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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of spiritual values (i.e. sense of community, sense of meaning and wisdom) on employee loyalty. Spiritual values are widely accepted by scholars and practitioners as a fundamental element for employee performance. This study explored and enriched the body of knowledge on spiritual and Islamic values, as it investigated the interactive effect of Islamic work ethic (IWE). The theoretical foundation of this research is based on social exchange theory. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional design with purposive sampling was used to collect data from the airline industry. A partial least square (PLS) second-generation structural equation modeling method (Smart-PLS software) was used to test the hypothesized relationship. Findings The study findings revealed that giving importance to spiritual values could add value to the performance of the organization. In addition, based on study findings, organizations should give high priority to Islamic orientations at work and promote IWEs in the true sense. Research limitations/implications The scope of the study is one of the limitations. This study was unable to get a random sample due to the unavailability of a comprehensive and complete list of employees. In addition, from a methodological point of view, this research relied on a single source, which is subjected to bias. Future studies should replicate and test the applicability of the current framework in any other global context. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, no studies in past tested these relationships, which is a contribution to the literature. This research should be an avenue for further inquiries using more rigorous approaches.

The computer information service industry is closely related to the fourth industrial revolution and stands at the core of the global value chain. It has become an essential engine for developing industries in various countries, and its scale is constantly expanding. In the critical period of global economic transformation and development, the use of mathematical models to predict its international competitiveness will help scientifically evaluate the development level of the industry and accelerate the adaptation to the needs of the fourth industrial revolution. In this article, a prediction model is proposed for the international competitiveness of the computer information service industry. First, we used the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index to measure the international competitiveness of the computer information service industry. Furthermore, based on the characteristics of the industry and high-quality development theory, we constructed the evaluation indicator system of influencing factors and used the grey relational analysis method to screen key indicators. Then, we combined the Grey model and BP neural network algorithm to construct the GM-BP prediction model. Finally, China is used as an example to predict the international competitiveness of its computer information service industry, and suggestions are made for industrial development. The results show that the grey relational analysis method can genuinely reflect the impact of different aspects on the international competitiveness of China’s computer information service industry and better determine the key indicators of influencing factors. The GM-BP model has minor errors and excellent simulation results and can accurately predict the future status of international competitiveness. The applicability and reliability of the model are reasonable.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of spiritual values (i.e., sense of meaning, sense of community, and wisdom) on employee’s helping behavior. This study also investigated the moderating effect of the Islamic work ethic (IWE). The research framework was supported by the Al-Ghazali theory of soul. A cross-sectional design with purposive sampling was used to collect data from 344 first-line managers within the Pakistan airline industry. A total of 316 useable questionnaires with a response rate of 49.37% was used for data analysis. Partial least square (PLS) second-generation structural equation modeling (SEM) method (Smart-PLS software) was employed to test the hypothesized relationship. The current study findings revealed that spiritual values had a positive influence in affecting employees’ helping behavior. In addition, the moderation test showed a significant influence of IWE on the specific relationships of spiritual values and helping behavior. Implications for theoretical and practical discussion and limitations of the study are taken into account along with suggestions for future research. This study enriches the existing literature on spiritual values, employee behavior, and IWE.Abbreviations:IWE: Islamic Work Ethic; AVE: Average variance extracted; IATA: International Air Transport Association; PLS: Partial Least Square; SEM: Structural Equation Modeling; PIA: Pakistan International Airline

