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In the present study, stereoregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) coated hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-OH) nanocomposites were prepared over different reaction times of non-covalent functionalization. The reaction time was set as 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. The structure and optical characteristics of nanocomposites were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, respectively. Reaction time affected prepared nanocomposites by decreasing the intensity of the P3HT/MWCNT-OH peaks gradually with increasing of the reaction time. Comparing with the pure P3HT and MWCNT-OH, the calculated energy band gap and the Urbach energy of the nanocomposites were reduced proportionally as the reaction time reached 120 hours and achieved 2.60 and 0.329 eV, respectively.

This paper presents a structural analysis of various methods to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) from Nata de Coco (Acetobacter xyllinum). BC sheet, BC chem and BC mech powder were successfully prepared using oven drying, chemical and mechanical treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to analyze the structure of prepared BC. The structure of bacterial cellulose was compared with the structure of commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cotton fabric. The XRD results showed that the BC sheet sample had the highest degree of crystallinity (81.76%) compared to cotton cellulose (75.73%). The crystallite size of cotton was larger than the BC sheet, with the value of 6.83 ηm and 4.55 ηm, respectively. The peaks in the FTIR spectra of all BC were comparable to the commercial MCC and cotton fabrics. FESEM images showed that the prepared BC sheet, BC mech, and BC chem had an almost similar structure like commercial MCC and cotton fabric. It was concluded that simple preparation of BC could be implemented and used for further BC preparation as reinforcement in polymer composites, especially in food packaging.

Based on 87 references, a literature review was presented on PLA reinforced with pineapple leaf fibers (PALF). The properties of PALF were compared with those of other natural fibers. Mechanical properties of PLA composites and factors influencing them, such as filler content, adhesion at the interface between polymer fiber and matrix, as well as fiber length and their modification were discussed. Potential applications of PLA/PALF composites were also presented.

The depletion of petroleum-based resources and the adverse environmental problems, such as pollution, have stimulated considerable interest in the development of environmentally sustainable materials, which are composed of natural fiber–reinforced polymer composites. These materials could be tailored for a broad range of sustainable industrial applications with new surface functionalities. However, there are several challenges and drawbacks, such as composites processing production and fiber/matrix adhesion, that need to be addressed and overcome. This review could provide an overview of the technological challenges, processing techniques, characterization, properties, and potential applications of NFRPC for sustainable industrial applications. Interestingly, a roadmap for NFRPC to move into Industry 4.0 was highlighted in this review.

As the demand for renewable, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable materials in a variety of applications has developed, natural fibres have become more popular as reinforcement in composite materials. Salvadora persica L. is the most common traditional source of chewing stick (miswak) advised by Prophet Muhammad. It is also known as Arak in Arabic and Peelu in Urdu. A lot of research has been done in the last few years to investigate if its traditional applications in dental care are still valid. For this review, a variety of databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar), books and primary sources were examined, surveyed, and analysed. Miswak fibre qualities and attributes were addressed in this review study to evaluate if the fibre may be used as an alternative to natural fibre reinforcing in composites. The history and uses of the miswak tree, as well as the structure of the miswak tree, are presented first, followed by a discussion of fibre characterization, with a focus on fibre structure and composition. Finally, the effect of miswak on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of composites is discussed. Miswak fibre and its composites present considerable challenges and potential as a reinforcement or filler alternative in a variety of applications, including dentistry.

