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Unani medicine relies on drugs of natural origin for the treatment of various medical conditions. It is practised throughout Asia and particularly in India. The rich natural drug asset of Unani medicine includes both single and compound drugs. Habb-e-Azaraqi is a polyherbal Unani formulation used clinically since decades for the management of various neurological disorders like facial palsy, paralysis, gout and arthritis. The explicit nature of Habb-e-Azaraqi rationalizes its use in nervine disorders. The main ingredient of Habb-e-Azaraqi is Azaraqi mudabbar (detoxified Strychnos nux-vomica L.) which is known for its diverse medicinal uses. This review highlights the traditional uses of Habb-e-Azaraqi, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of its ingredient. Keyword: Habb-e-Azaraqi; Facial palsy; Paralysis; Strychnos nux-vomica; Unani medicine

Ketamine is known for its antinociceptive effect and is also used for treatment-resistant depression. However, the efficacy and safety of (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a ketamine metabolite has been sparingly investigated for acute pain management. The current study aims at investigating the antinociceptive effect of intranasal (2R, 6R)-HNK using pre-clinical models of acute pain. Additionally, the behavioural and neurophysiological safety analyses were carried out for the effective time window. Antinociceptive efficacy of (2R, 6R)-HNK was evaluated using the hot plate test and Hargreaves' plantar test. The formalin test was carried out in both the acute and tonic phases. The neurophysiological and behavioural safety analyses were carried out separately for the haemodynamic function, cortical electroencephalography (EEG), and spontaneous behavioural functions. Analgesic effect of (2R, 6R)-HNK was evident by a significant increase in paw-withdrawal latency in both Hargreaves' and hot plate tests. Additionally, the (2R, 6R)-HNK showed a significant ameliorative effect on pain-related behaviour in the second phase of the formalin test. (2R, 6R)-HNK exhibited an anxiolytic effect without causing any significant changes in locomotor activity and haemodynamic parameters. Power spectral density (PSD) analysis of electroencephalogram revealed no significant changes except a comparative increase in the gamma band range. Both the locomotor functions in the open field test and the PSD value of delta wave indicated no sedative effect at the given dose of (2R, 6R)-HNK. The results demonstrated the pain-alleviating effect of (2R, 6R)-HNK without compromising the neurophysiological and behavioural function. Therefore, intranasal (2R, 6R)-HNK is suggested as a safe candidate for further clinical study in the management of acute pain.

Cough is a physiological reflex, experienced by every human, is an important protective and defensive mechanism whose action secures the removal of foreign materials and secretions from the airways (larynx, trachea and bronchi). In various circumstances, such as respiratory tract inflammation, viral infections, allergic rhinitis, or inhalation of various irritants, it is unintentionally stimulated and a cough suppressant may be needed to relieve the cough. The currently available cough suppressants (opiates, dextromethorphan, etc.) limit their use in humans due to significant side effects such as constipation, respiratory depression, drowsiness. Lauq Khayar Shambar (LKS) is used as an antitussive in Unani medicine for centuries and is also used to treat various upper respiratory tract ailments such as asthma, dyspnoea, catarrh, productive and dry cough, pharyngitis and laryngitis. So, this review aims to explore the role of LKS in the management of cough.

Science has uncovered much about SARS-CoV-2 and made extraordinary and unprecedented progress on the development of COVID-19 vaccines, but there is still great uncertainty as the pandemic continues to evolve. We are simply moving to a new phase of the pandemic. Tiryaq Wabai, is on the polyherbal medicine used for centuries by Unani doctors as preventative medicine in epidemics. It consists of three ingredients: Sibr (Aloe barbadensis), Zafran (Crocus sativus), and Mur-Makki (Commiphora myrrh). All the three ingredients of Tiryaq Wabai have various pharmacological activities like immunomodulatory, antitussive, expectorant, and antiviral activity which provide a strong basis for its prophylactic use for covid-19 infection. Further, research on this important prophylactic Unani formulation Tiryaq Wabai in Covid-19 is the need of the hour. Keywords: Tiryaq; Epidemic; Covid-19; Unani medicine