Purpose Building on high-performance organizations (HPO) framework, the purpose of this paper is to hypothesize the direct impact of five factors of HPO framework on public organizations’ performance in Pakistan. This is first research to employ the partial least squares (PLS) method to provide empirical evidence of the predictive power of the framework in public organizations. Design/methodology/approach This is a cross-sectional study conducted in non-contrived settings thereby keeping researcher interference to a minimum. Data collection was carried out by distributing online questionnaires to 513 employees from three different service-based public organizations in Pakistan. PLS is used to examine the statistical and substantive significance of five factors by employing SmartPLS 3.2.6. Findings This study concludes that the HPO framework has predictive relevance for public organizations’ performance surveyed in this study. Furthermore, three out of the five factors of HPO framework, namely, management quality, workforce quality and long-term orientation have positive relationships, while openness and action orientation (OAO), and continuous improvement process and renewal have a negative relationship with the performance of public sector organizations (PSOs) surveyed in Pakistan. Research limitations/implications The study’s small sample size limits this research, and only quantitative methodology is applied. A significant limitation of this research is that this study relied on a subset of respondents of surveyed organizations and may not representative of the population. Therefore, result should be carefully interpreted as some degree of biasness may be present. Furthermore, findings of the study cannot be generalized to all PSOs of Pakistan. Practical implications The implication for public managers is that the HPO framework has predictive relevance and substantive significance. However, the ideal value of HPO framework will occur when leadership considers HPO factors and struggles persistently to improve performance. The useful implication is that public managers should focus on continuous improvement process and renewal and OAO to meet stakeholders’ satisfaction. Originality/value This study answer two questions, first “is there any significant relationship of five factors of HPO framework with public organizations’ Performance in Pakistan?” and second “what is the predictive relevance level of HPO framework in the Public organizations in Pakistan?” The answers to these research questions will fill the gaps in the literature by providing empirical evidence to the existing knowledge on improvement methods, especially the public sector (PS), and contributing insights on the real world working of the five factors of HPO framework in a PS.

In this study, the physical and chemical quality attributes of apples were measured experimentally during the storage after harvesting, using well-defined procedures and techniques. Overall quality index (OQi) models were formulated in terms of measured quality attributes. Firmness (F) and total soluble solids (TSS) varied from 11.88 ± 0.25 to 7.68 ± 0.24 N and 14.1 ± 0.1 to 12.7 ± 0.1 % Brix, respectively, whereas acidity and density varied from 0.163 ± 0.003 to 0.081 ± 0.001 % and 0.995 ± 0.003 to 0.951 ± 0.004 gm/cm3, respectively. The gloss values at 45° and 60° angles of incidence were found to be in the range of 7.9 ± 0.2 to 4.1 ± 0.3 and 6.8 ± 0.1 to 2.5 ± 0.3, respectively whereas, the Hunter color values L, a, b were found to be in the range of 51.75 ± 1.33 to 57.01 ± 0.98, 24.20 ± 0.86 to 30.12 ± 1.13, and 19.53 ± 1.61 to 22.96 ± 1.12, respectively. Formulated models were validated with the sensory scores. OQi predicted by the Model ML2 was found to be in consonance with the variation in the sensory overall quality scores. The OQi, as per the model ML2, was estimated as the ratio of the product of the constant C (265.5), acidity (A), and firmness (F) to the mod of the product of Hunter color values a and b. Finally, the predicted values of OQi were correlated with the measured quality parameters to check the possibility of predicting OQi non-destructively by using any one of those measured attributes during the storage., Postharvest; Quality; Storage; Apple; Firmness.

Today, the research on the closed-loop supply chain network design with sustainability and resiliency criteria is a very active research topic. This paper provides a new closed-loop supply chain under uncertainty with the use of resiliency, sustainability, and reliability dimensions among the first studies. To model this problem, a two-stage stochastic programming approach is used. To create robust solutions against uncertainty, a conditional value at risk criterion is contributed. The proposed model aims to minimize the total cost, environmental pollution, and energy consumption while maximizing the job opportunities as the social factor. In addition to the sustainability goals, the energy consumption is considered to be the last objective to be minimized. To show the applicability of the proposed model, an automobile assembler industry is applied. To solve the model, the Lp-metric method is employed to transform this multi-objective model into a single objective one. Since this closed-loop supply chain model is complex and NP-hard, a Lagrangian relaxation method with fix-and-optimize heuristic is employed to find the upper and lower bounds for the model via different random test problems. With an extensive analysis, the proposed model shows an improvement to the total cost, CO2 emissions, job opportunities and energy consumption.

As the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading in different parts of India, a reliable forecast for the cumulative confirmed cases and the number of deaths can be helpful for policymakers in making the decisions for utilizing available resources in the country. Recently, various mathematical models have been used to predict the outbreak of COVID-19 worldwide and also in India. In this article we use exponential, logistic, Gompertz growth and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to predict the spread of COVID-19 in India after the announcement of various unlock phases. The mean absolute percentage error and root mean square error comparative measures were used to check the goodness-of-fit of the growth models and Akaike information criterion for ARIMA model selection. Using COVID-19 pandemic data up to 20 December 2020 from India and its five most affected states (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala), we report 15-days-ahead forecasts for cumulative confirmed cases and the number of deaths. Based on available data, we found that the ARIMA model is the best-fitting model for COVID-19 cases in India and its most affected states.