Inspired by nature, cellulose extracted from plant wastes has been explored, due to its great potential as an alternative for synthetic fiber and filler that contributes to structural performance. The drive of this study was to extract, treat, and evaluate the characteristics of rice straw (RS) (Oryza sativa L.) cellulose as a biodegradable reinforcement to be utilized in polymer base materials. Two routes of extraction and treatment were performed via the pulping (Route 1) and chemo-mechanical methods (Route 2), in order to discover comparative characteristics of the synthesized cellulose fiber. Comprehensive characterization of RS cellulose was carried out to determine crystallinity, surface morphology, and chemical bonding properties, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), respectively. The XRD test results showed that the crystallinity index (CI) of cellulose powder (CP) decreased after the surface modification treatment, Route 2, from 64.50 to 50.10% CI for modified cellulose powder (MCP), due to the surface alteration of cellulose structure. From Route 1, the crystallinity of the fibers decreased up to 33.5% (dissolve cellulose, DC) after the pulp went through the surface modification and dissolution processes, resulting from the transformation of cellulose phase into para-crystalline structure. FESEM micrographs displayed a significant reduction of raw RS diameter from 7.78 µm to 3.34 µm (treated by Route 1) and 1.06 µm (treated by Route 2). The extracted and treated cellulose via both routes, which was considerably dominated by cellulose II because of the high percentage of alkaline used, include the dissolve cellulose (DC). The dissolution process, using NMMO solvent, was performed on the pulp fiber produced by Route 1. The fiber change from cellulose I to cellulose II after undergoes the process. Thus, the dissolution process maintains cellulose II but turned the pulp to the cellulose solution. The acquired characteristics of cellulose from RS waste, extracted by the employed methods, have a considerably greater potential for further application in numerous industries. It was concluded that the great achievement of extracted RS is obtained the nanosized fibers after surface modification treatment, which is very useful for filler in structural composite applications.

This study presented the effect of different fibre length and seawater treatment on mechanical properties of the fabricated composites. The composite was reinforced with fixed 30wt.% of fibre loading. Sugar palm was treated using sea water for 30 days and have been cut into three different lengths by 5cm, 10cm and 15cm. The mechanical properties of the untreated and treated fibre with different fibre length composites were characterised includes tensile test and flexural test. Treated sugar palm fibre composites with 15cm fibre length exhibited higher tensile strength at 18.33 MPa. However, it shows the lowest value for the tensile modulus at 4251.96MPa. The flexural strength shows an increasing trend as the fibre length increased up to 15cm and the maximum flexural strength was exhibited by treated sugar palm fibre with 5 cm at 80.80MPa.Effect of Fibre Length and Sea Water Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm Fibre Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites

“Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites” is a newly open Special Issue of Nanomaterials, which aims to publish original and review papers on new scientific and applied research and make boundless contributions to the finding and understanding of the reinforcing effects of various nanomaterials on the performance of polymer nanocomposites [...]

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been recognised as a promising material in a wide range of applications, from safety to energy-related devices. However, poor solubility in aqueous and organic solvents has hindered the utilisation and applications of carbon nanotubes. As studies progressed, the methodology for CNTs dispersion was established. The current state of research in CNTs either single wall or multiwall/polymer nanocomposites has been reviewed in context with the various types of functionalisation presently employed. Functionalised CNTs have been playing an increasingly central role in the research, development, and application of carbon nanotube-based nanomaterials and systems. The extremely high surface-to-volume ratio, geometry, and hollow structure of nanomaterials are ideal for the adsorption of gas molecules. This offers great potential applications, such as in gas sensor devices working at room temperature. Particularly, the advent of CNTs has fuelled the invention of CNT-based gas sensors which are very sensitive to the surrounding environment. The presence of O2, NH3, NO2 gases and many other chemicals and molecules can either donate or accept electrons, resulting in an alteration of the overall conductivity. Such properties make CNTs ideal for nano-scale gas-sensing materials. Conductive-based devices have already been demonstrated as gas sensors. However, CNTs still have certain limitations for gas sensor application, such as a long recovery time, limited gas detection, and weakness to humidity and other gases. Therefore, the nanocomposites of interest consisting of polymer and CNTs have received a great deal of attention for gas-sensing application due to higher sensitivity over a wide range of gas concentrations at room temperature compared to only using CNTs and the polymer of interest separately.

