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Abstract Background and Aims Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological condition that worsens over time and leads to deterioration in cognitive abilities, reduced memory, and, eventually, a decrease in overall functioning. Timely and correct identification of Alzheimer's is essential for effective treatment. The systematic study specifically examines the application of deep learning (DL) algorithms in identifying AD using three‐dimensional (3D) imaging methods. The main goal is to evaluate these methods' current state, efficiency, and potential enhancements, offering valuable insights into how DL could improve AD's rapid and precise diagnosis. Methods We searched different online repositories, such as IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, MDPI, PubMed Central, Science Direct, ACM, Springer, and others, to thoroughly summarize current research on DL methods to diagnose AD by analyzing 3D imaging data published between 2020 and 2024. We use PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) guidelines to ensure the organization and understandability of the information collection process. We thoroughly analyzed the literature to determine the primary techniques used in these investigations and their findings. Results and Conclusion The ability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and their variations, including 3D CNNs and recurrent neural networks, to detect both temporal and spatial characteristics in volumetric data has led to their widespread use. Methods such as transfer learning, combining multimodal data, and using attention procedures have improved models' precision and reliability. We selected 87 articles for evaluation. Out of these, 31 papers included various concepts, explanations, and elucidations of models and theories, while the other 56 papers primarily concentrated on issues related to practical implementation. This article introduces popular imaging types, 3D imaging for Alzheimer's detection, discusses the benefits and restrictions of the DL‐based approach to AD assessment, and gives a view toward future developments resulting from critical evaluation.

Introduction: The prostate is a gland belonging to the male reproductive system. Aging results in the dysfunction of the prostate that may present as inflammation, enlargement, and cancer. Additionally, the diseases of the prostate including cancers are slow in progression, and therefore, it is difficult to diagnose them early. Hence, it is increasingly important for physicians to recommend histopathological examination of the prostate gland to identify, manage, and treat prostate cancers. This study was conducted to assess prostate diseases among biopsy specimen collected from patients with signs of prostate diseases. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Owaisi Hospital, Hyderabad, between June 2012 and September 2014. All gross specimens (n = 300) of the prostate such as the needle biopsies of the prostate, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) chips, and excised specimens of the prostate were included in the study. Histopathological examinations of the biopsies were performed for nuclear size, chromatin material, nucleoli, membrane thickness, irregularity, cytoplasmic granularity, staining, and cell border conspicuity. The biopsies were also assessed for lobule formation, secretions, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, connective tissue stromal cells, their arrangements, and acellular connective tissue material. Results: Of 300 total prostatic biopsies performed, 56 (18.66%) were identified as inflammatory lesions of the prostate (prostatitis), 98 (32.66%) revealed benign prostatic lesions (benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)), 112 (37.33%) were identified as BPH with premalignant lesions, and 34 (11.33%) were revealed as malignant tumors of the prostate. Chronic prostatitis (67.85%) was the common inflammatory lesion. The majority (91.42%) revealed epithelial lesions compared to stromal lesions (08.58%). BPH was predominantly (28.00%) noticed among patients in the age group of 61–70 years. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) was observed majorly (53.35%) in the age group of 61–70 years. Most of the prostatic cancers were identified as adenocarcinomas. However, three variants were also categorized as small cell carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinomas. Conclusions: The results reveal that prostatic adenocarcinomas are predominant among the study population. Additionally, prostatic diseases including cancer are commonly noticed among people belonging to the age group of 61–70 years. More than one-third of patients showed BPH with premalignant lesions, and a majority of the study population showed evidence of chronic prostatitis.

Online banking or Internet banking is a common phenomenon nowadays because of its convenience. Customers can use Internet banking to practically access all the banking services offered, including deposits, transfers, and bill payments. Almost every financial institution offers various types of internet banking, which are accessible via mobile apps. This provides convenience to their consumers. This paper aims to examine the impact of Internet banking services on customer satisfaction in the banking industry. Customer satisfaction is an important factor for maintaining a long-term relationship between a company and its customers. Customer satisfaction has been proven to increase a company’s profitability. However, what contributes to satisfaction needs to be explored further since previous studies are inconclusive in their findings regarding this matter. Most studies on Internet banking studies have investigated various factors including safety and reliability, transaction efficiency, customer support, service security, ease of use, performance, and service content. But, in this study, all these variables will be combined into three types of services, service security, service reliability, and service functionality and the dependent variable is customer satisfaction. The findings of the study confirm that these three factors are important to ensure customer satisfaction in using Internet banking services.