The paper explores the social media dependency and work-related attitudes about religiosity as a mediator among employees in public and private organizations. Not many studies explore the above variables especially in the context of Malaysian employees. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among employees in the public and private organizations in the selected major cities in the country. Data analyses are conducted using SPSS, namely reliability analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediation analysis. Interestingly, the paper only discovers religiosity has a positive impact on work-related attitudes among employees in public and private organizations. Unfortunately, the other hypotheses are not supported and no mediation of religiosity on social media dependency and work-related attitudes was discovered. Further analysis is conducted on religiosity as moderator; the result also shows no moderation of religiosity on social media dependency and work-related attitudes. Discussions on the results are elaborated accordingly.

Purpose This study aims to synthesize the rich knowledge on spiritual intelligence (SI) research within the framework of human resource development (HRD) research. Design/methodology/approach Based on the search of multiple electronic databases authors conducted thematic review of the literature on SI and HRD. Themes associated with SI and HRD are extracted while employing the content analysis technique. Findings Five major themes emerged through the process of content analysis on the body of the reviewed literature. The themes which described the presence of SI-related research within the field of HRD, included: Conceptual connections between SI and HRD; SI Holistic Mechanism; SI and Leadership development, SI measurement tools and, finally, the impact of SI on sustainability. Research limitations/implications The inclusion and exclusion criteria are that the search for this review has been limited to peer-reviewed journals that are published SI-related articles. This paper excluded all articles on SI that `do not explicitly discuss the valuable role of human resources. The key words used are spiritual intelligence (SI) and HRD. Originality/value This paper offered new-fangled value and insightful understanding on SI and its implications for other areas, more specifically HRD. It suggests that SI is an important component for organizational development. Such interventions nurture the human resources that can lead to better performance as a whole.

Cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles were synthesized successfully by use of the sol-gel reaction route using ethanol, in order to study their structural, optical, morphological and photocatalytic properties. A variety oftechniqueswere used to characterize the CdO nanoparticles,including, XRD, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy,Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The resultant CdO nanoparticles were tested as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light.The results show that cadmium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a single phase through sol- gel method, with a crystal structure corresponding to a cubic system as confirmed by the XRD pattern. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the nanoparticles revealed a spherical morphology which lacked impurities. The band gap of the samples was calculated using the Tauc relationship; the energy band gap (Eg) was seen to increase with particle-size reduction. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye was tested under visible light exposure, with the best results being seen within 45 minutes; we conclude therefore that cadmium oxide nanoparticles are more effective photocatalysts at this nanoscale when synthesized by sol- gel method.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the unavoidable role of Islamic spiritual intelligence in organisational sustainability. In the past two decades, increased unethical practices in organisations have resulted in the deterioration of their sustainability. Employees are continuously involved in unethical practices because of a lack of spirituality which is a serious concern for organisational sustainability. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper reviews relevant literature on Islamic spiritual intelligence and organisational sustainability to bridge a gap in the extant literature. Findings The review of the literature concluded that Islamic spiritual intelligence training must be included as a significant factor for employee development in the organisation. Islamic spiritual intelligence is coherent with the individual’s internal strength of having a pure heart and soul. A person with a pure heart and soul has a strong aspiration to act in an ethical way. Research limitations/implications The review of literature is not detailed because of the dearth of information on Islamic spiritual intelligence training for organisational sustainability. Practical implications This paper will increase the understanding and link between Islamic spiritual intelligence and organisational sustainability. It suggests Islamic spiritual intelligence and its dimensions with the implication for future research in organisational sustainability. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature related to the application of Islamic spiritual intelligence training programmes for employees, which will have a significant impact on organisational sustainability.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to obtain greater insights into the implications for human resource development (HRD) in times of economic development, with a focus on China–Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC). In recent times of economic development, a number of economic corridors have emerged globally as tools of regional cooperation and development. In the context of Pakistan, there is a lack of appropriate attention to the field of HRD, which has suffered neglect through the decades (Abbasi and Burdey, 2008; Asrar-ul-Haq, 2015). With this conception, the present economic interventions merit a well-constructed and proper HRD policy for Pakistan. This study will provide HRD insights for policymakers, researchers, entrepreneurs and business executives. Design/methodology/approach The research approach of this study is purely based on literature review and on secondary data. Findings Based on the facts and literature reviews, this study concluded that One belt, One Road in general and CPEC in particular as an economic corridor can bring sustainable and long-lasting impact on the economy only if HRD is given proper attention. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the researchers, this is the first study that highlighted the HRD issue in CPEC.

