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An empirical study requires an initial survey or also known as a pilot study. This is to ensure the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument can be used in real studies better. This article aims to determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. This questionnaire was developed as an adaptation of the Policy Acceptance questionnaire by Tamra, Pierce in 2014. The findings of the study show that the validity and reliability of the study reached the minimum required level. It is hoped that this study contributes to academic development and is able to provide good information to implementers of education policy.

At present, too many questions arise regarding the assessment of student and educational outcomes. Educational assessment in the country today focuses more on the academic achievement of students which ignores other developments. Therefore, this study aimed to get expert views and concensus on the indicator of student outcome based on Ibn Miskawayh's theory in the mission of shaping students according to the true Islamic mold especially in the aspect of As-Syaja’ah. This study employ Fuzzy Delphi method using a 7 Likert scale to collect responses of 15 experts in various fields of education at public universities and government sector in Malaysia. A total of 20 item questionnaire was given to experts for evaluation. Fuzzy Delphi method was used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using triangular fuzzy numbering (triangular fuzzy number) and position (ranking) of each variable is determined using the 'defuzzication' process. The findings show that, response and expert consensus on the factors that lead to academic dishonesty are at a good level. The overall findings of the expert consensus agreement exceeds 75%, the overall value of the threshold (d)

Purpose This paper aims to examine the determinants that drive digital library use by university students in Indonesia and Malaysia during COVID-19. A proposed model based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model-2 was implemented. Design/methodology/approach A pilot study was conducted prior to the main data collection to examine the reliability of the instrument. For the structural model assessment, 1,168 responses were analysed through partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and importance and performance analysis (IPMA). A t-test was also conducted to support the main findings. Findings Most hypotheses are confirmed by the significant results reported through the PLS-SEM. The strongest determinant of behavioural intention is habits. Digital library use is most significantly predicted by behavioural intention. Through IPMA, habits are reported to be the most important determinant for behavioural intention. Performance expectancy obtains the highest performance in the IPMA procedure. Behavioural intention and digital library use are significantly different based on the respondents’ location. Originality/value This study addresses the research gap (comparative studies between two countries) by evaluating digital library use among students in two universities in Indonesia and Malaysia during COVID-19. Findings could facilitate policymakers with insights into digital library use determinants and initiate effective and efficient policies to improve digital library use, especially during school closures due to certain situations or conditions.

This article aims to survey the scope of mobile learning in educational institutions in Malaysia during the Covid-19 pandemic. M-learning is a suitable alternative method used during the Covid-19 pandemic for students to learn at home. The review focuses on implementing remote teaching for engineering laboratory courses during pandemic Covid-19—article journal selected from the Science Direct and Web of Science (WoS) database. The articles were evaluated, reviewed, and analysed through eligibility process. Technology elements can make students more fun in learning, motivated and skilled through mobile learning. This study can prepare students to apply the device in a broader learning process to acquire new knowledge and skills regardless of time and place. This paper recommends that further studies look at how learning material quality factors can influence students' decision to accept m-learning in the Covid-19 pandemic crisis.

Perkembangan teknologi dalam kecerdasan buatan atau AI semakin meningkat secara drastik. Daripada penggunaan telefon pintar, kereta tanpa pemandu, robot, hinggalah pembuatan senjata tanpa kawalan telah mengubah lanskap kehidupan manusia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti potensi dan impak penggunaan AI terhadap manusia pada masa kini. Kajian ini dijalankan secara kualitatif melalui tinjauan literatur dan analisis dokumen. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa AI telah pun digunakan secara meluas terutamanya di negara membangun meliputi pelbagai bidang termasuklah kesihatan, ekonomi dan kewangan, penerbangan, automotif dan pendidikan. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan AI turut dieksploitasi dalam penglibatan aktiviti terorisme, pemalsuan identiti dan penyalahgunaan data. Lebih-lebih lagi, para pakar AI mula khuatir bahawa teknologi AI diluar kawalan dan memberi ancaman kepada manusia. Fenomena ini mencetuskan kebimbangan pelbagai pihak diluar negara termasuklah PBB, Suruhanjaya Eropah dan United Nation untuk mula menyediakan polisi, kawalan dan regulasi terhadap penyelidikan AI. Memandangkan pelbagai pihak diperingkat global sedang berusaha dalam menyediakan garis panduan dan etika dalam penyelidikan AI, terdapat peluang untuk bekerjasama dalam menawarkan input etika dari perspektif ajaran Islam. Keperluan kerjasama untuk membangunkan garis panduan dan etika dalam penyelidikan AI perlu mengambil kira pelbagai disiplin dan perspektif, termasuklah dari perspektif agama Islam. Kerjasama ini juga diharapkan dapat menangani pelbagai isu kontemporari demi melindungi hak dan kepentingan manusia, terutama komuniti muslim global.