The use of digital system has penetrated various levels of society, including the Indonesian Workers (TKI) in Malaysia. This qualitative study is based on community service was conducted in Kampong Bahru, Kuala Lumpur, because it is the centre of activity for TKI communities in Malaysia. Kampong Bahru is an area in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, that has high population of Indonesian workers. In this context, waqf contribution optimisation can play an important role in improving TKI welfare livelihood and also helps the development of Sharia-based economy among the TKI community. The awareness about waqf contribution using digital system among Indonesian workers in Malaysia is still low. The Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) method was used in the study. The ABCD stages conducted are preparation, seminars, workshops, mentoring, and evaluation. Outcome of this research suggested that there is an increase in the waqf awareness and waqf contribution through digital system and designing a waqf scheme among TKI. The digital waqf system can be accessed through using an online banking system.

The main objective of the current study is to suggest an enhanced family of log ratio-exponential type estimators for population distribution function (DF) using auxiliary information under stratified random sampling. Putting different choices in our suggested generalized class of estimators, we found some Specific estimators. The bias and MSE expressions of the estimators have been approximated up to the first order. By using the actual and simulated data sets, we measured the performance of estimators. Based on the results, the suggested estimators for DF show better performance as compared to the preliminary estimators considered here. The suggested estimators have a advanced efficiency than the other estimators examined with the estimators F‾ˆlogPR(st)2, and F‾ˆlogPR(st)4 for both the actual and simulated data sets. The magnitude of the improvement in efficiency is noteworthy, indicating the superiority of the proposed estimators in terms of MSE.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain illness that causes gradual memory loss. AD has no treatment and cannot be cured, so early detection is critical. Various AD diagnosis approaches are used in this regard, but Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides the most helpful neuroimaging tool for detecting AD. In this paper, we employ a DenseNet-201 based transfer learning technique for diagnosing different Alzheimer's stages as Non-Demented (ND), Moderate Demented (MOD), Mild Demented (MD), Very Mild Demented (VMD), and Severe Demented (SD). The suggested method for a dataset of MRI scans for Alzheimer's disease is divided into five classes. Data augmentation methods were used to expand the size of the dataset and increase DenseNet-201's accuracy. It was found that the proposed strategy provides a very high classification accuracy. This practical and reliable model delivers a success rate of 98.24%. The findings of the experiments demonstrate that the suggested deep learning approach is more accurate and performs well compared to existing techniques and state-of-the-art methods.

Coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continue to pose a significant public health challenge globally, even in 2024. Despite advancements in vaccines and treatments, the accurate classification of coronavirus protein sequences remains crucial for monitoring variants, understanding viral behavior, and developing targeted interventions. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of various classification methods in accurately classifying coronavirus protein sequences. We explore the use of K-nearest neighbor (KNN), fuzzy KNN (FKNN), support vector machine (SVM), and SVM with particle swarm optimization (PSO-SVM) algorithms for classification, complemented by feature selection techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) and random forest-recursive feature elimination (RF-RFE). Our dataset comprises 2000 protein sequences, evenly split between SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Through rigorous analysis, we evaluate the performance of each classification model in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC). Our findings demonstrate consistently high performance across all models, reflecting their efficacy in classifying coronavirus protein sequences. Notably, the PCA + PSO-SVM model emerges as the top-performing model, exhibiting the highest classification accuracy, specificity, and ROC-AUC score, demonstrating its effectiveness in distinguishing between SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Overall, our study highlights the importance of employing advanced classification methods and feature selection techniques in accurately classifying coronavirus protein sequences. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field of bioinformatics and contribute to ongoing efforts in understanding and combating the COVID-19 pandemic and its evolving challenges.