This study is entitled An Exploration of IQ, EQ and Spiritual Quotient (SQ) Elements in the Human Re-Engineering Program (HRP) Practices: A Study on the Drug Rehabilitation Centre in Malaysia. This study involved four drug rehabilitation centres in Northern Malaysia which are Perak, Penang, Kedah and Perlis. However, the rehabilitation centres involved in this study came from three different states only which are Cure and Care rehabilitation centre (CCRC) Kampung Selamat, Penang, Klinik Cure & Care 1 Malaysia, Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Cure & Care rehabilitation centre (CCRC) Batu Kurau, Perak and Cure & Care Rehabilitation Centre (CCRC) Bukit Chabang, Perlis. This study using Qualitative Method and Exploratory Research. Therefore, to explore the phenomenon an in-depth interview has been conducted with one officer of the CCRC and at least 3 patients of the CCRC. In total, 17 respondents had been interviewed for this research. All the respondents are male. Results of the study showed that approximately only 30% of the patients recover. However, this figure is still doubtful due to no exact statistic revealed. The reasons why they are failed to sustain themselves after being freed from the CCRC due to peer’s factor (40%), low of self-confidence (30%) and weak of religious practice (30%). Family support is one of the main factors contributed to their recovering process as 90% of the respondents admitted that. Majority of the patients admitted that peers’ factor is the main reason they involved with the drug abuse (50%) besides self-exploration (30%) and other factors (20%). In order to rebuild the self-confidence, rehabilitation centre used multi programs such as religious activity, peer’s guidance or group maker (Pembimbing Rakan Sebaya (PRS), and therapy community. This study also revealed that 3 out of 4 rehabilitation centres used more than 50% of SQ program in their healing process, 20-25% on EQ activities and IQ activities. Amongst favourite SQ activities are Iqra’ class, which is learning how to read the Quran, and Halaqah is where they will discuss about religion and do some self-reflection. Family support and religious commitment and practices are the main contributor to patient’s recovery survival after they are freed. As a conclusion, healing process in the rehabilitation centre highly influenced with Spiritual Quotient programs besides others. This shows that internal strength gained via religious commitment and attachment besides continuous practices will be a significant factor of the recovering. The authors acknowledge the support of Bridging grant with account no: 304 PMGT 6316039 RCMO University Sains Malaysia as well as The Sumitomo Foundation, Japan in conducting this research.

In the present investigation graphene-TiO 2 (Gr-TiO 2 ) nanocomposites were synthesized with different graphene concentrations. Graphene nanoparticles were synthesized using modified hummers method, TiO 2 nanoparticles were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. It was observed that band gap was reduced from 3.16 eV to 2.2 eV with the increase in graphene concentration. Moreover, conductivity increases with graphene concentration which corroborates well with the reduction in band gap. Gr –TiO 2 nanocomposites were used as photo anode of DSSCs. Photoelectrical conversion efficiency of DSSC was improved with the introduction of graphene and optimum results were obtained for 3.0 wt percent of graphene concentration.

This conceptual article aims to shed light on the significance of human spiritual dimension in the process of human resource development (HRD). It suggests spiritual intelligence as the missing link in the process of human development that should be identified and considered as an important factor for developed and morally qualified human resources. Moreover, this article also uncovered the growing interest of spiritual intelligence and its implications for HRD. The interest in spiritual intelligence in the body of knowledge has been established in depth which assures that SI embedded in the fabric of the fields of organizational behaviour and psychology. The article emphasizes the vital influence of SI on bottom line of the organization, whereby, human resources can meaningfully contribute towards organization with improved performance. The conventional strategy of organizations in flourishing their employees is more on enhancement of individual’s knowledge, skills, abilities (Intelligence Quotient) and emotions control (Emotional Quotient). However, despite this immense interest in human capital, organizations tend to fail to have holistic approach of human resource development which eventually affects their performance. Further, the article indicates that without considering spiritual development of employees, the logic (IQ) and emotions (EQ) could not be the only ample source for human beings to perform utmost standard performances. Therefore, based on this, we conclude that the emerging notion of human spiritual quotient and its multi-dimensions must be included in HRD initiatives in order to have holistic mechanism.

