Author: "Mohd A. Karim" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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88 results on '"Mohd A. Karim"'

1. Coding and regulatory variants are associated with serum protein levels and disease

Author: Valur Emilsson, Valborg Gudmundsdottir, Alexander Gudjonsson, Thorarinn Jonmundsson, Brynjolfur G. Jonsson, Mohd A. Karim, Marjan Ilkov, James R. Staley, Elias F. Gudmundsson, Lenore J. Launer, Jan H. Lindeman, Nicholas M. Morton, Thor Aspelund, John R. Lamb, Lori L. Jennings, and Vilmundur Gudnason
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Finding the genetic basis of protein expression can elucidate the genetic mechanisms of disease. Here, the authors link low-frequency and common DNA sequence variants to thousands of serum proteins, finding genetic overlap between circulating proteins and a wide range of common diseases.
Published: 2022
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2. The next-generation Open Targets Platform: reimagined, redesigned, rebuilt.

Author: David Ochoa, Andrew Hercules, Miguel Carmona, Daniel Suveges, Jarrod Baker, Cinzia Malangone, Irene Lopez, Alfredo Miranda, Carlos Cruz-Castillo, Luca Fumis, Manuel Bernal Llinares, Kirill Tsukanov, Helena Cornu, Konstantinos Tsirigos, Olesya Razuvayevskaya, Annalisa Buniello, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Mohd Anisul Karim, Bruno Ariano, Ricardo Esteban Martinez Osorio, Javier Ferrer, Xiangyu Ge, Sandra Machlitt-Northen, Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte, Shyamasree Saha, Santosh Tirunagari, Chintan Mehta, Juan María Roldán-Romero, Stuart Horswell, Sarah Young, Maya Ghoussaini, David G. Hulcoop, Ian Dunham, and Ellen M. McDonagh
Published: 2023
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3. Multi-ancestry Mendelian randomization of omics traits revealing drug targets of COVID-19 severity

Author: Jie Zheng, Yuemiao Zhang, Huiling Zhao, Yi Liu, Denis Baird, Mohd Anisul Karim, Maya Ghoussaini, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Ian Dunham, Benjamin Elsworth, Katherine Roberts, Hannah Compton, Felix Miller-Molloy, Xingzi Liu, Lin Wang, Hong Zhang, George Davey Smith, and Tom R. Gaunt
Subjects: Drug targets, COVID-19 severity, Multi-ancestry, Mendelian randomization, Colocalization, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Summary: Background: Recent omic studies prioritised several drug targets associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. However, little evidence was provided to systematically estimate the effect of drug targets on COVID-19 severity in multiple ancestries. Methods: In this study, we applied Mendelian randomization (MR) and colocalization approaches to understand the putative causal effects of 16,059 transcripts and 1608 proteins on COVID-19 severity in European and effects of 610 proteins on COVID-19 severity in African ancestry. We further integrated genetics, clinical and literature evidence to prioritise drug targets. Additional sensitivity analyses including multi-trait colocalization and phenome-wide MR were conducted to test for MR assumptions. Findings: MR and colocalization prioritized four protein targets, FCRL3, ICAM5, ENTPD5 and OAS1 that showed effect on COVID-19 severity in European ancestry. One protein target, SERPINA1 showed a stronger effect in African ancestry but much weaker effect in European ancestry (odds ratio [OR] in Africans=0.369, 95%CI=0.203 to 0.668, P = 9.96 × 10−4; OR in Europeans=1.021, 95%CI=0.901 to 1.157, P = 0.745), which suggested that increased level of SERPINA1 will reduce COVID-19 risk in African ancestry. One protein, ICAM1 showed suggestive effect on COVID-19 severity in both ancestries (OR in Europeans=1.152, 95%CI=1.063 to 1.249, P = 5.94 × 10−4; OR in Africans=1.481, 95%CI=1.008 to 2.176; P = 0.045). The OAS1, SERPINA1 and ICAM1 effects were replicated using updated COVID-19 severity data in the two ancestries respectively, where alternative splicing events in OAS1 and ICAM1 also showed marginal effects on COVID-19 severity in Europeans. The phenome-wide MR of the prioritised targets on 622 complex traits provided information on potential beneficial effects on other diseases and suggested little evidence of adverse effects on major complications. Interpretation: Our study identified six proteins as showing putative causal effects on COVID-19 severity. OAS1 and SERPINA1 were targets of existing drugs in trials as potential COVID-19 treatments. ICAM1, ICAM5 and FCRL3 are related to the immune system. Across the six targets, OAS1 has no reliable instrument in African ancestry; SERPINA1, FCRL3, ICAM5 and ENTPD5 showed a different level of putative causal evidence in European and African ancestries, which highlights the importance of more powerful ancestry-specific GWAS and value of multi-ancestry MR in informing the effects of drug targets on COVID-19 across different populations. This study provides a first step towards clinical investigation of beneficial and adverse effects of COVID-19 drug targets. Funding: No.
Published: 2022
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4. Open Targets Genetics: systematic identification of trait-associated genes using large-scale genetics and functional genomics.

Author: Maya Ghoussaini, Edward Mountjoy, Miguel Carmona, Gareth Peat, Ellen M. Schmidt, Andrew Hercules, Luca Fumis, Alfredo Miranda, Denise Carvalho-Silva, Annalisa Buniello, Tony Burdett, James D. Hayhurst, Jarrod Baker, Javier Ferrer, Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte, Simon Jupp, Mohd Anisul Karim, Gautier Koscielny, Sandra Machlitt-Northen, Cinzia Malangone, Zoë May Pendlington, Paola Roncaglia, Daniel Suveges, Daniel Wright 0003, Olga Vrousgou, Eliseo Papa, Helen E. Parkinson, Jacqueline A. L. MacArthur, John A. Todd, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, David G. Hulcoop, David Ochoa, Ellen M. McDonagh, and Ian Dunham
Published: 2021
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5. Open Targets Platform: supporting systematic drug-target identification and prioritisation.

Author: David Ochoa, Andrew Hercules, Miguel Carmona, Daniel Suveges, Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte, Cinzia Malangone, Alfredo Miranda, Luca Fumis, Denise Carvalho-Silva, Michaela Spitzer, Jarrod Baker, Javier Ferrer, Arwa Bin Raies, Olesya Razuvayevskaya, Adam Faulconbridge, Eirini Petsalaki, Prudence Mutowo-Meullenet, Sandra Machlitt-Northen, Gareth Peat, Elaine McAuley, Chuang Kee Ong, Edward Mountjoy, Maya Ghoussaini, Andrea Pierleoni, Eliseo Papa, Miguel Pignatelli, Gautier Koscielny, Mohd Anisul Karim, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, David G. Hulcoop, Ian Dunham, and Ellen M. McDonagh
Published: 2021
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6. Utilising SATA in Measuring Students’ Understanding of Financial Statements: A Survey among Non-Accounting Students

Author: Adriana Shamsudin, Nur Farahah Mohd Pauzi, Mohd Syazwan Karim, Nurfarahin Roslan, and Khairiah Ahmad
Subjects: accounting technology, accounting education, accounting template, students’ understanding, financial statements, non-accounting students, Social Sciences, Commerce, HF1-6182, Business, HF5001-6182, Accounting. Bookkeeping, HF5601-5689
Abstract: Accounting is perceived as a complicated process due to its technical difficulties. However, accounting knowledge is undeniable essential to complete a business plan. The ‘Simplified Accounting Template for Apprentice’ (SATA) is developed to facilitate students especially non-accounting students who have very little accounting knowledge in preparing proforma financial statements at the financial section in the business plan. SATA act as integral part of technology used in accounting education to improve students’ understanding on accounting and help them to complete the business plan. The objective of this paper is to access the level of students’ understanding on accounting with the introduction of SATA in teaching and learning which finally can assist them to prepare financial statements. A hands-on workshop was conducted by accounting lecturers in UiTM Malacca Branch Jasin Campus on SATA to assist the students in completing the business plan for financial section. A questionnaire was given at the end of the workshop to the students to gather their feedback related on SATA and give their perceptions using SATA in preparing financial statements. This study found that more than 80% respondents admitted that SATA improved their understanding on accounting terms such as terms of non-current assets, non-current liabilities, sales, purchases, 85% agreed that SATA took lesser time to prepare financial statements, 90% found that SATA was very easy to use as compared to manually prepared the financial statements and facilitates in analyzing financial performance and 91% agreed that SATA really help them in completing their business plan particularly in financial section. On overall most of respondents admitted that SATA increase their understanding in preparing financial statements. This study also revealed that most of the respondents understand the component of Statement of Profit or Loss and Statement of Financial Position embedded in SATA.
Published: 2020
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7. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author: Kirsten E Wiens, Paulina A Lindstedt, Brigette F Blacker, Kimberly B Johnson, Mathew M Baumann, Lauren E Schaeffer, Hedayat Abbastabar, Sr, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Maryam Adabi, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Sr, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Sr, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mohsen Afarideh, Sohail Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Anwar E Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rushdia Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Noore Alam, Sr, Samiah Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Sr, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Sr, Arianna Maever L Amit, Sr, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sr, Mina Anjomshoa, Amir Anoushiravani, Sr, Fereshteh Ansari, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Sr, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Sr, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sr, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sr, Yared Asmare Aynalem IV, Samad Azari, Peter S Azzopardi, Ebrahim Babaee, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Alaa Badawi, Sr, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Sr, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Sr, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Huda Basaleem, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Estifanos Baye, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Mahya Beheshti Beheshti, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Michellr L Bell, Sr, Derrick A Bennett, Sr, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Robert S Bernstein, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Sr, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Sr, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Binyam Minuye Birihane IV, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Somayeh Bohlouli, Hunduma Amensisa Amensisa Bojia I, Soufiane Boufous, Oliver J Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle B Britton, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Sr, Reinhard Busse, Sr, Zahid A Butt, Luis LA Alberto Cámera, Sr, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Sr, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Sr, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Sr, Franz Castro, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Sr, Pranab Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Tesfaye Yitna Yitna Chichiabellu, Jr, Ken Lee Chin, Sr, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Vera Marisa Costa, Carlos Culquichicon, Matiwos Soboka Daba, Giovanni Damiani, Sr, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Sr, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Gail Davey, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Adrian C Davis, Sr, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Sr, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Sr, Kebede Deribe, Sr, Assefa Desalew, Aniruddha Deshpande, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Sr, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Shirin Djalalinia, Kerrie E Doyle, Eleonora Dubljanin, Bereket Duko, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Hisham Atan Edinur, Sr, Andem Effiong, Sr, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Teshome Bekele Elema I, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Sr, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Iqbal RF Elyazar, Aklilu Endalamaw, Daniel Adane Endalew, Sr, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Sr, Arash Etemadi, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Mohammad Fareed, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Farshad Farzadfar, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Valery L Feigin, Sr, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Sr, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M Gad, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Teshome Gebre, Sr, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Sr, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Sr, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Pramesh Raj Ghimire, Sr, Paramjit Singh Gill, Sr, Tiffany K Gill, Themba G G Ginindza, Nelson G M Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Harish Chander Gugnani, Sr, Davide Guido, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Sr, Rajeev Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Dessalegn H Haile, Sr, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Sr, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Md Mehedi Hasan, Edris Hasanpoor, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Sr, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa de Hidru I, Thomas R Hird, Chi Linh Hoang, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Mohammad Hoseini, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Sr, Guoqing Hu, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Ehimario U Igumbor, Sr, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Neda Izadi, Sr, Anelisa Jaca, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Sr, Jost B Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Sr, Amaha Kahsay, Hamed Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Mohd Anisul Karim, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Yawukal chane Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Gebrehiwot G Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Gbenga A Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Mihiretu M Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Sr, Andre Pascal Kengne, Sr, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sr, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan I, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Khaled Khatab, Sr, Amir M Khater, Mona M Khater, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Salman Khazaei, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ali Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Niranjan Kissoon, Sr, Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah M KMShivakumar, Sr, Sonali Kochhar, Tufa Kolola, Sr, Hamidreza Komaki, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U G Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Sr, Pushpendra Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Sheetal D Lad, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Felix Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Sr, Prabhat Lamichhane, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Avula Laxmaiah, Paul H Lee, Sr, Kate E LeGrand, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Sr, Aubrey J Levine, Shanshan Li, Sr, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Simin Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Joshua Longbottom, Jaifred Christian F Lopez, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D R Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Sr, Narayan B Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Sr, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Sr, Navid Manafi, Sr, Ana Laura Manda, Narendar Dawani Dawanu Manohar, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C Maravilla, Gabriel Martinez, Sr, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Benjamin K Mayala, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sr, Kala M Mehta, Tefera C Chane Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Sr, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J Meretoja, Sr, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Sr, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Dara K Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Noushin Mohammadifard, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Sr, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Sr, Catrin E Moore, Sr, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Linda Morales, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor I, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Sr, Getahun Fentaw Mulaw, Sr, Sandra B Munro, Moses K Muriithi, Christopher J L Murray, GVS Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Sr, Saravanan Muthupandian, Sr, Ashraf F Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kovin S Naidoo, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Sr, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Sr, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Sr, Ionut Negoi, Sr, Henok Biresaw Netsere Netsere, Sr, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Sr, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dabere Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Vuong Minh Nong, Ole F Norheim, Sr, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Bogdan Oancea, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Sr, Eyal Oren, Doris V V Ortega-Altamirano, Sr, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B Osei, Sr, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Sr, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Smita Pakhale, Sangram Kishor Patel, Angel J Paternina-Caicedo, Sr, Ashish Pathak, Sr, George C Patton, Deepak Paudel, Sr, Kebreab Paulos, Sr, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Alexandre Pereira, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Maarten J Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Farshad Pourmalek, Sr, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Sergio I Prada, Sr, Narayan Prasad, Liliana Preotescu, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, SHAFIUR Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Sr, Saleem Muhammad Rana, Sr, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Davide Rasella, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Sr, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M N Renzaho, Sr, Serge Resnikoff, Sr, Melese Abate Reta, Negar Rezaei, Mohammad sadegh Rezai, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Sr, Maria Rios-Blancas, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Elias Merdassa Roro, Sr, Jennifer M Ross, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Anas M Saad, Yogesh Damodar Sabde, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sr, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Sr, Payman Salamati, Hosni Salem, Marwa R Rashad Salem I, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Sr, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Kaushik Sarkar, Sr, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Nizal Sarrafzadegan I, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Sr, David C Schwebel, Sr, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta IV, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Sr, Hosein Shabaninejad, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Sr, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Sr, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Hamid Sharifi, Hatem Samir Shehata, Sr, Aziz Sheikh, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Sr, Kenji Shibuya, Sr, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Sr, Desalegn Markos Shifti, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Sr, Reza Shirkoohi, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Ambrish Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Virendra Singh, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Eirini Skiadaresi, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Sr, Anton Sokhan, Shahin Soltani, Ranjani Somayaji, Moslem Soofi, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Sr, Ireneous N Soyiri, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Sr, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Marufa Sultana, Bruno Fokas Sunguya, Bryan L Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Jr, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Aberash Abay Tasew, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Sr, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Berhe Etsay Tesfay I, Fisaha Haile Haile Tesfay, Belay Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nihal Thomas, Alemayehu Toma Toma, Sr, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Sr, Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu, Sr, Pascual R Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Sr, Francesco S Violante, Sr, Sebastian Vollmer, Sr, Feleke Gebremeskel W/hawariat, Sr, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Marcia Weaver, Bedilu Girma Weji, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Sr, Taweewat Wiangkham, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Sr, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Sr, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sr, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Sr, Ai-Min Wu, Gelin Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Sr, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Alex Yeshaneh, Christopher Sabo Yilgwan, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Sr, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Sr, Seok-Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Siddhesh Zadey, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Yunquan Zhang, Xiu-Ju George Zhao, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Sr, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020
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8. Whole-exome sequencing identifies rare genetic variants associated with human plasma metabolites