Transfer of training practice in the public sector is crucial to ensure service deliverables are always excellent. Return of investment, active learning, and applying new attitudes, skills, and knowledge from training can be rewarding for both parties. Despite training transfer being the most significant factor of training effectiveness, it has become one of the most critical challenges for an organization. However, a limited number of training transfer studies were conducted in Malaysia, particularly in public service. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the gaps in training transfer among public service officers. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April to May 2021 to examine the relationship between the variables. A total of 125 public service officers in Putrajaya were recruited. Findings revealed a significant relationship between supervisor support and self-efficacy with the transfer of training. Understanding these associations may help training policymakers to design strategies to enhance the quality of training.

Purpose: To study the imaging and clinical perspectives of a recent epidemic of rhinocerebral mucormycosis during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic in India. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included clinical and imaging data of 24 diagnosed cases of acute rhinocerebral mucormycosis who were presented to our hospital in May 2021. The clinical profile and imaging data of the patients were documented. Results: 18 patients (75.0%) had moderate to severe COVID-19 illness with a history of oral or intravenous corticosteroid intake. 19 patients (79.2%) had presented with hyperglycemia at the time of admission. Nasal discharges with or without black crusts and facial swelling (79.2%) were the most commonly reported complaints, followed by headaches or facial pain (62.5%). All cases demonstrated the involvement of one or more paranasal sinuses in imaging, with predominantly unilateral involvement. Extra sinusoidal involvement was commonly seen, with abnormalities seen in retromaxillary and masticator space, orbit, face, oral cavity, pterygopalatine fossa, and deep spaces of the neck, cavernous sinus, and brain. Conclusion: An upsurge of mucormycosis cases during the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be closely related to uncontrolled hyperglycemia and corticosteroid therapy. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are invaluable in establishing an early diagnosis, defining the extent of disease, and helping in immediate surgical planning.

Introduction: Carcinoma breast is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide. Early detection is key to its effective management. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has implications in progression of breast carcinoma and metastasis. Aim: To assess use of EMT Immunohistochemical (IHC) markers in breast carcinoma and its association with histopathological grading, size and metastasis. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital-based descriptive study was carried on patients of breast carcinoma attending the Outpatient Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, from July 2011 to October 2013. Total of 167 cases of carcinoma breast specimens were received in the department. Histopathological examination of 67 mastectomy specimen was done and graded using Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grading system. Lymph nodes found were screened for metastasis. Subsequently IHC study with cytokeratin 5/6 and vimentin were done to assess EMT in 67 out of 167 cases. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 15.0 USA. Results: Using SBR grading system, 11 (16.4%) cases were of grade I, 34 (50.7%) cases of grade II and 22 (32.8%) cases were of grade III. Out of total, 3/11 (27.3%) of grade I, 23/34 (67.6%) of grade II and 20/22 (90.9%) of grade III tumour were found to have metastasis. Positivity for cytokeratin 5/6 and vimentin were 3/11 (27.3%) and 7/11 (63.6%) respectively in grade I tumours. Grade II tumours showed 2/34 (5.9%) positivity for cytokeratin 5/6 and 21/22 (95.5%) for vimentin. Positivity for cytokeratin 5/6 was 0 and 95.5% (21/22) for vimentin in grade III tumours. Conclusion: Increase in metastasis was seen with progression of grade. Down regulation of cytokeratin 5/6 and upregulation of vimentin was observed as the grade of tumour increased.Cytokeratin 5/6 and vimentin may be used to assess EMT which in turn shows higher chances of metastasis.

This study was conducted using empirical data to examine objectives by adopting the perception of attendees towards sponsors. Three distinct forms based on Tomalieh (2016) which proposed the relationship between brand knowledge, event sponsor-fit and attitude towards events to purchase intention was adapted. How consumers experience an event can also have a powerful influence over their purchasing intention behavior. Outcome of this study concludes that attitude towards the event is the most important factor and has a much more significant relationship towards purchase intention when compared with other variables. This factor refers to how event attendees perceive an event sponsor. This study adds to the body of knowledge by providing new data and empirical insight on the relationship between event sponsorship factors and purchase intention specifically for the event industry in Malaysia. For future studies, it is recommended that comparative studies with other industries as well as other developing and developed economies be carried out.