The foramen magnum is an important landmark located in the posterior part of the cranial base formed by the occipital bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurements of the foramen magnum in human dried skull and to note the variations in the shape and size of the foramen magnum. Additionally area and index of the foramen magnum were also calculated. Fifty human dried skulls of unknown age and sex were obtained from the department of CMCH Bhopal and FHMC Tundla. Foramen magnum were examined macroscopically for their different shapes. Anteroposterior and transverse diameters, foramen magnum area & foramen magnum index were measured. The foramen magnum shapes were determined as round shaped in 22%, oval shaped in 16%,egg shaped in16%, and irregular in18%,tetragonal in 12% penta and hexagonal 8% each. The mean A-P and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum was determined 38.75mm and 33.44mm respectively. In 4%of skull, the occipital condyle was observed to protrude in to the foramen magnum. The mean foramen index and foramen magnum area were 87.68 & 970.57mm². The data obtained may be useful to the neurosurgeon in analysing the morphological anatomy of craniovertebral junction in trans condylar approach for brain stem lesion.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were chemically synthesized with cobalt doping and characterized through UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Cobalt doped ZnO nanoparticles were found to be crystalline having a single phase as confirmed by XRD and SEM. It has been observed that the increase in the percentage of Co from 0% to 5% in ZnO, increases the crystallite size from 20.5 to 25.7 nm and accordingly its band gap varies from 3.22 to 3.30 eV. After treatment morphology of materials was changed from rod to spherical shaped. Further these nanomaterials were applied as a bactericidal agent to control water borne bacterial pathogen. Cobalt doping on zinc oxide and exposure of sunlight enhanced the antibacterial activity against water borne bacterial isolate at 50 μg concentration. Interestingly, most effective bactericidal results were found against Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae .

During the last decade, many organizations were collapsed and had damage their organizational sustainability reason being severe ethical crisis. One of the main reasons affecting organizational sustainability is unethical behavior in the organization. Therefore, the question arises, how this grave issue of unethical behavior of employees can be solved? This paper seeks to assess if spiritual quotient (Here after SQ) is a solution to the unethical behavior of employees and how this SQ along with ethical values can contribute towards organizational sustainability. The paper concludes that SQ is the ultimate intelligence with which people address and solve the problems associated with meaning and value. It is the intelligence that has the force to help people use their actions and lives in a wider, richer and meaning-giving context. Moreover, promoting the ethical values, most of the organizations focus on ethics training programs aimed at increasing employee’s ethical behavior in organization. Thus, the paper finally suggests that employee unethical behavior in an organization can be solved through SQ and ethical values in organization.

In the present investigations Mg doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using sol–gel method. Mg doping in nanoparticles was found to be a good method for tuning of band gap and photoluminescence of ZnO nanoparticles. Simultaneously, Mg doping also inhibited the growth of particle size and it decreased from 36.1 to 13.5 nm with the increase in doping concentration from 0% to 12%. Optical band gap was found to increase from 3.23 to 3.47 eV and photoluminescence studies revealed that visible PL emission was enhanced with doping concentration.

This article explains recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of novel titanium-based nanocomposite materials. Currently, it is a pressing concern to develop innovative skills for the fabrication of hybrid nanomaterials under varying experimental conditions. This review generally focuses on the adsorption behavior of nanocomposites for the exclusion of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial effluents and their significant applications in various fields. The assessment of recently published articles on the conjugation of organic polymers with titanium has revealed that these materials may be a new means of managing aquatic pollution. These nanocomposite materials not only create alternative methods for designing novel materials, but also develop innovative industrial applications. In the future, titanium-based hybrid nanomaterials are expected to open new approaches for demonstrating their outstanding applications in diverse fields.

This conceptual paper is an endeavour to create high performance value in public sector organisations (PSO) of developing countries in general while particularly in Pakistan. Public sector organisations of developing countries come across with an important and challenging question of "how public sector organisations could be transformed into high performance public organisations?" At the same time, this article proposes research investigations to explore high performance strategies in the context of Pakistan and also in other developing countries. Therefore, this paper proposed application of high performance organisation (HPO) framework survey tool to diagnose the performance status of the organisations. This study also proposed explanatory sequential design of mix methodology to explore performance status of public organisations, identifying the weaknesses and strengths of the organisations, developing strategies to transform the organisations into sustainable high performance public organisations to provide quality services to the public.

