthesized by in situ oxidative polymerization method. PPy-TSP membrane was prepared by solution casting method shows good results for ion-exchange capacity (IEC 0.91 meq/g), water content, porosity, thickness and swelling. Sorption behavior of five metal ions (Cu 2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cr3+) by PPy-TSP was performed by distribution coefficient (Kd Values) and by DC electrical conductivity measurement using four probe conductivity meter . On the basis of high Kd Values and DC electrical conductivity for Pb 2+ ion, a Pb2+ ion selective electrode was fabricated. The structure and morphology of the prepared membrane was ascertained by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis. The electrode shows best results in concentration range from 1 × 10 −1 M L−1 to 1 × 10−8 M L−1 of Pb2+ ion. The working pH range of the electrode is 3.0–7.0. The selectivity coefficients values for interfering ions also indicate good selectivity for Pb 2+ over interfering anions.

The undecorated changes in the environment and increased energy demand affecting the traditional fossil fuels. The production of molecular hydrogen/oxygen using water splitting attracted the researchers globally. The presence of catalysts in the water splitting reactions plays a crucial role. There are two different reactions takes place which generated the hydrogen and oxygen on the water splitting process. The catalysts should have better redox ability for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. Previously, different kinds of novel catalysts such as Ru, Ir, Pt and Au etc. were employed for the efficient water splitting process. These employed catalysts are precious therefore, it is required to design and fabricate the low cost catalysts for water splitting processes. The catalysts also control the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions. Nanostructured materials are being used in various electrochemical applications such as batteries and supercapacitors. The employed nanostructured materials have shown excellent results in such devices. Therefore, researchers working on water splitting process have also employed nanostructured and other hybrid composites in water splitting applications. Hence, we have reviewed the recent advances in the development of electrodes for water splitting applications.

In the last few decades, the energy demand has been increased dramatically. Different forms of energy have utilized to fulfill the energy requirements. Solar energy has been proven an effective and highly efficient energy source which has the potential to fulfill the energy requirements in the future. Previously, various kind of solar cells have been developed. In 2013, organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite materials have emerged as a rising star in the field of photovoltaics. The methyl ammonium lead halide perovskite structures were employed as visible light sensitizer for the development of highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In 2018, the highest power conversion efficiency of 23.7% was achieved for methyl ammonium lead halide based PSCs. This obtained highest power conversion efficiency makes them superior over other solar cells. The PSCs can be employed for practical uses, if their long term stability improved by utilizing some novel strategies. In this chapter, we have discussed the optoelectronic properties of the perovskite materials, construction of PSCs and recent advances in the electron transport layers for the fabrication of PSCs.

A novel Poly-1-napthylamine-titanium(IV)sulphosalicylophosphate (PNA-TSP) cation exchange nanocomposite was synthesized by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of 1-naphthylamine in the presence of titanium(IV)sulphosalicylophosphate (TSP) nanoparticles. PNA-TSP doped with silver nanoparticles was synthesized by chemical reduction method. Synthesis of PNA-TSP and Ag/PNA-TSP was confirmed by FTIR, FE-SEM, XRD, TGA and EDX characterization techniques. Nanocomposite showed good ion-exchange capacity (IEC) (2.20 meq g−1) and enhanced DC electrical conductivity from 0.163 S/cm (PNA-TSP) to 0.7112 S/cm (Ag/PNA-TSP). Ag/PNA-TSP nanocomposite based sensor was fabricated for the detection of tetrahydrofuran vapours over the concentration range from 0.1 M (vapour concentration 2.90%) to 0.7 M (vapour concentration 4.24%) tetrahydrofuran solution.

A novel electrically conductive Polyaniline-titanium(IV)sulphosalicylophosphate (Pani-TSP) cation exchange nanocomposite has been synthesized by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of Titanium(IV)sulphosalicylophosphate (TSP) nanoparticles. Pani-TSP was characterized by various instrumentation techniques like FTIR, FE-SEM, XRD, TGA, DTA, DTG and EDX. Characterization results confirms that synthesis of Pani-TSP was successfully achieved. Pani-TSP shows good ion-exchange capacity (IEC) (2.15 meqg−1) as well as electrical conductivity (1.531 S/cm) and isothermal stability in terms of DC electrical conductivity retention under ambient condition up to 110 °C. Pani-TSP cation exchange nanocomposite based sensor was fabricated for the detection of methylamine and ethylamine vapours at room temperature. Sensing performance of nanocomposite was checked over the concentration range from 0.1 M (vapour concentration 3.20%) to 0.7 M (vapour concentration 4.65%) aqueous amine. The rate of reaction of amines vapour sensing on Pani-TSP was determined as first order for methylamine and ethylamine vapours which suggest that rate of change in resistivity response is mainly due to amine vapours.