The increment in world population has led to the increasing demands for fish supply as principal source of animal protein that represents about 17% of animal protein consumption globally. The world aquaculture industry has expanding remarkably but limited source of fishmeal and fish oil which known as important ingredients in fish feed has led to seeking of alternative sources for their replacement in aquafeed formulation. Many potential and cheaper ingredients derived from vegetable oils or agricultural by-products have been investigated to replace fish meal and fish oil which shown promising results in fish productivity and fish health status including olive oil by-products. Varies depending on its type, olive oil composes of antioxidants, healthy type of fats such as MUFA and PUFA, and high in vitamins that provide human health benefits for heart and liver, help in many diseases and reducing the risk of cancer. In agriculture industry, olive and olive oil production processes have resulted to by-products such as olive mill wastewater (OMW), olive leaf and olive pomace. The inclusion of these by-products in animal feeds is the solution for agricultural waste management. The first report of utilization of olive oil by-products in fish feed was documented in 2004 and since then, many researches has been conducted to investigate fish health benefits that showed improvement in fish carcass composition and fish immunity depending on type of by-products used and fish species. Additionally, antioxidant contents in olive oil extract were reported could provide antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxygenic characteristics which potentially improve the fish health. This review discussed the opportunities and challenges in application of olive oil by-products in aquafeed which provides significant prospects in fish growth performance that could boost aquaculture industry development.

- Work in the oil and gas industry today in general has rapidly grow alongside with the advancement of digital technology. However, many employees are facing issues of coping and keeping up with the technological knowledge in completing their work. This study investigates the relationship between digital literacy and employee performance in the oil and gas industry in Malaysia. The technological, organizational and environmental (TOE) context was applied to measure the influencing factors. Stratified sampling method was used to attain information from two divisions of the organization. Data was analyzed using correlational analysis and multiple regression methods. Outcome of this study suggests that there is a positive relationship between digital literacy in technological context, organizational context, environmental context and employee performance. It is suggested that a good foundation in the technological and organizational infrastructure is needed to increase digital literacy among employees. For future research, readiness in embracing digital literacy should be made at the managerial level in this industry.

Rising cost of living in Malaysia has negatively affected the demand for personal care products as consumers prefer to switch to cheaper alternatives. This has resulted in an increase in the number of registered and unregistered personal care products in the market. This situation has an impact on Malaysian consumption as some of the products contain hazardous and poisonous ingredients which may cause adverse effects on personal health. However, customers still consume the products although they are aware and conscious of the danger and the side effects of these products for self-satisfaction. Thus, using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), this study aims to shed further light on the factors that influence consumer decision making in the purchase of personal care products among Generation Y. The study was conducted using primary approach with the use of validated questionnaire from 390 university students. The findings revealed that subjective norm and perceived behavioural control influence consumer decision making. Findings provide evidence for businesses and policy makers to better understand the factors that influence consumer decision making. Further implications allow authorized body to identify the target group and conduct programs to educate consumers to engage in good judgement before making decisions to ensure healthy consumption choices aligned with the National Strategic Plan on promoting optimal healthy lifestyles.

Study DesignRetrospective study.PurposeTo note the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) differences between pathologically proven cases of atypical spinal tuberculosis and spinal metastasis in 40 cases.Overview of LiteratureSpinal tuberculosis, or Pott's spine, constitutes less than 1% of all cases of tuberculosis and can be associated with a neurologic deficit. Breast, prostate and lung cancer are responsible for more than 80% of metastatic bone disease cases, and spine is the most common site of bone metastasis. Thus, early diagnosis and prompt management of these pathologies are essential in preventing various complications.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 40 cases of atypical tuberculosis and metastasis affecting the spine from the year 2012 to 2014, with 20 cases each that were proven by histopathological examination. MR imaging was performed on 1.5 T MR-Scanner (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens) utilizing standard surface coils of spine with contrast injection. Chi-square test was used for determining the statistical significance and p-values were calculated.ResultsThe most common site of involvement was the thoracic spine, seen in 85% cases of metastasis and 65% cases of Pott's spine (p=0.144). The mean age of patients with tubercular spine was found to be 40 years and that of metastatic spine was 56 years. The following MR imaging findings showed statistical significance (p