In the present investigation, we report the synthesis of Co doped ZnO nanoparticles by wet chemical method with dopant content varying from 0% to 5%. The structural and dielectric properties of the samples were studied. Crystallite sizes were calculated from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, which were found to decrease with the increase in Co content. The XRD analysis also ensures that ZnO has a hexagonal (wurtzite) crystal structure and Co 2+ ions were successfully incorporated into the lattice sites of Zn 2+ ions. Dielectric constant was found to decrease with frequency and dopant concentration. Loss tangent results show the decrease in the hopping frequency of charge carriers between metal ions with doping.

Many serious threats due to infectious diseases laid serious threats to the public health worldwide. This is particularly with the outgrowth of bacterial strains due to antibiotic-resistant. In recent advances, nanotechnology has provided its huge potential effect on public health care and plays a significant role in controlling the infectious diseases. Nanotechnology exploits the improved properties of all fields in the disciplines of chemicals, medicinal, biological, engineering, materials science, etc. Recent advances in nanotechnology contributed to the evolution of various novel antimicrobial agents in nanobiotechnology subject. Therefore, metal oxide nanoparticles have received a great attention due to their effective antibacterial properties. ZnO has received great many interests as an antibacterial material because of its stability under abrasive conditions of processing. This is also because of its being safe for human as well as animal’s life. The antibacterial property of ZnO is due to its reaction with water and its generating reactive oxygen species. This chapter describes the effect of pure and doped (cobalt and magnesium) ZnO nanoparticles on antibacterial activity against two gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa and two gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

The diagnosis of osteoporosis centers on assessment of bone mass and quality. In the absence of evidence-based guidelines to assess bone status in laboratory animals and unsuitability of use of T-/Z-scores meant for clinical application in animal studies, most investigators involved in new drug research and development employ clinical biomarkers and kits to assess bone turnover rate and portray change in bone mineral density (BMD) as percentage of increase/decrease, making comparative assessment of the effect highly impractical. This study proposes threshold boundaries of BMD (rT-score) in colony-bred Sprague-Dawley rats, distinct from those used clinically. Boundaries were obtained keeping fixed Type-I error (alpha=0.025). Femur neck was considered best for defining bone status using BMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Findings demonstrate that BMDor=-1.96 rT-score signifies osteoporosis and BMD between-1.96 and-0.80 rT-score as osteopenia. Performance of boundaries to ascertain bone status was examined through simulation under different physiological/ hormonal states viz. estrogen deficiency, ageing, estrus cycle, pregnancy, and lactation. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of 0.98 obtained using BMD of femur neck, being close to unity, shows excellent ability of the proposed rT-score to effectively identify osteoporosis. Further studies using certain hierarchical measures of bone quality such as histomorphometry, mechanical testing etc. could supplement these findings. Since, unlike humans, most laboratory animals including rats only exhibit osteopenia and do not fracture their bones, the proposed thresholds are intended to serve as categorical tools to define bone quality and not to predict fracture risk.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of IQ (intelligence quotient) EQ (emotional quotient) and SQ (spiritual quotient) on employee performance in government sector of Pakistan This study adopted Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) by D. King., Emotional quotient scale by Reuven Bar-On, Intelligent quotient factor analysis by Adrian Furnham, Religion Personality Index (MRPI) by Azimi Hamzah and Measurements of performance by Sarmiento, Beale & Knowles (2007). The data was collected from ministry, administration and directorates of Pakistan. The study administered and received all the 347 completed set of questionnaires (259 employees of grade 1-13, 72 employees of grade 14-18 and 16 employees of grade 19- 22). SEM result of IQ, EQ and SQ shows that they have the significant and positive correlation with the performance of employees. SQ improves performance if the trainings regarding it are provided. Functions of Religion as a moderator in employee job performance. This research has extended knowledge in the workplace with SQ confirm that SQ is more important than the EQ and IQ in influencing the employee performance. The empirical findings of the study shows that organizations may formulate strategies and policies to improve performance of employees by encouraging and allowing the activities of spiritual quotient in the workplace, regardless of religion and spiritual beliefs, and thus facilitate the mutual understanding and respect. This is the only study that measured the impact of IQ, EQ and SQ on employee’s performance with religion as a moderator. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p553