The current study examined factors affecting higher education students’ use of a mobile-based Learning Management System (m-LMS) for distance education during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). A survey instrument based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was established and validated. The primary data were gathered from 1032 responses. The data were computed in SmartPLS 3.2. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) procedures were conducted to assess the measurement and structural models. The proposed model is valid and reliable. Findings of the study show that relationships emerge in seven out of ten hypotheses. The strongest relationship is between Perceived Usefulness and Attitude while the weakest exists between Perceived Ease of Use and Attitude. This study emphasizes awareness about the use of m-LMS in education, especially during distance education due to pandemics like Covid-19. The model is expected to provide a useful base for future academicians interested in conducting similar topics of research.

Interpersonal conflict is a very common and unavoidable phenomenon in any organization including schools. Therefore, it requires an approach to handle it to ensure the effectiveness of the organization on an ongoing basis, and whether directly or indirectly it affects the commitment of teachers in the school. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of the conflict management style of teachers, especially in day secondary schools in the district of Bachok, Kelantan. A total of 173 teachers from five schools in the Bachok district in Kelantan participated in this study. The results of the study show that the level of each dimension of conflict management is at a high level. While the level of each dimension of teacher commitment is also at a high level. In addition, the results of the study showed that there were no significant differences in conflict management styles based on gender, age, teaching experience, and educational level. Researchers have suggested that the MOE take several initiatives to reduce conflict among teachers by providing exposure through training, courses, workshops, and seminars on effective and constructive conflict management to increase teachers' commitment towards further excellence in the field of education today.

The worldwide Covid-19 pandemic has significantly changed the leadership style of Malaysian school leaders. To balance the current leadership challenges of the pandemic and the rapidity of technology, school leaders must think ahead and infuse new ones in leadership styles. As a result, the purpose of this study was to identify the functions and behaviours of new leadership styles of school leaders. The results of the questionnaire analysis collected from 103 respondents (principals=74) and (headmasters=29) school leaders using SEM AMOS successfully identified and validated nine functions and 42 behaviours in the new school leadership style. These functions are virtual meetings, virtual forums or discussions, sharing of new information, file sharing, virtual communication, supervision of digital technology-assisted teaching, monitoring student performance with digital technology, promoting development and professionalism. These functions include virtual meetings, virtual forums or discussions, the dissemination of new information, file sharing, virtual communication, the supervision of digital technology-assisted teaching, the monitoring of student performance with digital technology, and the promotion of development and professionalism. This study is expected to have a significant impact on school leaders' use of new leadership styles in the school.

This study is aimed at finding procedures to develop a performance-evaluation model for school supervisors, obtaining the feasibility of the performance evaluation-model for school supervisors and determining the effectiveness of the performance-evaluation model for school supervisors in improving the quality of senior high schools in Special Region of Yogyakarta. The study used the Research and Development method involving 20 senior-high-school supervisors in the province of Yogyakarta. The data collection technique used the Delphi technique through a questionnaire distributed to experts, practitioners and supervisors. The results show that the procedure for developing a performance-evaluation model for school supervisors in improving the quality of senior high schools in Special Region of Yogyakarta is done by implementing procedural development research. The PPE model as a development model in this study is very feasible to be used by the education office in evaluating the performance of school supervisors, especially performance in carrying out academic supervision in schools. The evaluation model of the school supervisor's performance as an effort to improve the quality of high school was declared very feasible by experts, which means that this model can be used by stakeholders. Meanwhile, the evaluation guidelines that have been developed have also been very good. Then the readability of the instrument assessed by the school supervisors themselves was also in the good category. Meanwhile, the performance level of school supervisors in carrying out academic supervision assessed by supervisors shows that the supervisor's performance so far has been very good. While the level of performance assessed by high school teachers is in the very good category. Meanwhile, the performance level of school supervisors as an effort to improve the quality of SMA in the Special Region of Yogyakarta has also shown to be very good. While the level of performance assessed by high school teachers is also included in the very good category, as well as the level of performance assessed by school supervisors.