Using Al, Al2O3 and SiC, different types of composites have been prepared in this experiment. Green compacts of Al composites were made at a compressing load of 1 ton and 2 ton respectively. These compacts were sintered at two different sintering temperatures of 400 °C and 450 °C in an oxygen free environment using muffle furnace for one hour followed by annealing process which took 12 hours. Sintered compacts were then sintered to micro structural examination and mechanical properties evaluation. Higher hardness has been attained for the composites containing 2.5 SiC. Attempts have been made to describe the influence of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al Al2O3 SiC composites. Samples are prepared of 100 Al, 97.5 Al 2.5 Al2O3, 92.5 Al 7.5 Al2O3, 95 Al 2.5 Al2O3 - 2.5 SiC, 92.5 Al 5 Al2O3 - 2.5 SiC, 95 Al - 5 Al2O3. The main objective of this experiment is to determine the factors that can increase hardness of Al composites. Mohd Quasim Khan "Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25073.pdf

Polypyrrole-Zr(IV) phosphate (PPyZP) composite cation exchange material was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole with the help of FeCl3 as oxidant in the presence of Zr(IV) phosphate particles. On the basis of distribution studies, it was found to be highly selective for Pb2+. Using PPyZP composite exchanger, a cation exchange membrane was prepared by solution-casting method. PPyZP composite and its membrane were characterized by the following instrumentation techniques: XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TGA. A Pb2+-selective membrane electrode with linear sensitive range from 3.2 × 10−6 M to 1.0 × 10−1 M, working pH range from 4 to 7, and response time of 40 s was fabricated. The kinetic studies on electrode were done at 40, 60, and 80 °C to calculate D 0, ΔE a, ΔS°, ΔH°, and ΔG°. The selectivity coefficient of electrode with other interfering ions was also calculated. The analytical utility of PPyZP electrode was established by employing it as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Pb2+.

This study aims to investigate the solidification characteristics of water based nanofluid NFPCM (Nanofluid phase change material) with an aim to form an efficient CTES (Cool Thermal Energy Storage) system. Here we have taken base PCM as deionized water and Graphene is taken as nanoparticle because of its property of high thermal conductivity. The PCM was prepared by adding surfactant (0.2wt%) which is used to reduce the surface tension of the solution and then various concentration of graphene nanoparticle are added i.e. 0.2wt% and 0.4wt%, and the effect in solidification time and reduction of sub cooling is seen and studied. The enhanced heat transfer rate of NFPCM without sub cooling is advantageous for many CTES applications. So, finally it is constructed from experimental results that by embedding this technology with chiller systems which is used to cool large spaces can help us to conquer our motive to save energy and provide effective and efficient cooling.

Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources has led to find alternative fuels that are compatible with internal combustion engines. This paper presents the study of performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with pine oil and cotton seed oil blended in the blending ratio 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70 respectively. The experiment was carried out in four stroke single cylinder diesel engine by varying the load from 0% to 80%. The result shows the blend of cotton oil and pine oil used as a fuel has increased the brake thermal efficiency with reduction in exhaust gas temperature and specific fuel consumption. By using different blends, it shows the reduction in emission parameters such as CO, CO2, NOX and smoke and yields satisfactory results.

The internal combustion engines used in cars have maximum 25%-30% efficiency and rest of the heat energy burned in combustion chamber goes into the exhaust and then to the atmosphere. This led to the increase in harmful gases emission and increase in global warming and environmental problems. This has led to put efforts on improving the efficiency of any industrial process being a priority. In order to use the waste heat of car's exhaust thermoelectric generators are first priority. It is a solid state device which converts the heat energy available in car's exhaust into electrical energy which is then used to increase the performance of a car. The efficiency of a TEG is 4-5% which is quite low but it is not a big issue because this technology uses free heat; heat energy of no cost as an input and due to the benefits of TEG's it has become a promising alternative green technology. The installation position and thermoelectric materials plays a vital role in improving the efficiency.

In the present study an organic-inorganic nanocomposite ion exchanger Polyindole-Ce(IV) vanadophosphate (PIn-CVP) was synthesized via sol-gel process showing excellent ion exchange capacity (IEC?1.90 meqg-1). The material was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA. A heterogeneous ion exchange membrane of PIn-CVP (IEC?0.90 meqg-1) was also prepared by solution casting method. PIn-CVP shows high electrical conductivity (5.5 × 10-2 S cm-1) and it is stable up to 120 °C under ambient conditions. Cd2+ selective membrane electrode was fabricated and its linear working range (3.98 × 10-7 M to 1.0 × 10-1 M), response time (25 s), Nerstian slope 25.00 mV dec-1 and working pH range (4-7) were calculated. It was employed as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Cd2+.