Employees are said to be the most valuable asset in an organisation (Ferdinand, 1988). Therefore, employees talent need to continuously develop and nurture in achieving the highest performance of the organisation. Bentley (1994) emphasized the key to finding and developing the talent is by training whereby training is a planned effort of the organisation to facilitate employee knowledge and skills that are critical for successful job performance (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gehart and Wright, 2008). Thus, any training intervention must be preceded with the process of training needs analysis (TNA). This prerequisite steps is considered important in providing organisation with valuable information to help them in designing and implementing strategic training programs, that will lead to organisational sustainability. The manner to which TNA process is approached are also important in determining the accuracy of it’s result. This study is to understand how far an organisation is adopting the recommended practices in TNA process. The data was collected using a set of questionnaire. The questinnaires were distributed to 236 companies resulting 40.10% of return rate. The findings showed that organisation do recognise the importance of proper training needs in helping to design an effective annual training plan. There is no difference among the organisations on the way TNA is conducted. The study result also offers practical understanding to human resource and training practitioners on how organisations implement their TNA. Besides that, this study provides a knowledge on how TNA should be conducted and the variables that affect its effectiveness. Futher, the study result can be used by other organisation to improve their current TNA process to design impactful training program for the organisation sustainability. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p670

Antiosteoporotic activity of ormeloxifene, a multifunctional SERM, using inhibition in parathyroid hormone (PTH) induced resorption of 45Ca from prelabeled chick and rat fetal limb bones in chase cultures and modulation of certain biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized adult female rats, was investigated. Ormeloxifene concentration-dependently inhibited PTH-induced resorption of 45Ca from chick fetal femora with treated/control (T/C) ratio of 0.71, 0.32 and 0.20 at 50, 100 and 200 microM concentration, in comparison to 0.49, 0.53 and 0.95 in case of CDRI-85/287 (a pure antiestrogen), tamoxifen and ethynylestradiol (100 microM), respectively. Using rat fetal limb bones, ormeloxifene (100 microM) exhibited T/C ratio of 0.67, in comparison to 1.43 with PTH alone. Heat-killed bones exhibited negligible resorption (2.9%; T/C: 0.098) in response to PTH. In adult female rats, ormeloxifene (1.25 and 12.5 mg/kg per day) inhibited ovariectomy-induced increase in serum total and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin and urine calcium/creatinine ratio to almost intact control level. Ovariectomy was accompanied by marked decrease in bone mineral density of isolated femur and tibia, being maximum in femur neck (28.3%; P0.01) and midshaft (23.7%; P0.01), but only marginal (6.7%; P0.05) in region proximal to tibio-fibular separation point. Decrease in BMD based on T-/Z-score, too, was2.5 S.D. than mean value of normal young adult/age-matched females. This was prevented by ormeloxifene and the effect, though apparently more in females supplemented with higher dose of ormeloxifene, was not always significantly different and clear dose-response was not evident until BMD data was evaluated on T-/Z-score basis. The analysis also demonstrated much higher threshold level of tibia than femur and more so for their mid-shafts. Increase in BMD of isolated bones was also observed in ormeloxifene-treated intact females, without significantly altering biochemical markers of bone turnover or uterine weight. Findings suggest potential of ormeloxifene in management of post-menopausal osteoporosis and beneficial effect on BMD in women taking this SERM for contraception or any hormone-related clinical disorder.

This review article is an attempt to create high performance (HP) value in public sector organisations (PSO) of Pakistan to pursue Vision Pakistan 2025, a prosperous middle-income nation by 2025. To achieve this goal, Pakistan needs strong organisations with high performance (HP) for building strong economy. PSO of Pakistan came across with an important and challenging question of 'How PSO could be transformed into high performance public organisations (HPPO)?' At the same time, this article proposes application of resource based view (RBV) and dynamic capability theory for future research investigations to explore HP strategies in the context of Pakistan and also in other developing countries. This paper also proposed application of high performance organisation (HPO) framework as a survey tool through explanatory sequential design of mix methodology to diagnose the performance status of the organisations, identifying the weaknesses and strengths of the organisations, developing strategies to transform the organisations into sustainable HPPO to provide quality services to the public.

Nano-crystalline undoped and Mg doped ZnO (Mg-ZnO) nanoparticles with compositional formula MgxZn1-xO (x=0,1,3,5,7,10 and 12 %) were synthesized using sol-gel process. The XRD diffraction peaks match with the pattern of the standard hexagonal structure of ZnO that reveals the formation of hexagonal wurtzite structure in all samples. SEM images demonstrates clearly the formation of spherical ZnO nanoparticles, and change of the morphology of the nanoparticles with the concentration of the magnesium, which is in close agreement with that estimated by Scherer formula based on the XRD pattern. To investigate the doping effect on optical properties, the UV–VIS absorption spectra was obtained and the band gap of the samples calculated.