The aim of this paper was to describe the effects of treated sugar palm yarn fibre loading on the mechanical properties of reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Composites with varying fibre loads (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. %) were prepared using a hand-layup process. The composites were tested for tensile, flexural and impact strength according to ASTM D3930, ASTM D790 and ASTM D256 standards, respectively. The results showed that an increase in fibre loading of up to 30 wt. % increased tensile strength (31.27 MPa), tensile modulus (4.83 GPa), flexural strength (58.14 MPa) and modulus (4.48 GPa). Maximum loading can be attained at 40 wt. % of fibre loading for impact strength (38 kJ/ m2). The effectiveness of stress transfer mechanism through the fibre-matrix interaction, coupled with the optimization of fibre loading in resisting fracture and failure, boosts the overall mechanical performance of sugar palm composite.

The development of antimicrobial packaging has been growing rapidly due to an increase in awareness and demands for sustainable active packaging that could preserve the quality and prolong the shelf life of foods and products. The addition of highly efficient antibacterial nanoparticles, antifungals, and antioxidants to biodegradable and environmentally friendly green polymers has become a significant advancement trend for the packaging evolution. Impregnation of antimicrobial agents into the packaging film is essential for impeding or destroying the pathogenic microorganisms causing food illness and deterioration. Higher safety and quality as well as an extended shelf life of sustainable active packaging desired by the industry are further enhanced by applying the different types of antimicrobial packaging systems. Antimicrobial packaging not only can offer a wide range of advantages, but also preserves the environment through usage of renewable and biodegradable polymers instead of common synthetic polymers, thus reducing plastic pollution generated by humankind. This review intended to provide a summary of current trends and applications of antimicrobial, biodegradable films in the packaging industry as well as the innovation of nanotechnology to increase efficiency of novel, bio-based packaging systems.

Natural cellulosic fibres, such as kenaf, can be used in polymeric composites in place of synthetic fibres. The rapid depletion of synthetic resources such as petroleum and growing awareness of global environmental problems associated with synthetic products contribute to the acceptance of natural fibres as reinforcing material in polymer composite structures. In Africa and Asia, kenaf is considered a major crop used for various cordage products such as rope, twine, and burlap and in construction, it is used for thermal insulation of walls, floors, and roofs and soundproofing solutions. In the furniture and automotive industry, it is used to manufacture medium-density fibreboard and other composite materials for structural applications. Kenaf is primarily composed of cellulose (approximately 40%–80%), which accounts for its superior mechanical performance. Kenaf fibres are chemically treated before mixing with the polymer matrix to improve their fibre interaction and composite performance. The alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is the most frequently used chemical treatment, followed by a silane treatment. Numerous chemical concentrations of NaOH and silane solutions are investigated and several combined treatments such as alkaline-silane. The present review discusses the effect of silane treatments on the surface of kenaf fibre on the fabrication of polymer composites and their mechanical properties.

In the recent past, significant research effort has been dedicated to examining the usage of nanomaterials hybridized with lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites. The introduction of nanoparticles like montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay was found to increase the strength, modulus of elasticity and stiffness of composites and provide thermal stability. The resulting composite materials has figured prominently in research and development efforts devoted to nanocomposites and are often used as strengthening agents, especially for structural applications. The distinct properties of MMT, namely its hydrophilicity, as well as high strength, high aspect ratio and high modulus, aids in the dispersion of this inorganic crystalline layer in water-soluble polymers. The ability of MMT nanoclay to intercalate into the interlayer space of monomers and polymers is used, followed by the exfoliation of filler particles into monolayers of nanoscale particles. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of the features of the structure, chemical composition, and properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulosic fibers. Some of the techniques used for obtaining polymer nanocomposites based on lignocellulosic fibers and MMT nanoclay are described: (i) conventional, (ii) intercalation, (iii) melt intercalation, and (iv) in situ polymerization methods. This review also comprehensively discusses the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy properties of MMT-based polymer nanocomposites. The valuable properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulose fibers allow us to expand the possibilities of using polymer nanocomposites in various advanced industrial applications.

