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Improperly treated or discharged textile wastewater can have negative impacts on the environment, leading to the pollution of water bodies, disruption of ecosystems, and a reduction in biodiversity. This study investigated the effectiveness of MPR, which incorporates ZnO-kaolin, in treating textile wastewater. ZnO-kaolin photocatalyst was successfully produced and comprises selective elements using the precipitation method, and the physico-chemical properties were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and x-ray diffractometers (XRD). This study involved parameters such as initial pH (pH 6, 7, 8), ZnO-kaolin dosage (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 g/L), and initial concentration (90, 95, and 100%). The study suggests that the initial pH level has a significant impact on the efficiency of ZnO-kaolin in treating wastewater. The optimal pH for the removal of pollutants was determined to be 8 based on the presented data. The best amount of ZnO-Kaolin to use for effectively lowering pollutants in wastewater is 0.1 g/L, as shown by the higher percentages of color, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, and COD. The results highlight the importance of the photocatalyst dosage in the effectiveness of the treatment process. The study suggests that the initial concentration of ZnO-Kaolin plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment process. The results highlight optimal concentrations of 95% for achieving desired reductions in color, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, and COD. This study presents significant potential for the textile industry to reduce environmental issues and move toward sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional technologies such as physical, chemical, and biological treatment have low efficiency, a tendency towards fouling, and use high energy consumption, respectively. Coagulation-flocculation base treatment, nearly 40-60%, during the latest technologies as an advanced organic process (AOP) with Fenton-reagents, nearly 80-85% in dissolved organic compound (DOC) reduction, respectively. It proves that emerging technology and new green technology are needed. Therefore, the objective of this study is (i) to treat polluted rivers using pilot-scale MPRs with different initial pH of 5, 7 and 9 and adsorption-desorption time contact for 20, 30 and 40 minutes using 0.05 g/L ZnO-Kaolin loading, 225W light intensity, pressured one barg and 30 minutes' photocatalytic reaction time. (ii) analysing the physico-chemical quality of the water before and after the treatment as turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH levels using the HACH method with 90.89%, 84.93%, 83.19%, 99.38%, 19.47% and 0.63% removal efficiency respectively. (iii) Analyzing the kinetic reaction between the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models using turbidity data. In conducting the experiment, the sample of polluted river water was taken at Sungai Sembrong, Batu Pahat. From the result obtained, when pH five and time adsorption-desorption time contact for 30 minutes was the optimum condition for degrading and removing the organic matter. Moreover, it obeys the pseudo-second-order model, which relates to the chemisorption process between the ZnO-Kaolin and organic compounds. Overall, MPRs are claimed as a promising technology that is environment-friendly for wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]