Construction of railways, highways and roads around steep slopes is a challenging assignment and require special investigations by geologists and geotechnical engineers that help to identify critical slopes. Rockfall Hazard Rating System for India (RHRSI) is a modified scheme for Indian subcontinent and used to define overall stability of slopes in mountainous region or rock cut slopes. Once this rating system identifies critical zones, proper protection measures can be applied to prevent rockfalls. In this article, RHRSI is adopted to identify slopes, prone to rockfalls so that proper preventive measure can be proposed to mitigate loss. State Highway-72 (SH-72) connecting Poladpur to Mahabaleshwar, is an important transportation corridor supporting high vehicle traffic within the well-known tourist area is chosen for rockfall hazard rating. Field observations show that up to 15 km corridor from Mahabaleshwar town has frequent rockfall problems with two most rockfall locations situated at about 12 and 6 km from Mahabaleshwar town. Also, an attempt has been made to focus on risk-consequence analysis for rockfall locations. To this aim, the RHRSI is applied to SH-72 corridor on two locations which are identified as very prone to rockfall hazard.

The present work suggests, some estimation procedures of population mean in two phase sampling. Chain-type exponential dual to ratio and regression estimators have been proposed and their properties are explained. Cost aspects of the suggested estimation procedures have been discussed and a recommendation is made to the survey practitioners for their practical applications.

Introduction: Ultrasound (US) is the primary modality used to assess the thyroid glands. However, the terminology used by the radiologist is not easy for clinicians to understand. Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) classification is the best attempt to facilitate better communication between the radiologist and clinicians. Aim: To assess the Thyroid Ultrasonography (USG) characteristics which are highly suggestive of malignancy and to assess the reliability of TIRADS in the differentiation of malignant from benign thyroid nodules. Materials and Methods: The present study was an observational study conducted on 200 consecutive patients presenting for thyroid swelling and underwent ultrasound of the thyroid. USG features recorded were the internal component, echogenicity, margins, calcifications, shape and vascularity. Using the modified Russ classification, each nodule was classified into a TIRADS category (I, II, III, IVA, IVB and V) based on the US features. Sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was calculated for each of the suspicious US features. The risk of malignancy for each category of TIRADS classification was determined. All the nodules underwent cytological confirmation. The threshold for statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: Among the USG characteristics, spiculated margin, microcalcification and taller-than-wide shape had highest specificity for malignant nodules. Anechoic nodule, iso or hyperechogenicity, predominantly cystic nature, macrocalcification and peripheral vascularity had a high NPV for the malignancy. The maximum number of the patients belonged to TIRADS Grade 3. The PPV was 100% for Grade V malignant nodules followed by 75% for Grade IVB malignant nodules. There was significant difference between IVA and IVB malignant nodules with IV A having very low risk for malignancy and IVB and V having significantly higher risk for malignancy. Conclusion: There is no single ultrasound feature which can diagnose malignancy in thyroid nodules however, there are combinations of USG features that can strongly suggest the possibility of malignancy. TIRADS serves as a convenient classification system which can be easily understood by the clinicians and guide them to do biopsy of the TIRADS IV and V nodules, which have highest malignant risk, thus helping in better patient management.

Lipoma arborescens is benign villous lipomatous proliferation of the synovium. The fronds-like masses are non-neoplastic fatty deposits on the synovium. The word arborescens is a Latin term meaning ′tree-forming′ or ′tree-like′. This article presents two cases of young adults who presented with pain and swelling around knee joint and were diagnosed on the basis of characteristic MRI findings, and hence signifies the role of MRI in diagnosing the cause of inflammatory synovitis in young patients. In addition, MRI helped in deciding the management of these patients. There was significant symptomatic improvement seen on follow-up, which further helps to strengthen the hypothesis that underlying lipoma arborescens could be a rare underlying cause for undiagnosed inflammatory synovitis in young adults.

Giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) is a rare lesion that is a reactive process, not a true neoplasm. It was originally coined by Jaffe to describe lesions, which he believed were a response to intraosseous hemorrhage from jaw trauma. Regardless, GCRG is much more distinct from giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone, both histologically and clinically. We report a patient who presented with multiple facial swelling involving the facial skeleton that showed a multiloculated cystic appearance on CT involving the maxilla and mandible. The patient refused surgery, but after 6 months of follow up there was no progression.

Collet-Sicard syndrome is caused by various neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions affecting the base of the skull with involvement of IX, X, XI and XII cranial nerves. Paraganglioma accounts for

Background: The aims of this study have been elaborated below: (1) to enumerate the common causes of acute abdominal emergencies by ultrasonography in paediatric patients; (2) to establish the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography in evaluation of acute abdominal conditions in children and to illustrate the associated ultrasonographic findings; (3) and, to discuss the role of ultrasonography in guiding the mode of intervention in these cases. Patients and Methods: This prospective study of ultrasonographic examination in 146 paediatric patients presenting with acute onset abdominal pain at the emergency/paediatric outpatient department section of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh, between June 2006 and December 2007, using 3.75 MHz and 8 MHz transducers of the ADARA (Siemens) machine. Results : Common causes of acute abdominal emergencies in pediatric patients as noted on ultrasonography included nonspecific pain (28%), abdominal abscess (21%), acute appendicitis (7%) and intussusception (7%). Ultrasonography was diagnostic in 45.2% cases and supportive in 12.3% of the cases. As for as the final outcome, ultrasonography prevented surgery in almost 20% cases and laparotomy was avoided in 7% of the patients as ultrasound guided interventions in the form of abscess aspiration were carried out. Conclusion: Ultrasonography evaluation of children with acute abdominal pain, helps in making significant changes in the management plan of the patients, and also reveals various clinically unsuspected diseases.

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a novel kind of welding for joining metals that are impossible or difficult to weld by conventional methods. Three-dimensional nature of FSW makes the experimental investigation more complex. Moreover, experimental observations are often costly and time consuming, and usually there is an inaccuracy in measuring the data during experimental tests. Thus, Finite Element Methods (FEMs) has been employed to overcome the complexity, to increase the accuracy and also to reduce costs. It should be noted that, due to the presence of large deformations of the material during FSW, strong distortions of mesh might be happened in the numerical simulation. Therefore, one of the most significant considerations during the process simulation is the selection of the best numerical approach. It must be mentioned that; the numerical approach selection determines the relationship between the finite grid (mesh) and deforming continuum of computing zones. Also, numerical approach determines the ability of the model to overcome large distortions of mesh and provides an accurate resolution of boundaries and interfaces. There are different descriptions for the algorithms of continuum mechanics include Lagrangian and Eulerian. Moreover, by combining the above-mentioned methods, an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) approach is proposed. In this paper, a comparison between different numerical approaches for thermal analysis of FSW at both local and global scales is reviewed and the applications of each method in the FSW process is discussed in detail. Observations showed that, Lagrangian method is usually used for modelling thermal behavior in the whole structure area, while Eulerian approach is seldom employed for modelling of the thermal behavior, and it is usually employed for modelling the material flow. Additionally, for modelling of the heat affected zone, ALE approach is found to be as an appropriate approach. Finally, several significant challenges and subjects remain to be addressed about FSW thermal analysis and opportunities for the future work are proposed.

Kirner`s deformity or dystelephalangy is a rare entity which presents with painless, progressive, bilateral radiovolar curving of the terminal phalanges of the little fingers. It is a clinicoradiological diagnosis. Herein, we present a case where the patient was being treated as having a fracture of the distal phalanx because of misdiagnosis of Kirner`s deformity. Given the rarity of the deformity, we believe it useful to present our case report as a contribution to the literature.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare chronic renal infection of unknown pathogenesis characterized by replacement of renal parenchyma by lipid filled macrophages frequently associated with an enlarged, non-functioning kidney and an obstructing calculus. We report a case of a 45 year old non diabetic female who presented with gradually enlarging renal mass with extensive retroperitoneal involvement and a non-functioning kidney with no evidence of obstructing stone or fat density and simulating malignancy. She was diagnosed as stage III Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and managed with radical nephrectomy with favourable outcome.