Manufacturing of high-performance materials from renewable resources has been the aim for various researchers from across the world. Whilst natural fibers have good properties such as renewable, cost-effective, and low abrasion, there are some setbacks that required hybridization with synthetic materials. The mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid biocomposite of banana-pineapple leaf (PALF)-glass woven fiber-reinforced epoxy resin was investigated in relation to different fiber volume fraction. Three-point flexural tests were carried out on specimens with different fiber volume fraction (30%, 40%, 50% in weight), indicating highest strength at 40 wt% for both banana and PALF samples. Image analyzer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) conducted to observe the surface morphology at the failure point due to flexural loading showed increase in fiber packing at higher fiber loading. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were conducted to analyze thermal stability of composite samples. TGA test suggested that 40 wt% offered optimum on set degradation temperature for both banana-glass and PALF-glass hybrid composite. DMA analysis showed a shift in the Tg for banana-glass hybrid composite, from 30 to 40 wt%, indicating optimum condition that contributed to molecular structure stability of the composite sample. The effect of hybridization between synthetic and natural fiber onto flexural properties was determined, and the optimum fiber volume fraction was obtained at 40% for both banana and PALF composites.

In this study of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)/SS were blended with two types of natural-based plasticizers namely, Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) and Sorbitol. Thermal characteristics encompassing gelation temperature of sago starch (SS) and their enthalpy were investigated. For soil burial exposure, films were buried and weight loss for before and after two weeks were followed; the samples were exposed to soil burial tests on Malaysian soil with humidity not less than 70%. Degradation stage of the film was followed via their weight loss. From soil burial tests, the weight loss showed the degradation rate is much faster for sorbitol based blend system. Phase morphology of PVOH/SS plasticizers was viewed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the DSC thermograph, the enthalpy formation of the ESO/ Starch is much greater than with Sorbitol and the onset of gelation were much lower for ESO SS blend. From soil burial tests, the weight loss showed the degradation rate is much faster for PVOH/ SS blend of 30:70 composition using ESO, while for sorbitol the degradation is much faster using 20:70 composition. It was found out that, the use of two different plasticisers can alter the degradation rate of the PVOH SS. From the SEM, plasticizing with ESO showed good ESO compatibility with PVOH that gives good strength.In this study of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)/SS were blended with two types of natural-based plasticizers namely, Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) and Sorbitol. Thermal characteristics encompassing gelation temperature of sago starch (SS) and their enthalpy were investigated. For soil burial exposure, films were buried and weight loss for before and after two weeks were followed; the samples were exposed to soil burial tests on Malaysian soil with humidity not less than 70%. Degradation stage of the film was followed via their weight loss. From soil burial tests, the weight loss showed the degradation rate is much faster for sorbitol based blend system. Phase morphology of PVOH/SS plasticizers was viewed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the DSC thermograph, the enthalpy formation of the ESO/ Starch is much greater than with Sorbitol and the onset of gelation were much lower for ESO SS blend. From soil burial tests, the weight loss showed the degradation rate is much faster for PVOH/ SS blend of 30:70...

In this research, the effect two different sets of natural based plasticizers in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sago starch system was evaluated. The natural based plasticizers used are epoxidised soybean oil (ESO) and sorbitol. The PVA, starch and plasticizer underwent a compounding process without plasticisers with a fixed amount of 20% plasticisers and two different ratios of PVA and Sago Starch (SS) using the twin screw extruder. The plasticized samples were exposed to the outdoor environment for two weeks according to ASTM D1435 test method and the tensile properties (tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus) before and after exposure samples were studied according to ASTM D882. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was conducted to determine the morphological effect on each blend with different plasticizers loading. Results showed that PVA/sago starch plasticized with ESO before and after exposure to the environment for two weeks gives higher tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus compared to PVA/sago starch plasticized with sorbitol. SEM fractography showed PVA/sago starch plasticized with ESO shows better compatibility and dispersion. Better compatibility and dispersion between ESO and PVA/sago starch system support the evidence that the tensile properties improved due to better dispersion and compatibility in the system.