Author: Lorenzo Bomba, Klaudia Walter, Qi Guo, Praveen Surendran, Kousik Kundu, Suraj Nongmaithem, Mohd Anisul Karim, Isobel D. Stewart, Claudia Langenberg, John Danesh, Emanuele Di Angelantonio, David J. Roberts, Willem H. Ouwehand, Ian Dunham, Adam S. Butterworth, and Nicole Soranzo
Subjects: Gene Frequency, Whole Genome Sequencing, Exome Sequencing, Genetics, Humans, Exome, Prospective Studies, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: Metabolite levels measured in the human population are endophenotypes for biological processes. We combined sequencing data for 3,924 (whole-exome sequencing, WES, discovery) and 2,805 (whole-genome sequencing, WGS, replication) donors from a prospective cohort of blood donors in England. We used multiple approaches to select and aggregate rare genetic variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] 0.1%) in protein-coding regions and tested their associations with 995 metabolites measured in plasma by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 40 novel associations implicating rare coding variants (27 genes and 38 metabolites), of which 28 (15 genes and 28 metabolites) were replicated. We developed algorithms to prioritize putative driver variants at each locus and used mediation and Mendelian randomization analyses to test directionality at associations of metabolite and protein levels at the ACY1 locus. Overall, 66% of reported associations implicate gene targets of approved drugs or bioactive drug-like compounds, contributing to drug targets' validating efforts.
Published: 2022

9. The Balancing of Political Powers: The Case of Chinese Modernization

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Published: 2023

10. The Bay of Bengal Geo-Politics and the QUAD

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Published: 2023

11. An open approach to systematically prioritize causal variants and genes at all published human GWAS trait-associated loci

Author: Andrew Hercules, Daniel Wright, Annalisa Buniello, Eliseo Papa, Maya Ghoussaini, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Alfredo Miranda, Eric B. Fauman, Edward Mountjoy, Mohd Anisul Karim, David Ochoa, Ian Dunham, Ellen M. Schmidt, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, John A. Todd, James D. Hayhurst, Miguel Carmona, Gareth Peat, and Luca Fumis
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Genome-wide association study, Computational biology, Biology, Biobank, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Genetics, Trait, Functional genomics, Gene, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology, Epigenomics, Genetic association, Gene prioritization
Abstract: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified many variants associated with complex traits, but identifying the causal gene(s) is a major challenge. In the present study, we present an open resource that provides systematic fine mapping and gene prioritization across 133,441 published human GWAS loci. We integrate genetics (GWAS Catalog and UK Biobank) with transcriptomic, proteomic and epigenomic data, including systematic disease–disease and disease–molecular trait colocalization results across 92 cell types and tissues. We identify 729 loci fine mapped to a single-coding causal variant and colocalized with a single gene. We trained a machine-learning model using the fine-mapped genetics and functional genomics data and 445 gold-standard curated GWAS loci to distinguish causal genes from neighboring genes, outperforming a naive distance-based model. Our prioritized genes were enriched for known approved drug targets (odds ratio = 8.1, 95% confidence interval = 5.7, 11.5). These results are publicly available through a web portal ( http://genetics.opentargets.org ), enabling users to easily prioritize genes at disease-associated loci and assess their potential as drug targets. Open Targets Genetics is a community resource that provides systematic fine mapping at human GWAS loci, enabling users to prioritize genes at disease-associated regions and assess their potential as drug targets.
Published: 2021

12. Accounting Undergraduates’ Action Plans in Designing their First Career

Author: Nur Farahah Mohd Pauzi, Adriana Shamsudin, Mohd Syazwan Karim, Khairiah Ahmad, Siti Nurulhuda Mamat, and Norlela Abas
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2022

13. A community driven GWAS summary statistics standard

Author: James Hayhurst, Annalisa Buniello, Laura Harris, Abayomi Mosaku, Christopher Chang, Christopher R. Gignoux, Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas, Mohd Anisul Karim, Samuel A. Lambert, Matt Lyon, Aoife McMahon, Yukinori Okada, Nicola Pirastu, N. William Rayner, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Robert Vaughan, Shefali Verma, Steven P. Wilder, Fiona Cunningham, Lucia Hindorff, Ken Wiley, Helen Parkinson, and Inês Barroso
Abstract: Summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) represent a huge potential for research. A challenge for researchers in this field is the access and sharing of summary statistics data due to a lack of standards for the data content and file format. For this reason, the GWAS Catalog hosted a series of meetings in 2021 with summary statistics stakeholders to guide the development of a standard format. The key requirements from the stakeholders were for a standard that contained key data elements to be able to support a wide range of data analyses, required low bioinformatics skills for file access and generation, to have easily accessible metadata, and unambiguous and interoperable data. Here, we define the specifications for the first version of the GWAS-SSF format, which was developed to meet the requirements discussed with the community. GWAS-SSF consists of a tab-separated data file with well-defined fields and an accompanying metadata file.
Published: 2022

14. Conceptual Framework of Project Management for Space Industry Projects

Author: Mohd Harridon, Muhamad Nurazmi Abas, Mohd Abdul Karim, Abdul Qaiyum Alidin, and Muhammad Asyraf Mohd Niza
Published: 2021

15. Dynamic Acclimation to High Light in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves Widespread Reengineering of the Leaf Proteome

Author: Matthew A. E. Miller, Ronan O’Cualain, Julian Selley, David Knight, Mohd F. Karim, Simon J. Hubbard, and Giles N. Johnson
Subjects: photosynthesis, light acclimation, proteomics, electron transport, carbon fixation, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract: Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana transferred from low to high light increase their capacity for photosynthesis, a process of dynamic acclimation. A mutant, gpt2, lacking a chloroplast glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, is deficient in its ability to acclimate to increased light. Here, we have used a label-free proteomics approach, to perform relative quantitation of 1993 proteins from Arabidopsis wild type and gpt2 leaves exposed to increased light. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006598. Acclimation to light is shown to involve increases in electron transport and carbon metabolism but no change in the abundance of photosynthetic reaction centers. The gpt2 mutant shows a similar increase in total protein content to wild type but differences in the extent of change of certain proteins, including in the relative abundance of the cytochrome b6f complex and plastocyanin, the thylakoid ATPase and selected Benson-Calvin cycle enzymes. Changes in leaf metabolite content as plants acclimate can be explained by changes in the abundance of enzymes involved in metabolism, which were reduced in gpt2 in some cases. Plants of gpt2 invest more in stress-related proteins, suggesting that their reduced ability to acclimate photosynthetic capacity results in increased stress.
Published: 2017
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16. MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT RICE VARIETIES SUBJECTED TO DROUGHT STRESS AT EARLY VEGETATIVE STAGE

Author: MOHD FAUZIHAN KARIM, NUR FARAH SUHADA MOHD ROSELY, NUR AINI MOHD KAMIL, and CHE NURUL AINI CHE AMRI
Subjects: fungi, food and beverages, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: Drought is a climate problem which has become a major constraint on crop production and causing social and economic devastation to local farmers worldwide. This climate issue has been the most destructive factors for rice cultivation and therefore requires scientist to be more responsive to this problem. In this study, we investigated the effect of drought stress at an early vegetative stage on plant growth, physiology and root anatomy of a few selected known tolerance rice varieties. Rice seeds were first germinated on moisturized filter papers before transplanted into polybags filled with topsoils. Drought treatment was imposed 4 weeks after transplanting until the first sign of rolled leaves were seen. In this study, drought had no major impact on plant height but reduced dry matter accumulation was seen in all varieties. Drought exposure had also triggered changes in the overall content of chlorophyll but not in the composition of chlorophyll a and b. Meanwhile, plants subject to drought in some parameters had better root morphology and structure compared to normal irrigation, especially in Kuku Belang, Apami and Huma Wangi Lenggong. However, depending on the variety, the responses varied in different order of magnitude.
Published: 2021

17. GENOME SIZE DETERMINATION OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS), HONEYDEW (CUCUMIS MELO INODORUS) AND ROCK MELON (CUCUMIS MELO CANTALUPENSIS) VIA FLOW CYTOMETRY

Author: Raden Muhamad Imaduddin Yumni, Mohd Fauzihan Karim, and Mohd Razik Midin
Subjects: History, Q1-390, Science (General), flow cytometry, genome size, food and beverages, cucumis species, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract: The family of Cucurbitaceae consists of species with economical and nutritional value. Morphologically, there are only few differences between Cucumis species. The interspecific and intraspecific variation in the genome size of the Cucumis species are not discovered yet. Due to this, this study aims to determine the genome size of C. sativus, C. melo inodorus and C. melo cantalupensis using flow cytometry (FCM) method. Nuclei suspension of selected Cucumis species were extracted using LBO1 lysis buffer by manual chopping technique and stained by propidium iodide priot to FCM analysis. Genome size of C. sativus, C. melo inodorus (Honeydew) and C. melo cantalupensis (Rockmelon) were determined by using Glycine max (Soybean) as an external reference standard (2C = 2.5 pg). This study found that the genome size of C. sativus, C. melo inodorus and C. melo cantalupensis estimated to be 2.83 pg, 3.00 pg and 3.47 pg respectively. The genome size data obtained from this study can be used in future genome studies as well as species characterization.
Published: 2021

18. Open Targets Genetics: systematic identification of trait-associated genes using large-scale genetics and functional genomics