Objectives Celastrus paniculatus Wild is an evergreen climbing shrub. The plant is of great significance in the traditional Indian System of Medicine, such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. The seeds and their oil are extensively used to treat neurological disorders such as cognitive dysfunction, paralysis, epilepsy, insomnia, and other ailments like rheumatism, arthritis, sciatica, and leprosy. This paper aims to highlight the nootropic activity of C. paniculatus and explore its phytochemistry, traditional uses, and other pharmacological activities. Methods All available information concerning C. paniculatus has been searched in the internationally accepted scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Additional knowledge was gathered from the classical Textbooks and Unani Pharmacopoeia. Results C. paniculatus is a rich source of several secondary metabolites, such as β-Dihydroagarofuranoids sesquiterpenes, alkaloids (Celastrine, Celapanin, Celapagin, and paniculatin), flavonoids, terpenoid (β-amyrin, Lupeol, Pristimerin), sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-Tocopherol), fatty acid (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids) and non-fatty acids (Benzoic acid, Cinnamic acid). The various study shows that the extracts and active constituent of this plant possess potent nootropic activity. Besides nootropic activity, it has also been reported for anti-Alzheimer, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, gastroprotective, anti-psoriatic, wound healing, antibacterial, antimalarial, and several other properties. Conclusions Several in vitro and in vivo trials confirm the conventional use of C. paniculatus in cognitive dysfunction. However, the relations between the possible mechanisms of other activities and traditional uses of the C. paniculatus remain indistinct. Still, pharmacological studies also explored the effects of C. paniculatus, which were not recognized in ancient times, such as cytotoxic, ACE inhibitor, and antidiabetic activities. These discoveries are may be beneficial in the development of the new drug to treat various diseases. It is also confirmed that the β-dihydroagarofuranoids exhibit significant AChE inhibitory, cytotoxic, antibacterial, and insecticidal effects. This versatile medicine is truly a life elixir. Considering the therapeutic importance of the C. paniculatus and the absence of any reported clinical studies, extensive clinical trials are needed to explore its memory enhancing and other activities.

The study aimed to investigate the significance of serum biomarkers in the severity grading of traumatic brain injury (TBI). For this purpose, mice underwent fluid percussion injury (FPI) at three discrete severity levels, mild, moderate, and severe. The severity of trauma was verified by the qualitative and quantitative histopathology of the brain. The serum samples were analyzed for the potential changes in ubiquitin C‑terminal hydrolase‑1 (UCHL‑1), S100β, interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), corticosterone, and β‑endorphin at 24 and 72 h post injury. A multifold increase in the values of UCHL‑1 was reported at all severity extents of FPI. However, TBI severity‑dependent increase in UCHL‑1 was reported on 72 h following FPI but not at 24 h. S100β values were significantly augmented in the mild and moderate group at both the time point but not in the severe group. Serum level of IL‑6 was significantly increased in the mild injury group at 24 h but not in the moderate and severe. At 72 h, IL‑6 showed a reverse trend. β‑endorphin and corticosterone were sensitive at an early stage only. Such unique dynamics of each biomarker enable us to propose TBI severity scale in the term of biomarkers codes to predict the extent of neurotrauma. Our preclinical study presents a predictive model for further clinical validation.

The multimicrogrid system is a complicated nonlinear system, which brings performance degradation due to deficient damping under the unexpected fluctuation in power generation due to the presence of renewable sources, dynamically changing loading conditions, and parameter variations. Owing to this, to provide consistent electric power with superlative attribute, sturdy and intelligent control techniques are amazingly imperative in the automatic generation control of microgrid (MG). The application of imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA)-based fractional-order integral proportional derivative with filter (IPDF), i.e., integral tilt derivative with filter controller (ITDF) controller in frequency control in two areas interconnected MG (isolation mode) with renewable penetration, is a novel work. A maiden attempt of the ICA is proposed to optimize the gains of the ITDF controller utilizing the integral time absolute error criterion. To demonstrate the supremacy of ICA, its outcomes are contrasted with two existing optimization strategies, namely the genetic algorithm and the particle swarm optimization. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is revealed by contrasting the dynamic responses of multi microgrid (MMG) with proportional integral derivative with filter (PIDF) and tilt integral derivative with filter (TIDF) controllers. At last, a sensitivity investigation is performed to exhibit the power of the studied strategy to wide variations in the MG parameters, magnitude as well as the location of step/random load disturbance. The proposed MMG is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Myrtus communis Linn. (MC) is an important medicinal shrub being used in Unani Medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, peptic ulcers, leucorrhoea, urethritis, haemorrhoids, conjunctivitis, palpitation, pulmonary and skin disease. This review provides data on the botany, phytochemical, Preclinical & Clinical Studies and Unani traditional uses of MC, with an aim to make update of the current information and obtain opportunities for further therapeutic potential. The information was obtained from scientific literature databases including PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from classical Unani text books, and published materials. MC are used traditionally for the treatment so many diseases. The Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hypoglycaemic, Anticancer, Analgesic, Antidiarrheal properties have been widely investigated. More than 50 active ingredients have been isolated from this plant including monoterpene, sesquiterpene, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, tannins and flavonoids. The present review verifies the real identity of Myrtle, summarizes its valuable description in Unani literature, and its medicinal efficacy in haemorrhoid, aphthous stomatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and other disorders. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies and clinical investigations on the crude drug and isolated principles proved the multipotent action of Myrtle.