The study aims to understand educational policy and teacher workload. This study employed a qualitative research approach with a case study design. This case study gives the researcher to conduct a study on a small number of participants in order to gain in-depth information, understanding, and insights on the selected research sample. Hence, the focus of the present study was on the policy issued by the Ministry of Education (MOE). A total of five teachers and two assistant principals were purposively selected. Data collection purposes were employed which included document analysis, semi-structured interview and observation. In the first phase, from document analysis concluded that the MOE is very serious in implementing the co-curriculum policy in school. Meanwhile, form the second phase, from the Interview, all of the teachers agree with newest co-curriculum as called as 1M1S [ 1 Pupil 1 Sport] is redundant with co-curriculum. However, the assistant principal stated policy 1M1S is essential and effective in improving the pupils' skill in sports and games. Finally, from the third phase, found that there is an overlapping issue between 1M1S policy and co-curriculum policy in school and observe the implementation of the policy in school. These policies should come with a worthy and comprehensive training method. Each educational policy needs an organized and well planning strategies to benefit the country.

Legal literacy among teachers is very important in the context of education in Malaysia, especially in facing various challenges. cases involving teachers and the law often published in the mass media leaving a negative impact on the world of education itself as well as involving the Ministry of Education Malaysia. This concept paper discusses literature highlights to reinforce that legal literacy is vital to be used as a study variable. This survey applies document analysis procedure, which includes a review of several official government documents such as the EDUCATION ACT 1996 (Act 550), Student Disciplinary Procedure, Education Regulations (School Discipline) 1959, and the Children Act 2001 (Act 611). The Federal Constitution is also used as the main reference in this concept paper. This study is able to provide guidance to teachers and educational leaders so as not to face legal risks while carrying out their responsibilities.

PurposeThe current study aimed to develop and validate a scale to model factors affecting digital technology access for instructional use. The scale was mainly used to assess the structural model. Besides, tests of difference were addressed regarding digital technology access for instructional use based on gender, teaching experience and school location.Design/methodology/approachThe authors implemented a survey design in this study. A scale based on prior studies was developed, validated and piloted. The pilot study data were computed for an exploratory factor analysis. Further, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and t-test procedures were used for the main data analysis (n.2677). The authors also included the importance-performance map analysis to extend of the results of the PLS-SEM.FindingsThe findings of the study successfully assessed the validity and reliability of the scale. All hypothetical relationships in the structural model were positively significant. The t-test results show that teaching experience and school location were significantly different regarding instructional use access; however, an insignificant difference emerged based on gender.Practical implicationsFailure in technology integration is possible if policies have not been carefully prepared. Therefore, users' perception is an essential factor in determining technology integration, including access to digital technology.Originality/valueThis research has the potential to enhance the understanding of access to digital technology in the context of developing countries by the elaboration of the proposed model's instrument development and validation, path analysis assessment and difference test examination with a large sample size. Also, the current study emphasizes the importance of raising awareness about digital technology access that the model can facilitate a valid and reliable foundation for future researchers interested in conducting similar types of research.

Social networking services (SNSs) have been popular and essential media to increase lecturer-student interaction, collaboration, and communication as well as lecturers' supervision in Indonesian universities including in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL). This mixed method study utilized a survey and interview as the techniques of data collection which specifically explored the lecturers' perspectives on the use SNSs for personal and educational purposes as well as demographic information related to the experience and frequency using SNSs, ownership (possession) of SNSs, and SNSs popularity. The findings revealed that the participants had much knowledge and experiences with SNSs. Even though most participants found some benefits of SNSs in EFL classes including easing communication, supervision and evaluation, time flexibility, and creativity. There were two barriers that have emerged, including lack of skill and cost to use. Implications and future research are offered to improve technology integration in higher education.

This study is motivated by teachers' existence in elementary schools (ES), especially in grades IV, V, and VI, because there are still many who use traditional teaching styles. This makes it difficult for students to understand the learning material, and students are less independent in the learning process. A significant influence between teacher teaching styles that are interactional on the independent character of elementary school students. This research uses quantitative methods with data analysis; validity test, reliability test, normality test, simple linear regression test. In contrast, the sample in this study was selected randomly, namely students in grades IV, V, and VI at ES at SDN Ketapanrame 1 Trawas. The data analysis results showed a significant influence between the interactional teaching style of the teacher on the independent character of elementary school students as evidenced by the t-test results of 5.386 with a significant level of .000. The interactional teaching style affected the independent character of students.