Author: Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte, Paola Roncaglia, Helen Parkinson, Ellen M. McDonagh, Denise Carvalho-Silva, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Cinzia Malangone, Maya Ghoussaini, Eliseo Papa, James D. Hayhurst, Zoë May Pendlington, Andrew Hercules, Simon Jupp, Ian Dunham, Edward Mountjoy, Ellen M. Schmidt, Annalisa Buniello, Javier Ferrer, Mohd Anisul Karim, Gautier Koscielny, Olga Vrousgou, Daniel Wright, Daniel Suveges, Gareth Peat, David G. Hulcoop, Alfredo Miranda, Tony Burdett, Miguel Carmona, David Ochoa, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Luca Fumis, John A. Todd, Jacqueline A. L. MacArthur, Jarrod Baker, and Sandra Machlitt-Northen
Subjects: Genotype, AcademicSubjects/SCI00010, Quantitative Trait Loci, Datasets as Topic, Genome-wide association study, Biology, Quantitative trait locus, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Databases, Genetic, Drug Discovery, Genetics, Database Issue, Humans, Molecular Targeted Therapy, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Internet, Drug discovery, Genome, Human, Drug Repositioning, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Chromatin, Phenotype, Expression quantitative trait loci, Trait, Identification (biology), Functional genomics, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Software, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Open Targets Genetics (https://genetics.opentargets.org) is an open-access integrative resource that aggregates human GWAS and functional genomics data including gene expression, protein abundance, chromatin interaction and conformation data from a wide range of cell types and tissues to make robust connections between GWAS-associated loci, variants and likely causal genes. This enables systematic identification and prioritisation of likely causal variants and genes across all published trait-associated loci. In this paper, we describe the public resources we aggregate, the technology and analyses we use, and the functionality that the portal offers. Open Targets Genetics can be searched by variant, gene or study/phenotype. It offers tools that enable users to prioritise causal variants and genes at disease-associated loci and access systematic cross-disease and disease-molecular trait colocalization analysis across 92 cell types and tissues including the eQTL Catalogue. Data visualizations such as Manhattan-like plots, regional plots, credible sets overlap between studies and PheWAS plots enable users to explore GWAS signals in depth. The integrated data is made available through the web portal, for bulk download and via a GraphQL API, and the software is open source. Applications of this integrated data include identification of novel targets for drug discovery and drug repurposing.
Published: 2020

19. Multi-Ancestry Mendelian Randomization of Omics Traits Revealing Putative Drug Targets of COVID-19 Severity

Author: Jie Zheng, Yue-Miao Zhang, Huiling Zhao, Yi Liu, Denis Baird, Mohd Anisul Karim, Maya Ghoussaini, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Ian Dunham, Benjamin Elsworth, Katherine Roberts, Hannah Compton, Felix Miller-Molloy, Xingzi liu, Lin Wang, Hong Zhang, George Davey Smith, and Tom R. Gaunt
Subjects: History, Polymers and Plastics, Business and International Management, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Published: 2022

20. Effect of Early Use of Maternal Iron and Folic Acid Supplements on Neonatal Survival: A Community-Based Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh (Shonjibon Trial)

Author: Tanvir Mahmudul Huda, Michael Dibley, Tazeen Tahsina, Mohammad Masudur Rahman, Shahreen Raihana, Sajia Islam, Ashraful Alam, Kingsley E. Agho, Patrick Kelly, Sabrina Rasheed, Mohd Anisul Karim, Qazi Sadequr Rahman, Abu Bakkar Siddique Siddique, Morseda Chowdhury, Lucky Ghose, Kaosar Afsana, Alison Hayes, Tahmeed Ahmed, Camille Raynes-Greenow, and Shams Arifeen
Subjects: History, Polymers and Plastics, Business and International Management, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Published: 2022

21. Utilising SATA in Measuring Students’ Understanding of Financial Statements: A Survey among Non-Accounting Students

Author: Nurfarahin Roslan, Nur Farahah Mohd Pauzi, Adriana Shamsudin, Khairiah Ahmad, and Mohd Syazwan Karim
Subjects: Finance, lcsh:Commerce, 060101 anthropology, Financial performance, business.industry, accounting technology, accounting education, accounting template, students’ understanding, financial statements, non-accounting students, Accounting, 06 humanities and the arts, Accounting education, lcsh:Business, lcsh:HF5601-5689, Profit (economics), lcsh:Social Sciences, lcsh:H, lcsh:HF1-6182, lcsh:Accounting. Bookkeeping, 0601 history and archaeology, Balance sheet, Business, Business plan, lcsh:HF5001-6182
Abstract: Accounting is perceived as a complicated process due to its technical difficulties. However, accounting knowledge is undeniable essential to complete a business plan. The ‘Simplified Accounting Template for Apprentice’ (SATA) is developed to facilitate students especially non-accounting students who have very little accounting knowledge in preparing proforma financial statements at the financial section in the business plan. SATA act as integral part of technology used in accounting education to improve students’ understanding on accounting and help them to complete the business plan. The objective of this paper is to access the level of students’ understanding on accounting with the introduction of SATA in teaching and learning which finally can assist them to prepare financial statements. A hands-on workshop was conducted by accounting lecturers in UiTM Malacca Branch Jasin Campus on SATA to assist the students in completing the business plan for financial section. A questionnaire was given at the end of the workshop to the students to gather their feedback related on SATA and give their perceptions using SATA in preparing financial statements. This study found that more than 80% respondents admitted that SATA improved their understanding on accounting terms such as terms of non-current assets, non-current liabilities, sales, purchases, 85% agreed that SATA took lesser time to prepare financial statements, 90% found that SATA was very easy to use as compared to manually prepared the financial statements and facilitates in analyzing financial performance and 91% agreed that SATA really help them in completing their business plan particularly in financial section. On overall most of respondents admitted that SATA increase their understanding in preparing financial statements. This study also revealed that most of the respondents understand the component of Statement of Profit or Loss and Statement of Financial Position embedded in SATA.
Published: 2020

22. Is China Encircling India?

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Subjects: Geography, China, Socioeconomics
Published: 2021

23. Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Changes in the Environment Results in Decreases of Oxidative Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author: Giles N. Johnson and Mohd Fauzihan Karim
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, reactive oxygen species, Reactive oxygen species, biology, Chemistry, fungi, food and beverages, Plant culture, Plant Science, Photosynthesis, biology.organism_classification, APX, Acclimatization, SB1-1110, Superoxide dismutase, photosynthetic acclimation, antioxidants, Biochemistry, Photosynthetic acclimation, biology.protein, light stress, Arabidopsis thaliana, oxidative stress, Peroxidase
Abstract: The dynamic acclimation of photosynthesis plays an important role in increasing the fitness of a plant under variable light environments. Since acclimation is partially mediated by a glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 2 (GPT2), this study examined whether plants lacking GPT2, which consequently have defective acclimation to increases in light, are more susceptible to oxidative stress. To understand this mechanism, we used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana [accession Wassilewskija-4 (Ws-4)] and compared it with mutants lacking GPT2. The plants were then grown at low light (LL) at 100 μmol m−2 s−1 for 7 weeks. For the acclimation experiments, a set of plants from LL was transferred to 400 μmol m−2 s−1 conditions for 7 days. Biochemical and physiological analyses showed that the gpt2 mutant plants had significantly greater activity for ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guiacol peroxidase (GPOX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, the mutant plants had significantly lower maximum quantum yields of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm). A microarray analysis also showed that gpt2 plants exhibited a greater induction of stress-related genes relative to wild-type (WT) plants. We then concluded that photosynthetic acclimation to a higher intensity of light protects plants against oxidative stress.
Published: 2021

24. Accounting Graduates’ Mindset towards Career in Auditing Profession

Author: Khair Syakira Bustamam, Mohd Syazwan Karim, Nurfarahin Roslan, Nur Farahah Mohd Pauzi, Khairiah Ahmad, and Adriana Shamsudin
Subjects: business.industry, Accounting, Mindset, Audit, business
Published: 2021

25. A proteome-wide genetic investigation identifies several SARS-CoV-2-exploited host targets of clinical relevance

Author: Mohd Anisul Karim, Jie Zheng, Joseph Maranville, Valur Emilsson, Vilmundur Gudnason, James D. Hayhurst, Maya Ghoussaini, Jarrod Shilts, Ian Dunham, Tom R. Gaunt, Gavin J. Wright, Michael V. Holmes, David Ochoa, Annalisa Buniello, Ellen M. McDonagh, Elmutaz Shaikho Elhaj Mohammed, Miguel Carmona, and Jeremy Schwartzentruber
Subjects: Proteome, QH301-705.5, Science, Receptors, Cell Surface, Genome-wide association study, Genomics, Computational biology, Biology, Severity of Illness Index, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Virus, Race (biology), Immune system, Interferon, ABO blood group system, Pandemic, Severity of illness, medicine, 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase, Humans, Clinical significance, Lectins, C-Type, fas Receptor, Biology (General), General Immunology and Microbiology, Mechanism (biology), Host (biology), SARS-CoV-2, General Neuroscience, apoptosis, Scavenger Receptors, Class A, COVID-19, General Medicine, Phenotype, proteins, Immunology, mendelian randomization, Medicine, Cell Adhesion Molecules, medicine.drug, Genome-Wide Association Study, genetic colocalization
Abstract: The virus SARS-CoV-2 can exploit biological vulnerabilities (e.g. host proteins) in susceptible hosts that predispose to the development of severe COVID-19.To identify host proteins that may contribute to the risk of severe COVID-19, we undertook proteome-wide genetic colocalisation tests, and polygenic (pan) and cis-Mendelian randomisation analyses leveraging publicly available protein and COVID-19 datasets.Our analytic approach identified several known targets (e.g. ABO, OAS1), but also nominated new proteins such as soluble Fas (colocalisation probability0.9, p=1 × 10Our work provides a prioritised list of host targets potentially exploited by SARS-CoV-2 and is a precursor for further research on CD209 and FAS as therapeutically tractable targets for COVID-19.MAK, JSc, JH, AB, DO, MC, EMM, MG, ID were funded by Open Targets. J.Z. and T.R.G were funded by the UK Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011/4). JSh and GJW were funded by the Wellcome Trust Grant 206194. This research was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust [Grant 206194]. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.Individuals who become infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 can experience a wide variety of symptoms. These can range from no symptoms or minor symptoms to severe illness and death. Key demographic factors, such as age, gender and race, are known to affect how susceptible an individual is to infection. However, molecular factors, such as unique gene mutations and gene expression levels can also have a major impact on patient responses by affecting the levels of proteins in the body. Proteins that are too abundant or too scarce may mean the difference between dying from or surviving COVID-19. Identifying the molecular factors in a host that affect how viruses can infect individuals, evade immune defences or trigger severe illness, could provide new ways to treat patients with COVID-19. Such factors are likely to remain constant, even when the virus mutates into new strains. Hence, insights would likely apply across all virus strains, including current strains, such as alpha and delta, and any new strains that may emerge in the future. Using such a ‘natural experiment’ approach, Karim et al. compared the genetic profiles of over 30,000 COVID-19 patients and a million healthy individuals. Nine proteins were found to have an impact on COVID-19 infection and disease severity. Four proteins were ranked as top priorities for potential treatment targets. One protein, called CD209 (also known as DC-SIGN), is involved in how the virus enters the host cells, and had one of the strongest associations with COVID-19. Two proteins, called IL-6R and FAS, were involved in the immune response and could be responsible for the immune over-activation often seen in severe COVID-19. Finally, one protein, called OAS1, formed part of the body’s innate antiviral defence system and appeared to reduce susceptibility to COVID-19. Knowing more about the proteins that influence the severity of COVID-19 opens up new ways to predict, protect and treat patients who may have severe or fatal reactions to infection. Indeed, one of the identified proteins (IL-6R) had already been targeted in recent clinical trials with some encouraging results. Considering CD209 as a potential receptor for the virus could provide another avenue for therapeutics, similar to previously successful approaches to block the virus’ known interaction with a receptor protein. Ultimately, this research could supply an entirely new set of treatment options to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
Published: 2021

26. Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Changes in the Environment Results in Decreases of Oxidative Stress in

Author: Mohd Fauzihan, Karim and Giles N, Johnson
Subjects: reactive oxygen species, photosynthetic acclimation, antioxidants, fungi, light stress, food and beverages, oxidative stress, Plant Science, Original Research
Abstract: The dynamic acclimation of photosynthesis plays an important role in increasing the fitness of a plant under variable light environments. Since acclimation is partially mediated by a glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 2 (GPT2), this study examined whether plants lacking GPT2, which consequently have defective acclimation to increases in light, are more susceptible to oxidative stress. To understand this mechanism, we used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana [accession Wassilewskija-4 (Ws-4)] and compared it with mutants lacking GPT2. The plants were then grown at low light (LL) at 100 μmol m−2 s−1 for 7 weeks. For the acclimation experiments, a set of plants from LL was transferred to 400 μmol m−2 s−1 conditions for 7 days. Biochemical and physiological analyses showed that the gpt2 mutant plants had significantly greater activity for ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guiacol peroxidase (GPOX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, the mutant plants had significantly lower maximum quantum yields of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm). A microarray analysis also showed that gpt2 plants exhibited a greater induction of stress-related genes relative to wild-type (WT) plants. We then concluded that photosynthetic acclimation to a higher intensity of light protects plants against oxidative stress.
Published: 2021