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three different types of flame retardant (FR) incorporated with unsaturated polyester composites on flame retardancy effect and curing characteristic. Three different types of FR used are phosphate ester, tin oxide and melamine. Each sample with two different loadings of 2.5% and 5% of FR were prepared using hand lay-up method. The flame retardancy effect of composites was analysed according to ASTM D635 while gel time determination for the curing characteristic analysis. Results showed that the higher the amount of FR incorporated, the higher the flame resistance of the composites. Up to 5.0% of FR loadings, phosphate ester shows better performance of the flame retardancy effect as compared to tin oxide and melamine. The rate of burning had improved for phosphate ester, melamine and tin oxide with 0.067mm/sec, 0.116mm/sec and 0.129mm/sec respectively compared to composite without FR with 0.357mm/sec. Physical observation during the combustion process showed melamine produced the less smoke density and the least soot intensity compare to phosphate ester and tin oxide. For the curing characteristic, incorporation of FR had increased the gel time of the composites up to 39minutes as compared with composite without incorporation of FR about 13.78minutes.

This paper investigates the fabrication of hybrid biocomposites of Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF)-glass-vinyl ester (VE) utilizing automated spray up process. This method can be applied for components in interior aircraft and automotive industry. In this study, the manual chop spray gun is integrated with industrial robotic arm to produce random discontinuous fibre composite (DFC) from PALF roving (273 tex) and vinyl ester resin. The characterization includes mechanical (tensile, and flexural test), thermal (DMA and TGA) and a morphological analysis (SEM) of the surface fractures from the tensile test samples. For each mechanical result, coefficient of variance (COV) is calculated to measure the variability of the mean distribution. The comparison is made among the glass (100% glass), PALF-vinyl ester (100% PALF), and glass-PALF-vinyl ester (PALF 50%, Glass 50%) hybrid biocomposites on the mechanical strength and consistency of the outcome. The result showed that hybridization increased the tensile strength by 171% compared to PALF-VE composite, reduced the composite density and increase thermal properties compared to PALF-VE and glass-VE composites.

Epoxidized oil (EO) is a sustainable oil that can be obtained form edible or non-edible naturals oil. The incorporation of epoxidized oil can increase the green component in rubber compound. It can contributes to worldwide technology specially in green tyre manufacturing. Epoxidized oil has the potential to replace aromatic oil (AO) to rubber and polymer industry. The effect of incorporation of EO and AO into natural rubber vulcanizates (NR) was studied via tensile and tear strength tests according to ISO 31-1977 and ISO 6133, respectively. Tensile strength of AO value showed greather value compared to EO. Gradual increases of elongation were observed form both AO and EO. Both moduli at 100% and 300% elongation, showed reductions as oil loading were increased. The tear strength results showed that tearing energy insignificantly increased with oil loading. EO compound was found to possess higher tearing energy compared to AO compound for most composition except for 15 pphr EO.

Recently, aromatic oil (AO) is one of the substances that is typically used as a processing aid especially for high filler loadings in formulating rubber compound. Aromatic oil has disadvantages in that, it is hazardous to environment, toxic and has been labeled as carcinogenic. In this research, an epoxidised oil (EO) and aromatic oil were used to investigate the effect incorporation of oil onto the SBR/NR natural rubber vulcanizates (NR). From the result obtained, EO showed shorter cure time and scorch time as the oil loading were increased up to 20 pphr of EO. Physical properties such as hardness and rebound resilience of NR/EO vulcanisate were also investigated upon exposure to different humidity level in humidity chamber. At room temperature, the hardness of EO loading onto the SBR/NR vulcanisate is lower than AO loadings. Hardness was slightly decreased with increasing rate of humidity. There is great difference in hardness and rebound resilience values between AO and EO. Both hardness and rebound resilience were not affected by humidity. This implies the existence of good filler interaction with EO and rubber which do not impart changes in the hardness and resilience properties of rubber compound. Epoxidised oil has great promising potential to replace the carcinogenic aromatic oil as it has good overall performance and renewable in nature .

Presence of chlorine in by product of degradation process from polyvinyl chloride was analysed through structural feature changes and elemental analysis. Coating samples with polyene was also tested for its wettability via contact angle. Analyzing the elimination of chlorine content from polyvinylchloride through chemical dechlorination with tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been studied via FTIR spectra, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and static contact angle measurement. Qualitative value of decreasing chlorine content of polyene at 2 hours reaction time was found to be about 96% from supplied PVC. All treated samples at different reaction time of polyene synthesize showed good wettability properties since the contact angle value were less than 90o.