The 21st century has become a challenging moment for all sectors including education. The rapid advancement of technology has brought a huge impact to leadership style among school leaders in Malaysia. Hence, this quantitative identified the level of technology-aided leadership and analyze the behavioral constructs that contribute to technology-aided leadership. A total of 365 questionnaires adapted from the national educational technology standards for administrators (NETS-A) were answered by respondents. statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 and Smart PLS 3 were used to analyze the data. Interestingly, the results revealed that the level of technology-aided leadership is high and the six constructs of technology-aided leadership among principals are valid. The constructs are i) Productivity and professional practice; ii) Teaching and learning; iii) Social, legal, and ethics; iv) Leadership and vision; v) management support and operations; and vi) Assessment and evaluation. In general, school leaders should take the opportunity to develop themselves to become high-tech leaders. Meanwhile, the 31 indicators that are verified in this study can be used to evaluate the behavior of technological leadership. Finally, further research is strongly encouraged to enlarge the scope by collecting the data from all Malaysian states to obtain more accurate and generalizable results.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world, and concerns about psychological, social, and economic consequences are growing rapidly. Individuals’ empathy-based reactions towards others may be an important resilience factor in the face of COVID-19. Self-report data from 15,375 participants across 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this study examined different facets of empathy—Perspective-Taking, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress, and their association with cross-cultural ratings on Individualism, Power Distance, The Human Development Index, Social Support Ranking, and the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index, as well as the currently confirmed number of cases of COVID-19 at the time of data collection. The highest ratings on Perspective-Taking were obtained for USA, Brazil, Italy, Croatia, and Armenia (from maximum to minimum), on Empathetic Concern, for the USA, Brazil, Hungary, Italy, and Indonesia, and on Personal Distress, from Brazil, Turkey, Italy, Armenia, Indonesia. Results also present associations between demographic factors and empathy across countries. Limitations and future directions are presented.

Strategic management is a key to improve the quality of education. These trusts and tasks are carried out by teachers as the implementer of educational policy. However, behind this agenda and mission, teacher’s workload should be noted as an importance factor to implement this. A journey of thousand miles must begin with the first step, so the purpose of this micro study are to explore the implementation of strategic management and teacher’s workload in school. Findings showed teachers lack of understanding effectiveness strategic management because of the teacher's workload.

Education is decisive to structure a greater nation and shaping its citizens’ ability to compete globally. It is one of the major drivers for social capital progress and the country’s economy. As such, the education sector needs continuous monitoring to identify areas for development. Teacher’s Innovative Behavior plays an important role in the maintenance of quality education. However, in Malaysia, far too little attention has been paid to Innovative Behavior among teachers. Previously published studies are limited to surveys research design and strategies. Therefore, this mixed methods study aims to identify the Innovative Behavior of teachers from high-performance schools. A questionnaire of Idea Generation; Idea Promotion and Idea Realization was distributed to 629 teachers. Meanwhile, four principals and eight teachers were interviewed to corroborate or refute the quantitative findings. The findings suggest that Idea Generation; Idea Promotion and Idea Realization have been practiced at high levels in the schools. This study brings important messages to policymakers, curriculum developers, and relevant authorities. They can use these findings to formulate regulations to promise a beneficial educational atmosphere and enhance the quality of education.