27. Ethnicity and Geopolitics of Rohingya Crisis

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Subjects: Human rights, Political science, Political economy, Refugee, media_common.quotation_subject, Ethnic group, Tragedy (event), Islam, Genocide, China, Geopolitics, media_common
Abstract: Rohingya crisis is a long-standing festering issue where human rights should have been the focus. But that is not happening. It is being dwarfed by geopolitics, ethnicity, and religion. Here Buddhism—along with ethnicity—is coming at odds with Islam. There are reports of state-sponsored genocide against the Rohingya Muslims, aided by ultra-nationalist Buddhists monks. As a sequel, thousands of Rohingya refugees have taken shelter in a neighboring country such as Bangladesh. Even Malaysia and Saudi Arabia are sheltering them. The worst atrocities that befell on the Rohingyas—resulting in one million moved out of the country—were in August 2017 that started in 1977–1978. The exodus of refugees started from then onwards. The world conscience is stirred by this traumatic event, but no concrete and concerted efforts are being undertaken—even at the UN level—to stop this carnage. It is felt it is the geopolitical interests of China, India, and Russia that are dwarfing this disconcerting human tragedy. The paper attempts to address the issue mostly highlighting genocide, geopolitics, and ethnicity part of the crisis.
Published: 2021

28. Investigation of Excellent Performance for Basic Accounting Course: The Evidence of Non-Accounting Students

Author: Khairiah Ahmad, Nur Farahah Mohd Pauzi, Nurfarahin Roslan, Mohd Syazwan Karim, and Adriana Shamsudin
Subjects: Mathematics education, Psychology, Course (navigation)
Published: 2021

29. Open Targets Platform: supporting systematic drug-target identification and prioritisation

Author: Ellen M. McDonagh, Denise Carvalho-Silva, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Adam Faulconbridge, Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte, Michaela Spitzer, Ian Dunham, Eliseo Papa, Elaine McAuley, David Ochoa, Luca Fumis, Chuang Kee Ong, Andrea Pierleoni, Daniel Suveges, Jarrod Baker, Andrew Hercules, Gareth Peat, Edward Mountjoy, Eirini Petsalaki, Prudence Mutowo, Miguel Carmona, Gautier Koscielny, Miguel Pignatelli, David G. Hulcoop, Olesya Razuvayevskaya, Sandra Machlitt-Northen, Cinzia Malangone, Javier Ferrer, Mohd Anisul Karim, Maya Ghoussaini, Alfredo Miranda, and Arwa Bin Raies
Subjects: Databases, Factual, AcademicSubjects/SCI00010, Knowledge Bases, Datasets as Topic, Antineoplastic Agents, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neoplasms, Drug Discovery, Genetics, Humans, Database Issue, Molecular Targeted Therapy, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Internet, Drug discovery, business.industry, Usability, Drugs, Investigational, Data science, Biobank, Identification (information), Key (cryptography), The Internet, User interface, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Software
Abstract: The Open Targets Platform (https://www.targetvalidation.org/) provides users with a queryable knowledgebase and user interface to aid systematic target identification and prioritisation for drug discovery based upon underlying evidence. It is publicly available and the underlying code is open source. Since our last update two years ago, we have had 10 releases to maintain and continuously improve evidence for target–disease relationships from 20 different data sources. In addition, we have integrated new evidence from key datasets, including prioritised targets identified from genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens in 300 cancer models (Project Score), and GWAS/UK BioBank statistical genetic analysis evidence from the Open Targets Genetics Portal. We have evolved our evidence scoring framework to improve target identification. To aid the prioritisation of targets and inform on the potential impact of modulating a given target, we have added evaluation of post-marketing adverse drug reactions and new curated information on target tractability and safety. We have also developed the user interface and backend technologies to improve performance and usability. In this article, we describe the latest enhancements to the Platform, to address the fundamental challenge that developing effective and safe drugs is difficult and expensive.
Published: 2020

30. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Soufiane Boufous, Yousef Veisani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Edward J Mills, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, William James Dangel, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Catherine O. Johnson, Gregory A. Roth, Giuseppe Gorini, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Salime Goharinezhad, Stephanie R. M. Zimsen, Peng Zheng, Michael Assmus, Elisabetta Pupillo, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Noushin Mohammadifard, Stephen S Lim, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Leah E. Cahill, Tauseef Ahmad, Platon D. Lopukhov, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Abdullah Al Mamun, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Giovanni Damiani, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Alyssa Pennini, Dietrich Plass, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Alexandrea Watson, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Paul S Briant, Frank B. Osei, Blair R. Bumgarner, Maciej Banach, Ravensara S. Travillian, Kai-Lan Chang, Shirin Djalalinia, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Silvano Gallus, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Aaron van Donkelaar, Azeem Majeed, Hans Kromhout, Robert Ancuceanu, Blessing J. Akombi, Pushpendra Singh, Nayu Ikeda, William M. Gardner, Zahid A Butt, Mohammad Abdollahi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Rahman Shiri, Benn Sartorius, Ai-Min Wu, Bing Fang Hwang, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Hiroyasu Iso, Luis Camera, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Giulio Castelpietra, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Parkes J Kendrick, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Jeff T. Zhao, Samiah Alam, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Takahiro Tabuchi, Manu Raj Mathur, Søren Thorgaard Skou, Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Mehdi Bohluli, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Itamar S. Santos, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Lars Johansson, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Nevine El Nahas, Silvia Schiavolin, Kevin D. Shield, Dinh-Toi Chu, Shiva Borzouei, Paul S. F. Yip, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Deanna Anderlini, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Weijia Fu, João Pedro Silva, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Mehdi Ahmadi, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Gaorui Guo, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Charles D. H. Parry, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Anna E. Torre, Vinod C Nayak, Jamileh Shadid, Susanne Breitner, Mohammad Khammarnia, Mathilde Touvier, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Hosna Janjani, Floriane Ausloos, Irmina Maria Michalek, Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley, Jessica A. Cruz, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Abiodun M. Adeoye, André Faro, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Erin C Mullany, Giannina Ferrara, Martin McKee, Emmanuel Peprah, Oommen John, Reza Saeedi, Yasser Vasseghian, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Yingxi Zhao, Omid Shafaat, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Farid Najafi, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Tarun Gupta, Łukasz Szumowski, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Tanvir M. Huda, Perminder S. Sachdev, Farhad Ghamari, Era Upadhyay, Vivek Kumar, Guoqing Hu, Vinay Nangia, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Saeed Shahabi, Golnaz Heidari, Ashraf Nabhan, Robert C. Reiner, Aziz Rezapour, Justin J. Lang, Rakhi Dandona, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anna-Karin Danielsson, André Karch, Filippo Ariani, Ahmed Abdelalim, Masih Tajdini, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Mohamed Hsairi, Jae Il Shin, Jasvinder A. Singh, Meghan D. Mooney, Fiona B. Bennitt, Hesam Alizade, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pradhum Ram, Soraya Siabani, Evanson Z. Sambala, Reza Malekzadeh, Falk Schwendicke, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Roya Mirzaei, Rachel Feldman, Hosni Salem, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Lorainne Tudor Car, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ramesh Holla, Ritesh G. Menezes, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Hai Quang Pham, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Harvey Whiteford, Shanshan Li, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, Franz Castro, Lisa M. Force, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Mina Anjomshoa, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Irina Filip, Santi Martini, Randah R. Hamadeh, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Tim Driscoll, Jingkai Wei, Hermann Brenner, Reza Rawassizadeh, Radoslaw Sierpinski, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Emmanuel Wandera Okunga, Marisa Freitas, Srikanta Banerjee, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Shahin Soltani, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Reed J D Sorensen, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Hussain Jafari, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Fahad Alanezi, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Sezer Kisa, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Khalid F. Alhabib, Basema Saddik, Michael R. Phillips, Vishnu Renjith, Yafeng Wang, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Liliana G Ciobanu, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Gelin Xu, Richard C. Franklin, Junjie Wu, Thomas R. Hird, Mohammad Zamani, Diana Silva, Fotis Topouzis, Irena Ilic, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Hadi Pourjafar, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Ziyad Al-Aly, A. A. Fomenkov, Charlie Ashbaugh, Mowafa Househ, Paul I. Dargan, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Iffat Elbarazi, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Reza Shirkoohi, João M. Furtado, Arash Ziapour, Morteza Jafarinia, M. Mofizul Islam, Anamika Pandey, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Tanuj Kanchan, Lee Ling Lim, Muktar Omer Omer, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Ulrich O Mueller, Helen Bitew, V. Prakash, Fereshteh Mehri, Randall V. Martin, Claudiu Herteliu, Constance D. Pond, Min Jeong Shin, Morteza Oladnabi, Antonio Maria Borzì, Yousef Mohammad, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Kevin S Ikuta, Maryam Mirzaei, Andreea Mirica, Sofia Boston Redford, Siamak Sabour, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Davood Anvari, Ghobad Moradi, Jordi Alonso, Shiwei Liu, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Owen R. Cooper, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Kejia Hu, Hannah J. Henrikson, Sanni Yaya, Robert P. Dellavalle, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Sergey Soshnikov, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Zabihollah Yousefi, Iman El Sayed, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Neeti Kapoor, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Fatemeh Amiri, Mariam Molokhia, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, J. Becker, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Ben Lacey, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Simon Yadgir, Spencer L. James, Cory N. Spencer, Aletta E. Schutte, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Rixing Xu, Jonathan F. Mosser, Josep Maria Haro, Enrico Rubagotti, Anurag Agrawal, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Hoa Thi Do, Ettore Beghi, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Abraham Geremew, Alireza Esteghamati, Paramjit Gill, Farzad Jalilian, J. Jason West, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Albertino Damasceno, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Nazir Fattahi, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Michael Brauer, Mark A. Stokes, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Lidia Morawska, Fiona J Charlson, Babak Moazen, Dejana Braithwaite, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sergio I. Prada, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Atafar, Heather Orpana, Daniela Balzi, Marco Vacante, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Jacek A. Kopec, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Leonardo Roever, Yannick Béjot, Markus P. Schlaich, Hamed Zandian, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Klara Dokova, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Rakesh Ghosh, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Faris Lami, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Adnan Kisa, Ghasem Azarian, Caroline Stein, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Sinead Langan, Kunihiro Matsushita, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Bahram Armoon, Dan J. Stein, Jessica Fanzo, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Luca Ronfani, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Adrian Oţoiu, Arash Sarveazad, Marc L. Serre, Mostafa Hosseini, Nicolas Cherbuin, George D. Thurston, Jalal Arabloo, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Ana Laura Manda, Ahmed Abualhasan, Nima Rezaei, Yuan-Pang Wang, Theodore Patrick Younker, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Adam E. Berman, Khezar Hayat, Rosario Cárdenas, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Simon I. Hay, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Leo Stockfelt, Ai Koyanagi, Giorgia Giussani, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Mehedi Hasan, Negar Rezaei, Maja Pasovic, Jukka Takala, Bogdan Oancea, Sare Safi, A. Werdecker, Florian Fischer, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Takeshi Fukumoto, Maha Atout, Brijesh Sathian, Cristina Bosetti, Mitchell T. Wallin, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Anthony Masaka, Chantal Huynh, Justin Lo, Jordan Weiss, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alberto Raggi, Peter W. Gething, Cristiana Abbafati, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Isabela M. Benseñor, Emilie R Maddison, John J. McGrath, Salman Khazaei, Scott B. Patten, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Celine M. Barthelemy, Ashish Badiye, George C. Patton, Obinna Onwujekwe, Peter Allebeck, Victor Aboyans, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mousa Yaminfirooz, Neeraj Bedi, Nicholas L S Roberts, Joht Singh Chandan, Hans W. Hoek, Usman Iqbal, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Haley Lescinsky, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Anders Larsson, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Richard T. Burnett, Yang Liu, Carlo La Vecchia, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Morteza Naserbakht, Sangram Kishor Patel, Melanie S. Hammer, Prasanna Mithra, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Kanyin L. Ong, Mona Pathak, Afshin Maleki, Saeid Safiri, Masood Ali Shaikh, Kate Causey, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali S. Shalash, Abdiwahab Hashi, Ionut Negoi, Nataliya A. Foigt, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, François Alla, Giuseppe Grosso, Houman Goudarzi, Di H. Cross, Vera Marisa Costa, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez, Bo Norrving, Kerem Shuval, Jacob L. Stubbs, Muhammad Ali, Shuhei Nomura, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Navid Rabiee, Dana Bryazka, Hussen Mohammed, Asadollah Gholamian, Ashley Marks, Rizwan Kalani, Molly E. Herbert, Islam Y. Elgendy, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Chuanhua Yu, Suzanne Polinder, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Kylie Ball, Turki Alanzi, Mohsen Bayati, Hamed Mirzaei, Christopher M Odell, Amira Shaheen, Ziad A. Memish, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Michael A. Piradov, Hamed Kalani, Lorenzo Monasta, Christopher S Yilgwan, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Riaz Uddin, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Vinay Srinivasan, Hamid Ahmadieh, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Raffaele Palladino, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Mika Shigematsu, Stein Emil Vollset, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nasir Salam, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Tomislav Mestrovic, Samer Hamidi, Rajesh Sagar, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Kara Estep, Ester Cerin, Michael T. Chung, Simon Øverland, Amir Taherkhani, Sheng Chia Chung, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Nikolaos Dervenis, Joan B. Soriano, Tahereh Javaheri, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Gbenga A. Kayode, Christopher R. Cederroth, Razique Anwer, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Kaja Abbas, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Louisa Degenhardt, Tahiya Alam, Mohammad Miri, Alibek Mereke, David Laith Rawaf, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Moslem Soofi, Edris Hasanpoor, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Joanna L Whisnant, Christopher J L Murray, Simin Mouodi, Alize J. Ferrari, Damian Santomauro, Katrin Burkart, Tudorel Andrei, Alberto Baldasseroni, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Valery L. Feigin, Nauman Khalid, Ewerton Cousin, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Themba G.G. Ginindza, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Sanjay Basu, Getinet Ayano, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Iyad Sultan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Keivan Ahmadi, Fariba Dorostkar, Rajeev Gupta, David M. Pereira, Mustafa Z. Younis, Adel Spotin, Rasmus Havmoeller, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mithila Faruque, Alan D. Lopez, Shailesh Advani, Behshad Naghshtabrizi, Shane D. Morrison, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Konrad Pesudovs, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Reshmi Bhageerathy, H. Dean Hosgood, Giulia Carreras, Sarika Chaturvedi, James L. Fisher, In-Hwan Oh, G Anil Kumar, Christoph Nowak, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Puja C Rao, Marcel Ausloos, Ali Kabir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Minh Nguyen, Ashkan Afshin, Payman Salamati, Colin Angus, Mona M. Khater, Ehsan Sadeghi, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Antonio Biondi, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Andrew T Olagunju, Amir Radfar, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Marcello Tonelli, Hesam Ghiasvand, Hanne Christensen, Juan Jesus Carrero, Maryam Adabi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Kurt Straif, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Lope H Barrero, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Fareed, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Juan A Rivera, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Janni Leung, Shokofeh Maleki, Mohd Anisul Karim, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Kiomars Sharafi, Alessandra C. Goulart, Leila Doshmangir, Gabriele Nagel, Helena Manguerra, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Nermin Ghith, Maha El Tantawi, Awoke Misganaw, Yunquan Zhang, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Vahid Rashedi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Holly E. Erskine, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema, Javad Javidnia, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Alaa Badawi, James Leigh, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Kyle E. Simpson, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Vivekanand Jha, Tomasz Miazgowski, Aaron J Cohen, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Alessandra Lugo, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Caitlyn Steiner, Gholamreza Roshandel, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Laura Kemmer, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh, Kris J. Krohn, Phoebe Anne Rhinehart, Sarah Wozniak, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Kate E. LeGrand, Christian Kieling, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Robin Room, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Kelly Cercy, Paul H. Lee, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Dinesh Bhandari, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Aziz Sheikh, Michellr L. Bell, Marwa Rashad Salem, Kirsten E. Wiens, Emma U.R. Smith, Hassan Abolhassani, Cristiano Piccinelli, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, G.K. Mini, Christian Razo, Manuela L. Ferreira, Diego De Leo, Francesco Saverio Violante, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Tea Lallukka, Dickson A. Amugsi, Anna Poznańska, Graeme J. Hankey, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Eirini Skiadaresi, Jai K Das, Felix Greaves, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Mansour Ghafourifard, M. DeLang, Morteza Mahmoudi, Alton Lu, Brian J. Hall, Ravi Prakash Jha, David Edvardsson, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Farshad Farzadfar, Hadi Hassankhani, Samuel M. Ostroff, Gerhard Sulo, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Neeraj Bhala, Stefan Lorkowski, Mohammad Rabiee, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Rashid Abdi Guled, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Simin Liu, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Davoud Adham, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shafiu Mohammed, Paolo Lauriola, Abbas Mosapour, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Khurshid Alam, Rajat Das Gupta, Matilde Leonardi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Mohamed M. Gad, Kelly Compton, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Catherine M. Antony, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Gina Agarwal, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Abdul Moiz Hafiz, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Fares Alahdab, Om P Kurmi, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Tomi Akinyemiju, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Yahya Safari, Guilherme Borges, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Kenji Shibuya, Bahman Yousefi, Berrin Serdar, Karen M. Tabb, Sonali Kochhar, Till Bärnighausen, Kala M. Mehta, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Arash Etemadi, Melissa Y. Wei, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Rade Vukovic, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Shoshana H. Ballew, Miriam Levi, Zainab Samad, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Juan Sanabria, Ramu Rawat, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Mahesh P A, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Parvaiz A Koul, Foad Abd-Allah, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Ronny Westerman, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Tampere University, Tays Research Services, Health Sciences, Murray, C. J. L., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abegaz, K. H., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adekanmbi, V., Adeoye, A. M., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adham, D., Advani, S. 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W., Ausloos, F., Ausloos, M., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azarian, G., Azene, Z. N., Badawi, A., Badiye, A. D., Bahrami, M. A., Bakhshaei, M. H., Bakhtiari, A., Bakkannavar, S. M., Baldasseroni, A., Ball, K., Ballew, S. H., Balzi, D., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Bante, A. B., Baraki, A. G., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barrero, L. H., Barthelemy, C. M., Barua, L., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Becker, J. S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bell, M. L., Bennitt, F. B., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, K., Berman, A. E., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhageerathy, R., Bhala, N., Bhandari, D., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Bin Sayeed, M. S., Biondi, A., Birihane, B. M., Bisignano, C., Biswas, R. K., Bitew, H., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Boon-Dooley, A. S., Borges, G., Borzi, A. M., Borzouei, S., Bosetti, C., Boufous, S., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N. J. K., Breitner, S., Brenner, H., Briant, P. S., Briko, A. N., Briko, N. 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G, Bryazka, D, Bumgarner, B, Burkart, K, Burnett, R, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Butt, Z, Caetano Dos Santos, F, Cahill, L, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, K, Charlson, F, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Cherbuin, N, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, D, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chung, M, Chung, S, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Classen, T, Cohen, A, Compton, K, Cooper, O, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Cowden, R, Cross, D, Cruz, J, Dahlawi, S, Damasceno, A, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dangel, W, Danielsson, A, Dargan, P, Darwesh, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Das Gupta, R, das Neves, J, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davitoiu, D, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Delang, M, Dellavalle, R, Demeke, F, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Driscoll, T, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Edvardsson, D, El Nahas, N, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, Elyazar, I, Emmons-Bell, S, Erskine, H, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Etemadi, A, Etisso, A, Fanzo, J, Farahmand, M, Fareed, M, Faridnia, R, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Faruque, M, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Feldman, R, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, G, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, M, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Force, L, Foroutan, M, Franklin, R, Freitas, M, Fu, W, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Ayalew Gebreslassie, A, Geremew, A, Gershberg Hayoon, A, Gething, P, Ghadimi, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Ghosh, R, Gill, P, Ginindza, T, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Goharinezhad, S, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gubari, M, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, R, Guled, R, Guo, G, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Haddock, B, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Halvaei, I, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hammer, M, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hasanpoor, E, Hashi, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henrikson, H, Herbert, M, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Hird, T, Hoek, H, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Hu, K, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Huynh, C, Hwang, B, Iannucci, V, Ibitoye, S, Ikeda, N, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Ippolito, H, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, M, Islam, S, Iso, H, Ivers, R, Iwu, C, Iyamu, I, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, K, Jafari, H, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, James, S, Janjani, H, Javaheri, T, Javidnia, J, Jeemon, P, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Johansson, L, John, O, John-Akinola, Y, Johnson, C, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalani, H, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Matin, B, Karch, A, Karim, M, Kassa, G, Katikireddi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Keiyoro, P, Keller, C, Kemmer, L, Kendrick, P, Khalid, N, Khammarnia, M, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei, S, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, A, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kopec, J, Korshunov, V, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kromhout, H, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, V, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lang, J, Langan, S, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lazarus, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Levi, M, Li, S, Lim, L, Linn, S, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lo, J, Lopez, A, Lopez, J, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lu, A, Lugo, A, Maddison, E, Mahasha, P, Mahdavi, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manda, A, Manguerra, H, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mantilla Herrera, A, Maravilla, J, Marks, A, Martin, R, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Masaka, A, Masoumi, S, Mathur, M, Matsushita, K, Maulik, P, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mereke, A, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mini, G, Miri, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Misganaw, A, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Mohammad, D, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, J, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mooney, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, S, Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Mullany, E, Musa, K, Muthupandian, S, Nabhan, A, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, M, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Naserbakht, M, Nayak, V, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, M, Nigatu, Y, Nikbakhsh, R, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Odell, C, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okunga, E, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Omer, M, Ong, K, Onwujekwe, O, Orpana, H, Ortiz, A, Osarenotor, O, Osei, F, Ostroff, S, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, Mahesh, P, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Parry, C, Pasovic, M, Pasupula, D, Patel, S, Pathak, M, Patten, S, Patton, G, Toroudi, H, Peden, A, Pennini, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, D, Pesudovs, K, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Piccinelli, C, Pilz, T, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, K, Pond, C, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Poznanska, A, Prada, S, Prakash, V, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Raggi, A, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Rao, P, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawat, R, Razo, C, Redford, S, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Rhinehart, P, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Rivera, J, Roberts, N, Rodriguez-Ramirez, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeedi, R, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, Y, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sajadi, S, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salem, H, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samad, Z, Samadi Kafil, H, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Pimienta, T, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santos, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, S, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senbeta, A, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Serdar, B, Serre, M, Shadid, J, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shalash, A, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shibuya, K, Shield, K, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shin, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sierpinski, R, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, J, Simpson, K, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skiadaresi, E, Skou, S, Skryabin, V, Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, I, Spencer, C, Spotin, A, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stein, C, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, M, Straif, K, Stubbs, J, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sulo, G, Sultan, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Tabuchi, T, Taherkhani, A, Tajdini, M, Takahashi, K, Takala, J, Tamiru, A, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Tesema, G, Tessema, Z, Thurston, G, Titova, M, Tohidinik, H, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Torre, A, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, R, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, van Donkelaar, A, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Watson, A, Wei, J, Wei, M, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Werdecker, A, West, J, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Whiteford, H, Wiens, K, Wolfe, C, Wozniak, S, Wu, A, Wu, J, Wulf Hanson, S, Xu, G, Xu, R, Yadgir, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yaminfirooz, M, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeheyis, T, Yilgwan, C, Yilma, M, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Younker, T, Yousefi, B, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yousuf, A, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, T, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, J, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhou, M, Ziapour, A, Zimsen, S, Lim, S, Murray, C, GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborator, Violante FS, Biosciences, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Sub Foundations&PhilosophyofNaturSc begr, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, Public Health, Bin Sayeed, M. S. B., Caetano Dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Elyazar, I. R. F., Ayalew Gebreslassie, A. A. A., Ginindza, T. G., Matin, B. K., Morgado-Da-Costa, J., Khaneghah, A. M., Mahesh, P. A., Toroudi, H. P., Syed, Z. Q., Salem, M. R., Skou, S. T., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tudor Car, L. T., and Moghadam, T. Z.
Subjects: Male, Nutritional Sciences, Specific risk, Contaminación del Aire Interior, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Socioeconomic Factor, systematic analysis, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, Health Risk Behavior, Health Risk Behaviors, Disease studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, METABOLIC RISKS, 030212 general & internal medicine, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Factores de Riesgo, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Public health, Injuries, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, GBD, risck factors, attributable burden of disease, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Relative risk, Environmental health, Health, Hypertension, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, Leading risk factors, Global Health Metrics, Cohort study, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Substance-Related Disorders, Population, UNITED-STATES, Risk Assessment, DIET, ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, Life Expectancy, MORTALITY, DISABILITY, POLLUTION, CLUSTERS, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Risk factor, education, Global burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Malnutrition, Klinisk medicin, Global Burden of Diseases, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, Enfermedades, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk factors, Disease study, Hyperglycemia, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, NA, Clinical Medicine, business, RA
Abstract: Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk-outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk-outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk-outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9.51-12.1) deaths (19.2% [16.9-21.3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8.71 million (8.12-9.31) deaths (15.4% [14.6-16.2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253-350) DALYs (11.6% [10.3-13.1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0-9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10-24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25-49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50-74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2020