The history of Tiryaq is around 2000 years old and, since ancient times, has been regarded as a universal antidote. It was a complex compound consisting of many ingredients, originating as a cure for the bite of poisonous wild animals, mad dogs, or wild beasts. Tiryaq was not a usual antidote; it was not developed to cure or prevent a particular disease. It was a multi-medicine to protect against all poisons and treat different conditions, such as chronic cough, stomach-ache, asthma, chest pain, fever, colic, seizures, diarrhoea, and urine retention. The belief that Tiryaq could protect individuals from poisons and various maladies persisted well into the modern era, only gradually being dispelled by the progress of Western medicine founded on scientific principles. Tiryaq was taken off most formularies, although now it survived in India and a few European cities.

Delphinium denudatum Wall (DD), commonly known as Jadwar in India, is an essential plant of the Unani system of medicine. In Unani medicine, Jadwar is considered an antidote to poisons, refrigerant, nerve tonic, cardiotonic, demulcent, lithotriptic, diuretic, and antipyretic. It is beneficial in the treatment of fungal infections, paralysis, facial palsy, epilepsy, infantile convulsions, migraine, mania, hysteria, numbness, tremors, cholera, jaundice, cardiac diseases, arthritis, rheumatism, toothache, aconite poisoning, snake bite, scorpion sting and all kinds of pain. Many bioactive constituents are isolated from DD, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, including delphocurarine, staphisagrine, delphine, condelphine, denudatin, delnudine, delnuline, vilmorri anonymouse, vilmorrianone, a diterpenoid alkaloid. The scientific analysis of Jadwar demonstrates many of the activities mentioned in Unani literature. Nevertheless, further research is needed to identify the mechanism, active constituent, and usefulness of Jadwar in clinical practice. Given the encouraging results against neurological disorders in the prefaces, this aspect should be thoroughly investigated to make it a standard medicine.

Antibiotic resistance in every corner of the planet is growing to dangerously high levels. New mechanisms of resistance are emerging and spreading globally which threatens our ability to treat common infectious diseases. Many scientists documented some plants having antimicrobial properties. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ZO), the most recognised member of Zingiber, is one of them. This review aims to validate the antimicrobial activity of ginger. The information and data on ZO were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks, Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Scopus. ZO has many medicinal, nutritional and ethnomedical values and is commonly used as a spice, flavouring agent and herbal remedy worldwide. In addition to giving ginger its pungent aroma, volatile oil gingerol and other pungent principles are the most medically potent since they inhibit the production of prostaglandin and leukotriene, which are chemicals that affect blood flow and inflammation. Traditionally, it has been used as an herbal remedy for centuries in Ayurvedic, Tibb-Unani, Chinese, Islamic, Africans, the Caribbean and many other medicinal systems to cure a variety of diseases like throat infections, asthma, inflammation, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, palpitation, constipation and indigestion, colds, arthritis, nausea, hypertension, migraines, and many more. It has a high proportion of α-Zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, (E,E)- α-farnesene, geranial and ar-curcumene. The ZO extracts, essential oil and chemical constituents exhibited antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, and other beneficial activities. The research suggests that there are marked antimicrobial activities in the ginger that could be beneficial and applied in various research areas, such as the pharmaceutical and food industries. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which these effects are exerted, more research may be required.