Postgraduate learning in Malaysian public or private universities has undergone tremendous shift in its landscape that a continuous diversity of trends has emerged where postgraduate programmes are now offered to a large number of local and foreign postgraduate students. One of the expected aspects of being postgraduates means having to make decisions that are not only wise, but also sound and apt. This requires postgraduates to acquire high level and value decision making skills that would prevent them from making catastrophic decisions such as choosing the right subject matter to investigate, supervisors and appropriate research instruments. Thus, the purpose of this study is to enhance the level of decision-making skills among master students in Strategic Management course using alternative assessment. Using explorative qualitative approach, this study employed an action research where participants' decision-making skills were evaluated followed by intervention treatments that would help them to make better decisions. Ten postgraduate students were asked to complete a self-filled questionnaire and participated in focus group discussion in the first phase of the data collection. SWOT analysis and presentation rubric were used as intervention tools in this study. Results indicated an increase of score from 79% to 85% at the end of the assessment. This concludes that the alternative assessment helps students to make better decisions. The findings illustrated that alternative assessment is different from the restrictive forms of traditional assessment and is advantageous to students, stakeholders, employers, funding bodies and others as it helps to establish capabilities and competencies as well as academic knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to validate instruments regarding digital technology access among Indonesian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) faculty members during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). An EFL Faculty member’s Access to Digital Technology (EFL-FADT) scale was adopted from previous relevant studies consisting of Motivation, Skills, and Use. A total of 235 EFL faculty members from three public and three private universities in Indonesia participated in this study, selected through cluster random sampling. A survey design was applied to examine the factor structure of the EFL-FADT. The survey data were computed through the steps of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM SPSS 23 and SPSS AMOS 23. Through the EFA with Varimax rotation, two factors emerged from Motivation, three from Skills, and two from Use. The result successfully mapped the proposed model. The CFA approach verified the instrument which was satisfactory for Indonesian EFL faculty members. The findings informed 25 valid and reliable indicators. The measured scale achieves psychometric properties. It can provide future studies with a tool to capture EFL faculties’ access to digital technology.

This needs analysis study was undertaken to obtain a preview of the acceptance of Geo-Education Module as a new module in environmental education. This study focused on the needs of module building, the importance of knowing the natural ecosystem, the need for exposure to natural disasters and sustainable lifestyles. This study used a mixed method that combined quantitative and qualitative data. This design of quantitative research involved a survey through questionnaires distributed online. A total of 192 trainee teachers from the Institute for Teacher Education and Public University located in the north of peninsular Malaysia were selected. While the qualitative study involved interviews with five study participants. The findings showed that this module is in high demand for teaching environmental education and were important in providing information to teachers and students. The findings also indicated that the majority of respondents were aware of the aspects of environmental protection that are important to be applied in various fields of study. The importance of creating materials or modules that touch on current aspects is an ongoing step in developing future strategies for preparing for any natural disaster. The implications of developing modules in the current context were discussed in this study.

Circular Letter No 3/1987 issued by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia makes it clear that the supervision of teaching and learning in the classroom is the responsibility of the principal or headmaster to fulfill his role as supervisor. However, school administrators are still not emphasizing this dimension of teaching and teaching supervision, as a result, there may be shortcomings in the pedagogical skills and the quality of the teaching material of teachers. Recognizing the importance of supervisory processes to enhance teacher professionalism, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between teaching and learning supervision skills and teacher self-efficacy, as well as to examine the influence of teaching and learning supervision dimensions on teaching effectiveness. This study was conducted among 211 teachers who participated in the teaching and learning supervision process in 13 primary schools selected by the Jeli District Education Office, Kelantan. The questionnaire was used to collect data and information. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between supervisory skills and teacher self-efficacy (r=0.44, p=0.00), while regression analysis to examine the influence of teaching and learning supervision showed that the technical dimension was moderate (r=0.43, r2=0.185, p

Education for sustainable development allows each modern humans being to obtain the information, skills, attitudes and principles necessary to shape a sustainable future. The word Geo derives from the Greek word meaning "earth" which can also be interpreted in the sense of land, global or Earth-related. The purpose of this study is to analyze expert consensus for the new educational module, Geo-Education. The objective of this study is to obtain from 12 expert views to build the questionnaire of Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) in 10 points Likert scale and consensus on Primer; Natural Ecosystem; Issues and Problems; Sustainable Lifestyle; and Cross-Curricular. The methodology of this research used quantitative fuzzy Delphi analysis. The instrument consists of five sections covering 25 review items for expert consensus. The findings show that experts have consensus agree on all 25 items exceeds 75%, and all defuzzification values for each item exceeds the value of α-cut = 0.5. That means all those items are accepted by the experts. Fuzzy Delphi Method enhanced the accuracy of the questionnaire about Geo-Education module. This study has provided preliminary information on Geo-Education module aspects that need to be focused on Primary; Natural Ecosystem; Issues and Problems; Sustainable Lifestyle; and Cross-Curricular in the process of developing effective teaching and learning modules. The implication concludes that the Geo-Education Module can be used as guidance to the Ministry of Education Malaysia to supplement the teaching materials to teachers training institutes.