Absorbance spectra and energy band gap of synthesizing polyene from dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with varying synthesizing reaction times and doping percentages were examined in this paper. The reaction time of dechlorination was varied from 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours. Polyene obtained from the dechlorination reaction was doped with potassium iodide (KI). Sample for UV/Vis test was prepared in the form of film. Modified EO film as control sample showed that there is only a single absorption peak around 327nm. The C-Cl adsorption band link from source link polymer was observed at 422nm and all polyene film samples and new bands absorption were observed from 422nm to 590nm, and 683nm upon the increase in reaction time. The lower energy band gap was observed at 683.18nm absorption with 1.08eV.

Thermal degradation of polyene synthesized from recycle polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and hardness of polyene coated with modified oil has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microhardness test. The synthesized polyene from reaction of recycle PVC were varied from 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours and their thermal stability has been analyzed. From differential thermal gravimetric, DTG curve, polyene from two hours reaction showed the highest degradation temperature up to 445°C due to degradation of polyene sequences. Microhardness test performed by Shimadzu DUH 211/DUH-211S dynamic ultra microhardness tester according to ASTM E384 showed that polyene derived from 2 hours PVC with modifed oil resin resulted in the highest microhardness ~ 107.99 MPa.

Panel composite for building application made from waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) and unsaturated polyester (UPR) were fabricated and tested in this research for their tensile and thermal characteristics in determining its insulation properties. Research had been carried out to incorporate EPS into UPR with addition of two additives types which are tin oxide (SnO) stand alone, and tin oxide in combination with organic nanocrystals. The weight percentage of SnO had been varied from 0.1 to 2%, and the nanocrystals between 0.1 to 0.5%; both fabricated via casting and compression of the UPR/EPS composite. The testing performed are tensile properties by an Instron Universal Tensile Machine; and thermal conductivity test by using KD2 Pro hand-held thermal probe. It was found that, by using UPE/EPS, the additives affected the composites' thermal conductivity and tensile capabilities. For tensile strength, the control sample showed the highest tensile strength at 22.2 MPa. For thermal conductivity (k value), the lowest value was recorded by the 1% SnO stand alone at an approximate ~ 0.172 W/m.K. Via organic nanocrystal use fixed at 0.1%, the k value increases up to a certain point with increasing SnO. Addition of more SnO and nanocrystal incorporation had mostly increases its thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Heat capacity was also found to be at the lowest in the 1% SnO stand alone sample at 2.008 MJ/m3.K.

Panels for energy efficient buildings has to meet certain requirements such as low thermal conductivity and inherent flame retardancy characteristics, before being eligible for buildings and construction applications. Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) as waste material had been incorporated as filler in Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR) composites. The composite are fabricated as flat panel window or glazing to replace glass. In this study, different EPS content incorporated was found to affect flammability and thermal characteristics. Core additives such as Flame Retardant (FR) and Antioxidant (AO) were added to the composite for imparting flame retardancy and prevent aging of the composite. The result obtained via the comparison of the various composite systems studied had revealed that organic and metal oxide flame retardant (FR) additives imparts higher flame retardancy levels than others, but each type of additives had interacted with the polymeric matrixes differently. The thermal conductivity, k value, as measured from a handheld thermal probe had showed a minimum of ~0.124 W/m.K for the 1%wt zinc oxide sample, while the highest k value of ~0.280 W/m.K was exhibited by the 2%wt tin oxide sample. The first 1%wt of either metal oxide FR initially decreases both the thermal conductivity, k value; and volumetric specific heat, Cp,v of the samples. At 2%wt, increases in k value were obtained. The flammability was reduced with the use of organic Phosphate Ester FR, which had reduced the flame speed to about 37.1% of the original flame speed. With the equivalent mixture of all three organic FR system, the flammability reduced less than 30%, while the metal oxide FR additive doesn't reduces the flammability.