Plumbago zeylanica L. (Pz) is one of the most important medicinal plant belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae. It is a perennial shrub, growing throughout India and most places of Sri Lanka. It contains various bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, naphthoquinones, glycoside, saponins, steroids, tri-terpenoids, coumarins, phenolic compounds etc. Of all the chemical constituents, plumbagin is the principal active compound. Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone-C11H8O3) is primarily present in roots in higher amounts with only about 1% in the whole plant. The literature reveals that the root and root bark have a wider claim in traditional medicines against various diseases as a memory enhancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, wound healing, anti-malarial, anti-infertility, anticancer, blood coagulation, and anti-oxidant activities. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of this plant. Keyword: Plumbago zeylanica; Sheetraj; Chitrak; Anti-inflammatory; Antimicrobial; Traditional uses

Cancer has been a worldwide topic in the medical field for a very long time. As angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis, controlling tumor-associated angiogenesis is a promising tactic in limiting cancer progression. In cancer patients, multidrug resistance (MDR) is most widely used phenomenon by which cancer acquired resistance to chemotherapy. This resistance to chemotherapy occurs due to the formation of insulated tumor microenvironment which remains a major hurdle in the cure of various types of cancer. The mechanisms that cause malignant growth of cells include cell cycle control, signal transduction pathways, apoptosis, telomere stability, and interaction with the extracellular matrix. This chapter focuses on current strategies to suppress tumor angiogenesis for cancer therapy, various mechanisms involved in the development of MDR in cancer cells, which in turn will help us to identify possible strategies to overcome these MDR mechanisms and a variety of procedures that involves targeting apoptotic and telomerase pathways to suppress tumor progression.

Background Subanesthetic ketamine has been used for treatment-resistant depression and is popular as an opioid-sparing agent. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent antinociceptive effect of intranasal ketamine (INK) along with behavioral and neurophysiological safety in mice. Methods Antinociceptive efficacy was evaluated in the terms of thermal nociceptive response and formalin test. The safety studies were carried out separately in healthy mice using telemetry-based cortical electroencephalography, hemodynamic changes, and spontaneous behavioral functions, including anxiety, stereotypic movement, and locomotor functions. Results INK administration significantly augmented the thermal nociceptive threshold and alleviated the pain response in the tonic phase of the formalin test. The results showed the dose-independent effectiveness of ketamine for thermal nociceptive responses because there were no significant differences among different INK dose groups. Behavioral safety analysis using the open field exploratory test revealed no significant effect of INK on anxiety-like functions in healthy mice. However, INK mice showed significantly more stereotypic movement but slower locomotor activities. The electroencephalography signal power spectrum density analysis revealed no significant changes by INK administration except a lower value in the α range. No significant changes were reported in heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, or systolic blood pressure at the higher dose equivalent used in the pain model. Conclusions The study demonstrated the behavioral and neurophysiological safety of INK, although it had a mild sedative effect. Therefore, INK is suggested as a potentially safe candidate for the management of acute pain. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2021; 82:XXX–XXX) © 2021 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.

Introduction: The rhizomes of medicinal plant Darunaj-aqrabi (Doronicum hookeri C.B. Clarke ex Hook.f.) (Family Asteraceae) has long been used in Unani system of medicine (USM) as Cardiac tonic (invigorative and exhilarant), nervine tonic, carminative, protective of the foetus, antidotary etc. in different dosage forms. It is included in specific drugs for heart and is much valuable for palpitation. Because of having antidotal characteristics and protective (corrective) attributes, the rhizomes are generally used in compound formulations having tonic effects for the body. Aim of the review: The study aims to reflect the importance of Darunaj-aqrabi in USM. This review provides essential data focusing on traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological profile, thereby identifying research gaps and future opportunities for investigation and development of this plant. Materials and methods: All available information related to Darunaj-aqrabi in the internationally accepted scientific databases including Pub Med, Science Direct, Scopus, Sci Finder, Google Scholar, Microsoft academy and Web of Science were searched. Additional information was gathered from the classical text of USM on Herbs, Unani Pharmacopoeia, and so on. Results: The literature supported its use traditionally in formularies or by rural people as a digestive, carminative, protective of the foetus, cardiotonic, stomach tonic, liver tonic, lithotriptic, antidote etc. Its extract showed antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activity. The main phytochemical constituents are alkaloids; saponins; flavonoids, photoactive thiophenes, sesquiterpene alcohol, paralianchol and its acetophenone derivatives. There is limited data available on this plant. Conclusion: The contemporary pharmacological studies showed the anti-microbial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activity of Darunaj-aqrabi. However, most of the aspects of this herb have still not been identified. Along with this, there are inadequate details on the phytochemistry and toxicological profile. Due to the extensive traditional uses of Darunaj-aqrabi, more research on pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, toxicity and adverse effects tend to be required to determine its medicinal values.