This paper discusses two important aspects of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) implementation in Malaysia, namely the evolution and the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in crafting the future of TVET in the Malaysian education landscape. The evolution of TVET is elaborated in seven stages, starting from the era of before the Second World War up to the present new millennium. On the other hand, the role ICT is narrated based on several contexts, such as the history behind ICT integration in TVET education, the advantages, and disadvantages, as well as the challenges and readiness to move along with rapidly shifted industrial demands. Education policies on TVET are constantly enacted and enhanced to ensure that the nation could overcome the challenges of the industrial revolution 4.0. These policies are implemented within three types of TVET institutions, which are school-based, non-school-based, and registered private entities. Therefore, this paper contributes to the existing knowledge by relating the past and the future of TVET education in Malaysia.

This study aims to identify critical success factors of sustainable leadership success. A total of 629 teachers were involved in answering the questionnaires that were distributed. Meanwhile, 4 school principals and 8 teachers were involved in semi-structured interviews to support quantitative findings. The findings showed that all factors of sustainable leadership namely; Focus on Pupils, Lateral Capacity Building Through Networks, Sustain Work Positive Environment, Deep Learning, Intelligent Accountability and Vertical Relationships, and Commitment to Changing Context at All Levels, were practiced at high levels in the schools. Meanwhile, the qualitative findings support three critical success factors in sustainable leadership which are Sustain Work Positive Environment, Commitment to Changing Context at All Levels and Deep Learning. Thus, this study provides information to stakeholders and contribution to the academic research field.

The impact of the development of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) also involved the communication element. This new medium of communication has taken its place recently in the most community to create a virtual community. Therefore, this quantitative study of 202 respondents was carried out to identify the contribution of this new medium of digital communication in the relationship between principal leadership and collaborative community in schools. The data were collected through the questionnaire and analysed using AMOS software version 22. It was found that principal's leadership contributed significantly to digital communication (β = .073, CR = 6.393, P = .000), the new medium of digital communication also contributed significantly to the collaborative community (β = .149, CR = 7.787, P = .000), and its' also contributed as a mediator between principals leadership and community at schools. These findings indicate that the relationship between school principals and collaborative community can be enhanced by the use of a new medium of digital communication such as WhatsApp, Telegram and any other methods. Through this study, a model of collaborative community measurement was developed. This model can be used as a guidance for all the principals to apply this medium in school and also provides a clear signal for the school leaders to achieve the ninth shift of Malaysia Education Blueprint (PPPM 2013-2025) that is a collaboration with parents, communities and the private sector as a whole.

Authentic leadership principals are an alternative to leadership styles within an organisation intended to create more effective administration in maintaining the trust of subordinates, meeting job expectations, and being able to implement change despite facing challenges. However, authentic leadership capabilities of school-style leadership adaptations are still relatively new and unfamiliar. This study aimed to identify the authentic leadership practices applied by school principals and their relationship to the commitment of national secondary school teachers in the district of Pendang in a northern state of Peninsular Malaysia. The research method used was a quantitative survey using a standardised questionnaire. The study respondents consisted of 254 teachers randomly selected from ten national secondary schools under the leadership of principals. The instrument used was adapted from the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ -version 1) to measure the dimensions of authentic leadership. Furthermore, the questionaire of organizational commitment was used to measure the level of teachers’ commitment to the organisation. Data processing was performed using SEM-PLS 3.0. Results showed that the internalised moral perspective dimension of authentic leadership significantly influenced teacher commitment. The leaders with these attributes should combine their principles and behaviours in keeping with internal moral standards. This approach should affect the attitudes of teachers and create a changing environment.

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives., National Science Center, Poland [2019/33/N/HS6/00054]; Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University); Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF; FCT [UID/PSI/03125/2021, SFRH/BD/126304/2016]; UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [2019 -CAP (6401/0019)], This work is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Center, Poland (2019/33/N/HS6/00054). Dmitry Grigoryev was supported by the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).; Dmitrii Dubrov was supported by the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF.; Patricia Arriaga was supported by the FCT through funds from the research center UID/PSI/03125/2021. Anabela C. Santos was supported by the FCT through funds from a PhD grant SFRH/BD/126304/2016. Kavitha Nalla Muthu and Chee-Seng Tan were supported by the UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award 2019 -CAP (6401/0019) from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.