31. The Bay of Bengal Geo-Politics and the QUAD

Author: Mohd A. Karim and Mohd A. Karim
Subjects: Geopolitics--Bengal, Bay of
Abstract: The book provides an in-depth analysis of geopolitical dynamics of the countries along the Bay of Bengal and beyond. It covers the jostling for influence in the region by the major extra-regional powers such as the United States, China and Japan. The book explores the possibility of re-integration of South Asia with Southeast Asia. The book also looks into the possibility of the Bay as reservoir of resources such as oil, gas and fisheries as part of blue economy for the energy-starved countries such as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka etc. The book also discusses the criticality of the sea lines of communication that pass along the Bay from the Persian Gulf to the Malacca Strait for energy security for the developed nations such as China, Japan, the United States, South Korea etc.
Published: 2023

32. Open Targets Genetics: An open approach to systematically prioritize causal variants and genes at all published human GWAS trait-associated loci

Author: Mohd Anisul Karim, Ellen M. Schmidt, Luca Fumis, John A. Todd, Eliseo Papa, Edward Mountjoy, Eric B. Fauman, James D. Hayhurst, Jeffrey C. Barrett, Andrew Hercules, Gareth Peat, Miguel Carmona, Ian Dunham, Annalisa Buniello, David Ochoa, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Maya Ghoussaini, Alfredo Miranda, and Daniel Wright
Subjects: Transcriptome, Genetics, Trait, Genome-wide association study, Biology, Functional genomics, Gene, Biobank, Epigenomics, Genetic association
Abstract: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many variants robustly associated with complex traits but identifying the gene(s) mediating such associations is a major challenge. Here we present an open resource that provides systematic fine-mapping and protein-coding gene prioritization across 133,441 published human GWAS loci. We integrate diverse data sources, including genetics (from GWAS Catalog and UK Biobank) as well as transcriptomic, proteomic and epigenomic data across many tissues and cell types. We also provide systematic disease-disease and disease-molecular trait colocalization results across 92 cell types and tissues and identify 729 loci fine-mapped to a single coding causal variant and colocalized with a single gene. We trained a machine learning model using the fine mapped genetics and functional genomics data using 445 gold standard curated GWAS loci to distinguish causal genes from background genes at the same loci, outperforming a naive distance based model. Genes prioritized by our model are enriched for known approved drug targets (OR = 8.1, 95% CI: [5.7, 11.5]). These results will be regularly updated and are publicly available through a web portal, Open Targets Genetics (OTG, http://genetics.opentargets.org), enabling users to easily prioritize genes at disease-associated loci and assess their potential as drug targets.
Published: 2020

33. An open approach to systematically prioritize causal variants and genes at all published human GWAS trait-associated loci

Author: Edward, Mountjoy, Ellen M, Schmidt, Miguel, Carmona, Jeremy, Schwartzentruber, Gareth, Peat, Alfredo, Miranda, Luca, Fumis, James, Hayhurst, Annalisa, Buniello, Mohd Anisul, Karim, Daniel, Wright, Andrew, Hercules, Eliseo, Papa, Eric B, Fauman, Jeffrey C, Barrett, John A, Todd, David, Ochoa, Ian, Dunham, and Maya, Ghoussaini
Subjects: Epigenomics, Machine Learning, Models, Genetic, Quantitative Trait Loci, Chromosome Mapping, Humans, Genomics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified many variants associated with complex traits, but identifying the causal gene(s) is a major challenge. In the present study, we present an open resource that provides systematic fine mapping and gene prioritization across 133,441 published human GWAS loci. We integrate genetics (GWAS Catalog and UK Biobank) with transcriptomic, proteomic and epigenomic data, including systematic disease-disease and disease-molecular trait colocalization results across 92 cell types and tissues. We identify 729 loci fine mapped to a single-coding causal variant and colocalized with a single gene. We trained a machine-learning model using the fine-mapped genetics and functional genomics data and 445 gold-standard curated GWAS loci to distinguish causal genes from neighboring genes, outperforming a naive distance-based model. Our prioritized genes were enriched for known approved drug targets (odds ratio = 8.1, 95% confidence interval = 5.7, 11.5). These results are publicly available through a web portal ( http://genetics.opentargets.org ), enabling users to easily prioritize genes at disease-associated loci and assess their potential as drug targets.
Published: 2020

34. Onset, Transmission, Impact, and Management of COVID-19 Epidemic at Early Stage in SAARC Countries

Author: Mohammad Ali Moni, Arafat Rahman, Mohammad Umer Sharif Shohan, Mohammad Kawsar Sharif Siam, Nadira Naznin Rakhi, Mahmuda Kabir, Md. Mehadi Hasan, A. S. M. Rubayet Ul Alam, Rahuman Sheriff, Md. Arif Khan, and Mohd Anisul Karim
Subjects: Geography, Transmission (mechanics), Death toll, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), law, Development economics, Psychological intervention, Outbreak, World population, Sri lanka, law.invention
Abstract: The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak had devastating consequences globally with 20,675,770 affected and 749,061 dead. Despite different measures to restrict transmission, the death toll continues to rise. The SAARC group of countries comprising eight nations—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, where 23.75% of the world population reside, implemented containment measures at different stages of the outbreak with varying consequences. In this review, we examined the onset and transmission of the virus in each country at an early stage and critically appraised their response with respect to their medical facilities for diagnosis and management. We found that countries that succeeded to contain the spread of COVID-19 were able to do so by prioritizing non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g. early and stricter lockdowns). Currently, the epicentre of COVID-19 appears to be shifting to India (the largest SAARC nation), the death toll is likely to steeply increase if effective and aggressive measures are not taken urgently. The authors believe that authorities of each of the SAARC countries should act decisively and cooperatively as a matter of urgency increasing the regional collaboration in an eloquent and durative way.
Published: 2020

35. Genocide and Geopolitics of the Rohingya Crisis

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Published: 2020

36. Author correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

Author: SAVITA LASRADO, Fakher Rahim, Saeid Safari, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Baye Dagnew, Farshad Pourmalek, Ali Rostami, Daniel Ketema, Aletta Schutte, Nasir Salam, Nicole Davis Weaver, Agus Sudaryanto, Martin Ayanore, Nataliya Foigt, Masoud Moradi, Susanna Dunachie, Ziad El-Khatib, Zahra Kamiab, Ashish Badiye, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Maryam Khazaee-Pool, Dabere Nigatu, Jalal Arabloo, Garumma Feyissa, Khalil Eskandari, Kewal Krishan, Bolajoko Olusanya, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Takahiro Tabuchi, Gebrekiros Meles, Babak Moazen, Jaifred Christian Lopez, Ivy Shiue, Keyvan Pakshir, Tomasz Miazgowski, Surendra Karki, Shivakumar KM, Yasir Waheed, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Akram Pourshams, Manoochehr Karami, Yasser El-Sherbiny, Tinuke Olagunju, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Ali Yadollahpour, Assefa Desalew, Ali Shalash, Preeti Dhillon, Ali Asadi-Pooya, Venkatesh Maled, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, John Ji, RAJESH SAGAR, GK Mini, Sebastian Vollmer, Ayman Grada, Boris Bikbov, Neda Izadi, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Victor Adekanmbi, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Rahman Shiri, Turki Alanzi, Afsaneh Arzani, Om Prakash Kurmi, Rajat Das Gupta, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Irfan Ullah, Phetole Mahasha, Neeti Kapoor, Hamed Zandian, Bruno Sunguya, Khalid Altirkawi, João Fernandes, Simon Hay, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Parastoo Ansari, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Sojib Bin Zaman, Joan B Soriano, Sandra B Munro, Josip Car, Collins Chansa, Navid Rabiee, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Palash Banik, Maha El Tantawi, Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rupak Desai, Davide Rasella, Nicola Bragazzi, Borhan Mansouri, Keivan Ahmadi, Yogesh Sabde, Sergio Ivan Prada Rios, Amir Hasanzadeh, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Syed Amir Gilani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Arya Haj-mirzaian, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Peng Jia, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Ireneous Soyiri, Jennifer Ross, Erkin Mirrakhimov, Ali Koolivand, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Olufemi Ajumobi, Muhammad Usman, Hesham Al-Mekhlafi, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Farhad Moradpour, Fatemeh Rajati, Norberto Perico, Francis Zotor, Omid Shafaat, Joel Francis, Muktar Omer, Hedayat Abbastabar, Mohammad Aghaali, Mulat Tirfie Bayih, Sorin Hostiuc, Era Upadhyay, Daniel Diaz, Mustafa Younis, Ambrish Singh, Mohammad Zamani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Andre Pascal Kengne, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Bruce Duncan, Javad Nazari, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Anemaw Asrat, Biagio Simonetti, Neda Milevska Kostova, Mariya Titova, Mohammad Rabiee, Hassan Abolhassani, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Pallab Kumar Maulik, Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos, Maha Atout, ANDRE RENZAHO, Fatemeh Amiri, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Yousef Khader, Mohammad Saud Khan, Davood Anvari, Shymaa Enany, Ahad Bakhtiari, Farnam Mohebi, Yuan-Pang Wang, Naser Kamyari, Tewodros Wonde, Dadi Marami, Arash Ziapour, Azmeraw T. Amare, Nima Rezaei, S.mohammad Sajadi, Vahid Rashedi, Ayesha Humayun, Jacob Olusanya, Yousef Moradi, Reta Tsegaye, Dr. Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Vivekanand Jha, Behnam Nabavizadeh, Vivek Kumar, Andrew Olagunju, Mehran Shams-beyranvand, Farshad Farzadfar, Hagos Tasew, Ninuk Hariyani, Nelson Alvis-Guzmán, Girmay Teklay, Jan-Walter De Neve, Bereket Duko Adema, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Abbas Yadegar, Anurag Agrawal, Vera Marisa Costa, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, ORISH EBERE ORISAKWE, Khem Pokhrel, Amir Kasaeian, Artem Fomenkov, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Georgy Lebedev, Razique Anwer, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Alex Yeshaneh, Nuno Taveira, Deepesh Lad, Claudiu Herteliu, Ali Bijani, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Elena Varavikova, Antonio Maria Borzì, Phuc Huyen Do, Demelash Elemineh, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Taweewat Wiangkham, Ted Miller, Zubair Kabir, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Habtamu Kasaye, Mario Herrero, Nauman Khalid, Adnan Kisa, Sergey Soshnikov, Alberto Ortiz Arduan, Paul Doku, Saravanan Muthupandian, Bing-Fang Hwang, Meghnath Dhimal, Hamidreza Komaki, Ritesh Menezes, Kedir Abegaz, Claudio Davila, Dinesh Bhandari, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, André Faro, Navid Manafi, Hamidreza Haririan, Nazli Khatib, Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei, RAVI PRAKASH JHA, Mahdi Mirzaei, Abdallah Samy, Priya Rathi, Alireza Esteghamati, Hailay Gesesew, Eduarda Fernandes, Ghasem Azarian, Shafiu Mohammed, Tauseef Ahmad, Derrick Bennett, Stefan Lorkowski, Yunquan Zhang, Karzan Mohammad, Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela, Mohd Anisul Karim, Tissa Wijeratne, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mohammed Madadin, and Mohd Shannawaz
Subjects: Immunology, General Medicine, Medical and Health Sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Geography, Childhood Overweight, Low and middle income countries, Environmental health, medicine, medicine.symptom, Wasting, LBD Double Burden of Malnutrition Collaborators, 11 Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Published: 2020