Currently, the concept of lipid-based drug delivery systems has gained much interest because of their capability to deliver drugs which dissolve sparingly in water or insoluble in nature. Several methods of lipid-based drug delivery exist, and each method has its own advantages as well as limitations. The primary objective of the formulation development is to improve the bioavailability of the drug. The nano-sized lipid-based drug delivery systems have enough potential to do so. This article addresses the various barriers to the transportation of drugs through certain routes and also the common excipients which used to develop the lipid-based drug delivery systems. It provides a thorough overview of the lipid formulation classification scheme (LFCS) and also deals with several formulation & evaluation aspects of lipid-based drug delivery system. Further, it focuses on the formulations which are already available in the market and their regulatory concerns, respectively.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Ammi majus L. (Aatrilal) a member of the family Apiaceae, is native to Egypt and widely distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, and West Asia. It has been used for the treatment of various dermatological disorders particularly vitiligo in the Unani system of Medicine for ages. In traditional medicine, fruits are used as an emmenagogue as well as a diuretic, blood purifier and to treat leprosy, urinary and digestive disorders. Aim of the review This paper aims to highlight the medicinal properties of Aatrilal in view of its temperament and phytoconstituents; to signify its potential in the treatment of vitiligo and other ailments as mentioned in Unani system of medicine and also to explore its phytochemistry, pharmacological and clinical studies. Materials and methods Aatrilal was explored in classical Unani literature for its temperament (mizaj), medicinal properties and therapeutic uses. Published works available on PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were referred to collect all the available information regarding its phytochemicals and pharmacological studies. All relevant articles up to 2020 were referred including 15 classical Unani books, 15 English books, 72 research, and 3 review papers. The plant's scientific names were validated using ‘The Plant List’ ( www.theplantlist.org ). Standard Unani Medical Terminology published by Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine in collaboration with the World Health Organization was used to describe the appropriate Unani terminologies. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants and different indexed journals were consulted for botanical and English names. Results Aatrilal has been used in traditional medicine for ages. Due to controversies in its identity, it was adulterated and substituted with many drugs. The real identity of Aatrilal is now established as the fruit of A. majus L. Despite having numerous pharmacological activities, it is considered the first-line drug for the treatment of vitiligo. It is a rich source of furanocoumarins (xanthotoxin, also known as 8-methoxypsoralen, bergapten, imperatorin, isopimpinellin) with other compounds viz. flavonoids, terpenoids, proteins, essential oil constituents, etc. It has been reported for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic, and many other activities. Clinical trials have shown the therapeutic potential in vitiligo and other skin disorders. Conclusion Based on the available literature, it can be concluded that Aatrilal is a drug that has been effectively used in Unani system of medicine for centuries to treat the cases of vitiligo and other dermatological disorders. It has been studied extensively for its phytopharmacological properties. Raw extracts of A. majus form the crux of the main research. Many potentially bioactive compounds are included in the essential oil, but to our knowledge, no detailed studies of its biological activity are yet available. Therefore, our suggestion is to focus future research on essential oil and its ingredients.

Background: Nonadherence with medication regimens is among the most common causes of psychotic relapse and the need for rehospitalisation. This study was designed to look into the factors affecting attitude towards medication adherence in Schizophrenia and its relationship with severity of illness, side effects of medication. Methods: Adult males and females in the age range of 18-55 years fulfilling criteria for schizophrenia according to ICD – 10, DCR, and reporting at outpatient department were taken up for this study. Severity of illness was assessed by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Side effects to medication were assessed by Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser (UKU) side effect scale, and Adherence was assessed by Medication adherence rating scale (MARS). Results: Adherence negatively correlated with severity of illness, and side effects in the form of increased sleep duration, asthenia, increased fatigability, lassitude and diminished sexual desire. Regression analysis with MARS as dependent variable showed side effects of medication in the form of increased sleep duration in followed by asthenia, lassitude, and increased fatigability to be predictors of poor adherence in the sample. Conclusions: Poor adherence is associated with severity of schizophrenia, sedation and asthenia like side effects due to medication. Sedation and asthenia like side effects caused a decline in adherence.

BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is the 10th leading cause of disability of all medical conditions in the industrialized world and the ‘Quality of Life’ has emerged as a valid parameter to measure the outcome of illness and effectiveness of treatment. OBJECTIVE To see the quality of life, functioning and clinical variables between the OCD patient and the ‘Patient control’ group MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 120 probands were assessed, of which 60 subjects were OCD patients and 60 stable schizophrenia patients were used as patient control group. Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, The Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, WHOQOL-BREF, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale were applied as per the protocol. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics with the help of SPSS version 16.0 for Windows. RESULTS The cost of medication was significantly higher in OCD group as compared to Schizophrenia Group. Depression and anxiety scores were significantly higher in OCD group. Global functioning was significantly better in schizophrenia group but quality of life better in OCD group on Physical Health domain and Environment domain of WHOQOL-BREF. CONCLUSION The Psychopathology of OCD spared satisfaction with sleep, ability to perform daily living activities, capacity to work, ability to get around, energy for everyday life, physical pain and need for any medical treatment to function in daily life, satisfaction with the conditions of your living places, access to health services, transport, opportunities for leisure activities, money to meet the needs, availability of the required information, and safety in daily life; when compared to stable schizophrenia patients The Psychopathology of OCD had as severe an impact as Schizophrenia on ‘enjoying life, finding it meaningful, level of negative feelings, satisfaction with self, evaluation of body appearance and ability to concentrate’ ‘satisfaction with personal relationships, sex life and support from friends’.

In the last decade, there has been a mounting concern in lipid-based formulations to deliver water-soluble drugs. Lipid-based drug delivery systems are one of the budding and promising technologies designed to tackle the poor bioavailability problems. This chapter stresses the different mechanisms of lipophilic drug absorption along with its advantages and limitations. It points out the different mechanisms of how lipid-based excipients and the different formulations interact with the absorption process. This review provides a comprehensive summary about the lipid formulation classification scheme (LFCS), a guide for the selection of appropriate formulation and commonly used excipients for lipid-based formulations, along with the important factors to be considered in formulation design and excipient selection. This review also focuses on the formulation of solid lipid-based formulations, important evaluation aspects, and commercial formulations available for the purpose.

Background: To find out and compare the obsessive-compulsive symptoms / disorder among patients of primary generalized and partial onset epilepsy.Methods: Patients with epilepsy diagnosed clinically at psychiatric out patient’s department were selected for the study and categorized as primary generalized onset tonic clonic seizure type and partial onset seizure. Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive symptoms check list and scale was applied to find out the obsessive-compulsive symptoms.Results: A total of 110 patients were categorized as primary generalized (GE) 49 and partial onset epilepsy (PE) 61 patients. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms (OCS) were found to be 19.9%, and OCD among 3.63%. Mean Y-BOCS scores for obsession were found to be 3.77±1.93 and 4.93±2.03, (t = -3.034, df= 108, p= .003). Whereas the mean Y-BOCS compulsions score was 2.93±1.96 and 4.62±1.87 was (t = -4.590, df= 108, p= .000) for GE and PE group respectively.Conclusions: OCD and OCS among the epilepsy patients were found to be 3.63%, and 19.9% respectively, and significantly higher mean obsessive and compulsive score were found for the group of partial onset epilepsy.

Background Diarrhoea is a major health problem for children worldwide, accounting for 5–8 million deaths each year. Arque-Ajeeb (AA) is a compound formulation of Unani medicine. It is reputed for its beneficial effects in the treatment of diarrhoea and cholera, but the claim of its efficacy is yet to be tested. Therefore the present study has been planned to investigate the real efficacy of this drug in rats. Methods The effect of Arque-Ajeeb was investigated for antidiarrhoeal activity against charcoal-induced gut transit, serotonin-induced diarrhoea and PGE2-induced small intestine enteropooling in rats. The control, standard and test groups of experimental animals were administered with normal saline (p.o.), diphenoxylate hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and Arque-Ajeeb (0.07 ml and 0.14 ml/kg, p.o.) respectively except the control group of PGE2-induced small intestine enteropooling which received only 5% ethanol in normal saline (i.p.). Charcoal (10 ml/kg, p.o.) and serotonin (600 μg/kg, i.p.) were administered after 30 min, while PGE2 (100 μg/kg, p.o.) was administered immediately afterwards. The distance traveled by charcoal in small intestine was measured after 15 and 30 min of charcoal administration, diarrhoea was observed every 30-min for six hour after serotonin administration and the volume of intestinal fluid was measured after 30 min of PGE2 administration. Results Arque-Ajeeb (0.07 ml and 0.14 ml/kg) significantly inhibited the frequency of defaecation and decreased the propulsion of charcoal meal through the gastrointestinal tract, reduced the wetness of faecal droppings in serotonin-induced diarrhoea and also reduced the PGE2-induced small intestine enteropooling. Conclusion Arque-Ajeeb may have potential to reduce the diarrhoea in rats. Thus the drug may prove to be an alternate remedy in diarrhoea.