Spiritual intelligence is gaining universal recognition and spiritual values are becoming increasingly integrated into organisational behaviour and psychology. Despite the significance of spiritual...

La existencia intrauterina del feto depende de la placenta, el mayor organo de nutricion y homeostasis. El estudio se llevo a cabo para comparar los cambios morfometricos e histologicos de la placenta humana de termino y pretermino. Ochenta placentas fueron obtenidas del Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecologia, JNMCH, AMU, Aligarh y se dividieron en grupos, el primer grupo de placentas de pretermino hasta 36 semanas (n = 30) y el segundo grupo de placentas de termino, de 37 a 40 semanas (n = 50 ). Las muestras fueron fijadas en solucion de formol-salina al 10%. Se estudiaron las variables morfologicas macroscopicas de las placentas. Hubo un aumento significativo en el peso de la placenta, el area de decidua y el diametro del cordon umbilical de la placenta a termino en comparacion con la de los prematuros. De cada placenta se tomaron y se procesaron bloques de tejido para incluirlos en parafina. Cortes de 5 µm fueron tenidos con HE y Van Gieson para microscopia optica. De cada muestra fueron estudiadas 200 vellosidades, bajo campo de alta resolucion y la aparicion de diferentes caracteristicas se expreso como porcentajes para cada parametro. La aparicion de las microvellosidades y brote sincitial en el sincitio estaban casi ausente en las vellosidades de las placentas de termino. Se puede concluir que al aumentar la edad gestacional hubo un aumento gradual en el numero de capilares en las vellosidades de la placenta de termino. Existe un aumento significativo en el recuento de nudo sincitial, necrosis fibrinoide, membrana vasculosincisial y disminucion en el porcentaje de las vellosidades que muestran celulas citotrofoblastica y numero de celulas de Hofbauer en las placentas del termino de grupo en comparacion con el grupo de pretermino.

Alteration in biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) of whole body and isolated femur and tibia in relation to age, estrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation and suitability of use of rat as model for studies on pathophysiology of bone and therapeutic measures for its management were investigated. Immature rats (1, 1.5 and 2 month of age; weighing, respectively, 39.3+/-1.0, 67.8+/-2.4 and 87.2+/-5.2 g) exhibited high rate of bone turnover, as evidenced by high serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase and urine calcium/creatinine ratio. However, their BMD (whole body or of isolated long bones) was below measurable levels. Marked increase in body weight at 3 months (185.5+/-5.2 g) was associated with low serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase and urine calcium/creatinine ratio. Biochemical markers and BMD attained at puberty at 3 months were maintained until 36 month of age. No significant change in serum calcium was observed with increasing age or on any of the biomarkers during estrous cycle, and BMD of femur and tibia isolated during proestrus and diestrus stages was almost similar. Onset of pregnancy was associated with significant increase in serum total alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels, but serum calcium, urine calcium/creatinine ratio or BMD of whole body or isolated long bones were not significantly different from that at proestrus stage. No marked change, except increase in body weight (P0.05), was also evident in these parameters between days 5 and 19 of pregnancy, irrespective of number of implantations in the uterus. A significant decrease in BMD of isolated femur (neck and mid-shaft regions) was observed on days 5 and 21 of lactation as compared to that during pregnancy or diestrus/proestrus stages of estrous cycle; the decrease being almost similar in females lactating two or six young ones. BMD of isolated tibia (global and region proximal to tibio-fibular separation point), though generally lower than that during cycle and pregnancy, was statistically non-significant. However, clear evidence of occurrence of osteoporosis during lactation, with decrease in BMD of2.5 x S.D. in isolated femur (global, neck and mid-shaft) as well as tibia (global) was observed only when BMD data was analysed on T-/Z-score basis. Serum biochemical markers of bone turnover, too, were significantly increased in comparison to cyclic rats. Findings demonstrate marked increase in body weight and bone turnover during first 3 months of age, direct correlation between peak bone mass and onset of puberty at 3 months of age and increase in bone resorption rate during lactation. Finding of the study while might suggests possible use of rat as useful model for studies on bone turnover rate during lactation and post-weaning periods and extrapolation of the result to the human situation, but not in relation to ageing.