37. Multi-ancestry omic Mendelian randomization revealing putative drug targets of COVID-19 severity

Author: Ian Dunham, Katherine Roberts, George Davey Smith, Ben Elsworth, Yue-miao Zhang, Denis Baird, Hannah Compton, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Mohd Anisul Karim, Jie Zheng, Felix Miller-Molloy, Hong Zhang, Maya Ghoussaini, Tom R. Gaunt, Yi Liu, Xing-Zi Liu, and Lin Wang
Subjects: Drug, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Druggability, Computational biology, Disease, Drug resistance, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 3. Good health, Clinical trial, 03 medical and health sciences, Drug repositioning, 0302 clinical medicine, Mendelian randomization, Medicine, business, Repurposing, 030304 developmental biology, media_common
Abstract: Recent omic studies prioritised several drug targets associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. However, little evidence was provided to systematically estimate the effect of drug targets on COVID-19 severity in multiple ancestries. In this study, we applied Mendelian randomization (MR) and colocalization approaches to understand the putative causal effects of 16,059 transcripts and 1,608 proteins on COVID-19 severity in European and effects of 610 proteins on COVID-19 severity in African ancestry. We further integrated genetics, clinical and literature evidence to prioritised additional drug targets. Additional sensitivity analyses including multi-trait colocalization and phenome-wide MR were conducted to test for MR assumptions.MR and colocalization prioritized four protein targets, FCRL3, ICAM5, ENTPD5 and OAS1 that showed effect on COVID-19 severity only in European ancestry and one protein target, SERPINA1, only showed effect in African ancestry (odds ratio [OR] in Africans=0.369, 95%CI=0.203 to 0.668, P=9.96×10−4; OR in Europeans=1.021, P=0.745). One protein, ICAM1, showed suggestive effect on COVID-19 severity in both ancestries (OR in Europeans=1.152, 95%CI=1.063 to 1.249, P=5.94×10−4; OR in Africans=1.481, 95%CI=1.008 to 2.176; P=0.045). The phenome-wide MR of the prioritised targets on 622 complex traits identified 726 potential causal effects on other diseases, providing information on potential beneficial and adverse effects. Our study prioritised six proteins as potential drug targets for COVID-19 severity. Several of them were targets of existing drug under trials of COVID-19 or related to the immune system. Most of these targets showed different effects in European and African ancestries, which highlights the value of multi-ancestry MR in informing the generalizability of COVID-19 drug targets across ancestries. This study provides a first step towards clinical investigation on COVID-19 and other types of coronaviruses.Research in contextEvidence before this studyWe searched key terms in PUBMED published before Feb 1st 2022, with the terms: (“COVID-19, “coronavirus”) AND (“omics” or “protein” or “transcript”) AND (“Genome-wide association study” or “Mendelian randomization”). We found multiple studies identified targeted genes or proteins associated with COVID-19. However, there is little human genetics evidence support the ancestry-consistent or ancestry-specific genes/proteins associated with COVID-19.Added value of this studyTo our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive genetic study that identified protein targets that showed effect on COVID-19 severity in European and African ancestries. Our study identified one protein, SERPINA1, that showed effects on COVID-19 in African ancestry (OR=0.369, P=9.96×10−4), but not in European ancestry (OR=1.021, P=0.745). In addition, our study identified four additional protein targets, FCRL3, ICAM5, ENTPD5 and OAS1, that showed effect on COVID-19 severity in Europeans. One protein ICAM1 showed suggestive effect in both ancestries. Some of these proteins are related to the immune system and/or are targets of existing drug under trials of COVID-19.Implications of all available evidenceOur study prioritised six drug targets for COVID-19 severity, five of them showed different effects in European and African ancestries. This suggested that drug targets may have different responses on COVID-19 severity in different ancestries. Our study also highlights the value of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) family in relation with COVID-19 severity in both ancestries.
Published: 2020

38. Coding and regulatory variants affect serum protein levels and common disease

Author: Nicholas M. Morton, Alexander Gudjonsson, Thor Aspelund, Elias F. Gudmundsson, Vilmundur Gudnason, Valur Emilsson, Mohd Anisul Karim, James R Staley, Brynjolfur G. Jonsson, Lenore J. Launer, Marjan Ilkov, John Lamb, Jan H.N. Lindeman, Valborg Gudmundsdottir, and Lori L. Jennings
Subjects: Genetics, Common disease, Cohort, Complex disease, Serum protein, medicine, Cancer, Biology, Affect (psychology), medicine.disease, Blood proteins, Exome
Abstract: Circulating proteins are prognostic for human outcomes including cancer, heart failure, brain trauma and brain amyloid plaque burden. A deep serum proteome survey recently revealed close associations of serum protein networks and common diseases. The present study reveals unprecedented number of individual serum proteins that overlap genetic signatures of diseases emanating from different tissues of the body. Here, 54,469 low-frequency and common exome-array variants were compared with 4782 protein measurements in the serum of 5343 individuals of the deeply annotated AGES Reykjavik cohort. Using a study-wide significant threshold, 2019 independent exome array variants affecting levels of 2135 serum proteins were identified. These variants overlapped genetic loci for hundreds of complex disease traits, emphasizing the emerging role for serum proteins as biomarkers of and potential causative agents of multiple diseases.
Published: 2020

39. Publisher Correction: Systemic inflammation is associated with incident stroke and heart disease in East Asians

Author: Mohd A. Karim, Christiana Kartsonaki, Derrick A. Bennett, Iona Y. Millwood, Michael R. Hill, Daniel Avery, Zheng Bian, Huaidong Du, Yu Guo, Yijian Qian, Chan Qu, Iain Turnbull, Dan Schmidt-Valle, Chunmei Wang, Canqing Yu, Jun Lv, Junshi Chen, Robert Clarke, Liming Li, Zhengming Chen, Michael V. Holmes, Robin G. Walters, and China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Multidisciplinary, Heart disease, business.industry, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease, Systemic inflammation, Publisher Correction, Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, lcsh:Q, medicine.symptom, business, lcsh:Science, Stroke
Abstract: Systemic inflammation, reflected by increased plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen, is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, but its relevance for stroke types remains unclear. Moreover, evidence is limited in non-European populations. We investigated associations of CRP and fibrinogen with risks of incident major coronary events (MCE), ischemic stroke (IS) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a cohort of Chinese adults. A nested case-control study within the prospective China Kadoorie Biobank included 1,508 incident MCE cases, 5,418 IS cases, 4,476 ICH cases, and 5,285 common controls, aged 30-79 years. High-sensitivity CRP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured in baseline plasma samples from all participants, and fibrinogen in a subset (n = 9,380). Logistic regression yielded adjusted odds ratios (ORs) per SD higher usual levels of log-transformed CRP and fibrinogen. The overall mean (SD) baseline LDL-C was 91.6 mg/dL (24.0) and geometric mean (95% CI) CRP and fibrinogen were 0.90 mg/L (0.87-0.93) and 3.01 g/L (2.98-3.03), respectively. There were approximately log-linear positive associations of CRP with each outcome, which persisted after adjustment for LDL-C and other risk factors, with adjusted ORs (95% CI) per SD higher CRP of 1.67 (1.44-1.94) for MCE and 1.22 (1.10-1.36) for both IS and ICH. No associations of fibrinogen with MCE, IS, or ICH were identified. Adding CRP to prediction models based on established risk factors improved model fit for each of MCE, IS, and ICH, with small improvements in C-statistic and correct reclassification of controls to lower risk groups. Among Chinese adults, who have low mean LDL-C, CRP, but not fibrinogen, was independently associated with increased risks of MCE and stroke.
Published: 2020

40. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Author: Ninuk Hariyani, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Anas M. Saad, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Behzad Karami Matin, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Afsaneh Arzani, Simin Liu, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Anelisa Jaca, Amir Kasaeian, Fereshteh Ansari, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Ali Kabir, Jorge Cano, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Tufa Kolola, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hosni Salem, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Norberto Perico, Sergio I. Prada, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Jai K Das, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Dessalegn Haile, Shivakumar Km Marulasiddaiah M. KMShivakumar, Narayan Prasad, Pranab Chatterjee, Shafiu Mohammed, Ravi Prakash Jha, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Farshad Farzadfar, Ahmad Daryani, Pramesh Raj Ghimire, Abbas Mosapour, Ebrahim Babaee, Rajat Das Gupta, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Teshome Bekele Elema I, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Mohamed M. Gad, Eugenio Traini, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Mohsen Afarideh, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Aisha Elsharkawy, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Soufiane Boufous, Obinna Onwujekwe, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Azeem Majeed, Meghnath Dhimal, Bruno F. Sunguya, Daniel Adane Endalew, Hosein Shabaninejad, Siddhesh Zadey, Takahiro Tabuchi, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Davide Guido, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Hala Elhabashy, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Davide Rasella, Hedayat Abbastabar, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Anthony Masaka, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Matiwos Soboka Daba, Tesfaye Yitna Yitna Chichiabellu, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomohide Yamada, Alireza Rafiei, Reinhard Busse, Abdullah Al Mamun, Genet Melak Alamene, George C Patton, Andem Effiong, Rushdia Ahmed, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Nizal Sarrafzadegan I, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Kimberly B. Johnson, Benn Sartorius, Shirin Djalalinia, Mohsen Bayati, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Navid Rabiee, Javad Nazari, Krishna K. Aryal, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Yoshan Moodley, Anh Kim Dang, Mohammad Khazaei, Parvaiz A Koul, Edson Serván-Mori, Foad Abd-Allah, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Hagos Degefa de Hidru I, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Oliver J. Brady, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Samiah Alam, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Mohsen Mazidi, Hamed Kalani, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Ali Bijani, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, German Martinez, Elias Merdassa Roro, Hamidreza Komaki, Giovanni Damiani, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Reza Shirkoohi, Aditya Prasad Dash, Benny Antony, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Josip Car, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Shahin Soltani, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, John S. Ji, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Shanshan Li, Hunduma Amensisa Amensisa Bojia I, Estifanos Baye, Hany Aref, Kebreab Paulos, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Felix Lam, Themba G.G. Ginindza, Behnam Heidari, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Mostafa Leili, Sohail Ahmad, Babak Moazen, Samad Azari, Feleke Gebremeskel W, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Khanh Bao Tran, Okechukwu S Ogah, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Irina Filip, Bogdan Oancea, Lalit Dandona, Desalegn Markos Shifti, Nasir Salam, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Sheetal D. Lad, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ken Lee Chin, Masoud Moradi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Behzad Heibati, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Mahya Beheshti, Ali Yadollahpour, Gelin Xu, Siamak Sabour, Neda Izadi, Carlos Culquichicón, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Félix Carvalho, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Yun Jin Kim, Rajesh Sagar, Fakher Rahim, Catrin E. Moore, Thomas R. Hird, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Anton Sokhan, Faris Lami, Masoud Behzadifar, Ritesh G. Menezes, Amira Hamed Darwish, Mohammad Zamani, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Navid Manafi, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Daniel Diaz, Eleonora Dubljanin, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Suraj Bhattarai, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Noore Alam, Jasvinder A. Singh, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Robert C. Reiner, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Nuruzzaman Khan I, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Bereket Duko, Joemer C. Maravilla, Rakhi Dandona, Sandra B. Munro, Jae Il Shin, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Claudiu Herteliu, Ahmed Abdelalim, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Saleem Muhammad Rana, Hedley Quintana, Akram Pourshams, Franz Castro, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Aberash Abay Tasew, Linda Morales, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Tomislav Mestrovic, Rajeev Gupta, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Andrea Werdecker, Santi Martini, Fatemeh Rajati, Andre Pascal Kengne, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Kewal Krishan, Marzieh Nojomi, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Frank B. Osei, Nefsu Awoke, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Edris Hasanpoor, Ayele Geleto Bali, Moslem Soofi, Prabhat Lamichhane, Peter Azzopardi, Amir Khater, G Anil Kumar, Catherine A. Welgan, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Virendra Singh, Arash Ziapour, Zahid A Butt, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sanjay Zodpey, Amaha Kahsay, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Simin Mouodi, Salman Rawaf, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Ai-Min Wu, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Yasir Waheed, Delia Hendrie, Hadi Pourjafar, Farnam Mohebi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Nauman Khalid, Sezer Kisa, Chi Linh Hoang, Niranjan Kissoon, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Valery L. Feigin, Mathew M. Baumann, Alemayehu Toma, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Ali Kiadaliri, Hamed Zandian, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Getinet Ayano, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Manu Raj Mathur, Manfred Accrombessi, Christopher J L Murray, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Yousef Mohammad, Luis Camera, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ronny Westerman, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Negar Rezaei, Ted R. Miller, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Sebastian Vollmer, Sanjay Basu, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Miliva Mozaffor I, Mihiretu Kebede, Preeti Dhillon, Dilaram Acharya, Iman El Sayed, Narendar Manohar, Paul S. F. Yip, Ben Lacey, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Adrian Davis, Dinh-Toi Chu, Ranjani Somayaji, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Mohan Bairwa, Gurudatta Naik, André Karch, Gudlavalleti V S Murthy, Avula Laxmaiah, Farid Najafi, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Christopher S Yilgwan, Samer Hamidi, Keivan Ahmadi, Kebede Deribe, Ehimario U. Igumbor, Engida Yisma, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali S. Shalash, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Sachin R Atre, Mohamed I Hegazy, Mehedi Hasan, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Surendra Karki, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Gbenga A. Kayode, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Paul H. Lee, Deepak Paudel, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Hatem S Shehata, Mohammad Fareed, Adnan Kisa, Hisham Atan Edinur, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Shafiur Rahman, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Bahram Mohajer, Narinder Pal Singh, Shai Linn, Savita Lasrado, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Mohd Anisul Karim, Praveen Hoogar, Kerrie E. Doyle, Bedilu Girma Weji, Juan Sanabria, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Mohamed Hsairi, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Paramjit Gill, Dabere Nigatu, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Muhammad Usman, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Aziz Sheikh, Florian Fischer, Peter Memiah, Rakesh Lodha, Nihal Thomas, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Tanuj Kanchan, Vinay Nangia, Ashraf Nabhan, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Eirini Skiadaresi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Michellr L. Bell, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Aklilu Endalamaw, Vishnu Renjith, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Smita Pakhale, Doris V.V. Ortega-Altamirano, Noushin Mohammadifard, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Vo Dinh Bay, Kirsten E. Wiens, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Mustafa Z. Younis, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Maarten J. Postma, Usman Iqbal, Abdu A. Adamu, Marwa R.Rashad Salem I, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Masoud Foroutan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, In-Hwan Oh, Yahya Salimi, Takeshi Fukumoto, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Tiffany K. Gill, Angel Paternina-Caicedo, Walter Mendoza, Sojib Bin Zaman, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Brigette F. Blacker, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ambrish Singh, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Mahesh P A, Carlo La Vecchia, Alex Yeshaneh, Benjamin K. Mayala, Aniruddha Deshpande, Agus Sudaryanto, Neeraj Bedi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Vahid Alipour, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Boris Bikbov, Ahmed Abualhasan, Ali H. Mokdad, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Alessandra C. Goulart, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Masood Ali Shaikh, Roya Safari-Faramani, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amir Anoushiravani, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Paula Moraga, Maha El Tantawi, Rosario Cárdenas, Assefa Desalew, Vivek Kumar, Mina Anjomshoa, Junaid Khan, Jagdish Khubchandani, Marcel Ausloos, Soraya Siabani, Anwar E. Ahmed, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Vuong Minh Nong, Kaushik Sarkar, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Yafeng Wang, Mitchell T. Wallin, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Melese Abate Reta, Kala M. Mehta, Yahya Safari, Marufa Sultana, David C. Schwebel, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Samath D Dharmaratne, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Gail Davey, Milena Ilic, Yunquan Zhang, Bahram Armoon, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Yawukal chane Kasahun, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Serge Resnikoff, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Bartosz Miazgowski, Huda Basaleem, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Enrico Rubagotti, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, Maryam Adabi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, hawariat, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Hossein Poustchi, Moses K. Muriithi, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ayman Grada, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Ashish Pathak, Salvatore Rubino, Kenji Shibuya, Ana Laura Manda, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Mohammad Hoseini, Sonali Kochhar, Van C. Lansingh, Ali Almasi, Amir Radfar, Till Bärnighausen, Marcia R. Weaver, Mowafa Househ, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Arash Etemadi, Getahun Fentaw Mulaw, Zubair Kabir, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chabila C Mapoma, Aubrey J. Levine, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Aslam Pervaiz, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Nataliya A. Foigt, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Sadaf Esteghamati, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Jennifer M. Ross, Ionut Negoi, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Mostafa Hosseini, Hajer Elkout, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Nuworza Kugbey, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Payman Salamati, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ehsan Sadeghi, Andrew T Olagunju, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Hamid Sharifi, Liliana Preotescu, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Jalal Arabloo, Mariam Molokhia, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Taweewat Wiangkham, Soewarta Kosen, Kovin Naidoo, Fernando de la Hoz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Berhe Etsay Tesfay I, Yogesh Sabde, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Belay Tessema, Reza Malekzadeh, Tinuke O Olagunju, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Derrick A Bennett, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Teshome Gebre, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Salman Khazaei, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Alaa Badawi, Amir Hasanzadeh, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Kate E. LeGrand, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Robert S. Bernstein, Irfan Ullah, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Hadi Hassankhani, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborator, Violante FS, Wiens, KE, Lindstedt, PA, Blacker, BF, Johnson, KB, Yisma, E, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Reiner, Robert C, Duko, Bereket, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators, Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Local Burden Dis Diarrhoea, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, and Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto
Subjects: RJ101, medicine.medical_treatment, CHILDREN, ZINC, 0302 clinical medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, media_common, Geography, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 1. No poverty, Low income and middle income countries, General Medicine, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Geographical inequalities, 0605 Microbiology, Diarrhea, AFRICA, Inequality, DEATHS, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Developing country, Article, RS, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, MORBIDITY, Environmental health, DIARRHEAL DISEASE, medicine, Humans, Oral rehydration therapy, Healthcare Disparities, Developing Countries, Models, Statistical, CHOLERA, MORTALITY, Infant, Newborn, Infant, lcsh:RA1-1270, Bayes Theorem, Middle income, GLOBAL BURDEN, Child mortality, 0605 Microbiology, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Health Care Surveys, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Fluid Therapy, NA, Human medicine, ITC-GOLD
Abstract: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910-68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). L G Abreu has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H T Atalay acknowledges Aksum University. M Ausloos and C Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. P S Azzopardi was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) early career fellowship. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. T W Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01-AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). G B Britton is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. A Barac is funded by the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (number III45005). D A Bennett was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. K Deribe is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar thanks Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatgi-Karnataka. S M S Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. M Jakovljevic and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. A P Kengne is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y J Kim's work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001. K Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar acknowledges K43 TW010716-03. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. P T N Memiah acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. M Molokhia is supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London. I Moreno Velásquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SENACYT, Panamá). G C Patton is funded by an NHMRC Fellowship. A M Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). A Sheikh acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. M R Sobhiyeh acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences for their wise advice. R Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. M R Weaver was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1127433. C S Wiysonge was supported by the South African Medical Research Council.
Published: 2020

41. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Carsten Flohr, Masoumeh Sadeghi, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Mehdi Bohluli, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Dinh-Toi Chu, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Michael K. Hole, Azeem Majeed, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Martin McKee, Jamileh Shadid, Leonardo Roever, Peng Jia, Ettore Beghi, Pablo M. Lavados, Young Eun Kim, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nicole K. DeCleene, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Boris Bikbov, William M. Gardner, Lydia M. Haile, Luca Ronfani, Azalea M. Thomson, Irena Ilic, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yingxi Zhao, Guoqing Hu, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Peter Memiah, Mohammad Hadi Abbasi, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Kamiab, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Matthew C. Doxey, Tommi Vasankari, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Tanvir M. Huda, Dillon O Sylte, Rosario Cárdenas, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Alyssa Acebedo, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Anwar Faraj, João Pedro Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Holly E. Erskine, Eugene Sobngwi, Filippo Ariani, Shane D. Morrison, Mohammad Aghaali, Meghan D. Mooney, Vera Marisa Costa, Palash Chandra Banik, Rupak Desai, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Morteza Oladnabi, Bogdan Oancea, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Irmina Maria Michalek, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Emilie R Maddison, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Damian G. Hoy, Hosni Salem, V. Prakash, Shuhei Nomura, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Anders Larsson, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Han Yong Wunrow, Khaled Khatab, Alireza Zangeneh, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Hannah J. Henrikson, Randah R. Hamadeh, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Giuseppe Grosso, Ziyad Al-Aly, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Joseph L Ward, Roba Khundkar, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Reza Malekzadeh, John J. McGrath, Sandra B. Munro, Shahin Soltani, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Marcel Ausloos, Naohiro Yonemoto, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Farhad Islami, Hamed Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, M. Ashworth Dirac, Hosna Janjani, Kairat Davletov, Hermann Brenner, Yuichiro Yano, Elissa M. Abrams, Ana Vukovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Jennifer O Lam, Mona Pathak, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Asadollah Gholamian, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Babak Eshrati, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Atte Meretoja, Lorenzo Monasta, Ronan A. Lyons, Neda Kianipour, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Yasir Waheed, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Kevin S Ikuta, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Christopher Troeger, Jordi Alonso, Alireza Ahmadi, Navid Manafi, Caroline Stein, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jason Nguyen, Moses K. Muriithi, Aziz Rezapour, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Adrian Pana, H. Dean Hosgood, Noore Alam, James L. Fisher, Mariam Molokhia, Susan F. Rumisha, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ayman Grada, Emma Nichols, Babak Asghari, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Ferrán Catalá-López, Aletta E. Schutte, Fiona B. Bennitt, Maciej Banach, Antonio Biondi, Donal Bisanzio, Josip Car, Ronny Westerman, Shafiu Mohammed, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Kenji Shibuya, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Karen M. Tabb, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Avina Vongpradith, Dara K. Mohammad, Ralph Maddison, Babak Moazen, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Rahman Shiri, Fernando Neves Hugo, Hmwe H Kyu, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Robert C. Reiner, Van C. Lansingh, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Ashkan Afshin, Benjamin A Stark, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Natalie C. Galles, Behnam Heidari, Eun-Kee Park, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Suzanne Polinder, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amir Radfar, Mowafa Househ, Derrick A Bennett, Gaorui Guo, Hesam Ghiasvand, Taweewat Wiangkham, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Anita K. Nandi, Miklós Szócska, Manasi Kumar, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Simon Yadgir, Victor Aboyans, Justin J. Lang, Catherine O. Johnson, Soewarta Kosen, Carla Sofia e.Sá Farinha, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Heather Orpana, Samuel B. Albertson, Mahdi Afshari, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Adrian Oţoiu, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Kidanemaryam Berhe, André Faro, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Arash Etemadi, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Theodore Patrick Younker, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Linda Morales, Amanda Deen, Noushin Mohammadifard, Obinna Onwujekwe, Ai Koyanagi, Michele Nguyen, Chieh Han, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Mika Shigematsu, Mohammed Shannawaz, Khurshid Alam, Javad Nazari, Bryan L. Sykes, Rajat Das Gupta, Stephen S Lim, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Michael Brauer, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Deepa Jahagirdar, Kaja Abbas, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Mark A. Stokes, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Kanyin L. Ong, Kate Causey, Ahmed Omar Bali, Matilde Leonardi, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, André Karch, Blair R. Bumgarner, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Saeed Amini, Parvaiz A Koul, Blessing J. Akombi, Ro Ting Lin, Dabere Nigatu, Alaa Badawi, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Deanna Anderlini, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Rupert R A Bourne, Tanuj Kanchan, Catherine P. Benziger, Tahiya Alam, M. Mofizul Islam, Muktar Omer Omer, Leila Zaki, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Inbal Salz, Katharine J Looker, Shiwei Liu, Fatemeh Amiri, Christopher R. Cederroth, Mitra Abbasifard, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Mohamed M. Gad, Assefa Desalew, Lidia Morawska, Davood Anvari, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Hadi Pourjafar, Abdu A. Adamu, Maryam Adabi, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Jessica A. Cruz, Foad Abd-Allah, Amir Hasanzadeh, Jordan Weiss, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Joanna L Whisnant, Kelly Compton, Priya Parmar, Sanjay Basu, Leila R Kalankesh, Nickolas Reinig, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Damian Santomauro, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, David M. Pereira, Joht Singh Chandan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Hoa Thi Do, Whitney L. Teagle, Hans W. Hoek, James Leigh, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Yasser Vasseghian, Stephanie R M Zimsen, Charlie Ashbaugh, Fariba Dorostkar, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Golnaz Heidari, Kala M. Mehta, Saeed Shahabi, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Hai Quang Pham, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Kareha M Agesa, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Mohammad, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Leila Doshmangir, Gabriele Nagel, Saravanan Muthupandian, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Maryam Mirzaei, Zabihollah Yousefi, Shadrach Wilson, Iman El Sayed, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Eirini Skiadaresi, Reza Shirkoohi, Tim Driscoll, Morteza Jafarinia, Maha El Tantawi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Dickson A. Amugsi, Awoke Misganaw, Maseer Khan, Norito Kawakami, Jingkai Wei, Jai K Das, Vishnu Renjith, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Islam Y. Elgendy, Prateek Rastogi, Lauren B. 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L., Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL
Subjects: Male, Life expectancy, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Diseases, Disease, communicable disease, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, 80 and over, Medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, injuries, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Sjúkdómar, DEMENTIA, FALLS, General Medicine, Forvarnir, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Human, GBD, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, Aged, Spatial Analysis, Global burden, Disability, Prevention, DISABILITY, Infant, Spatial Analysi, Mortality rate, Global Burden of Disease, Diseases, Injuries, Systematic analysis, PREVENTION, Years of potential life lost, Risk factors, Disease study, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, RISK-FACTORS, Clinical Medicine, RA, Demography, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Áhættuþættir, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 1. No poverty, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Infant, Newborn, Young Adult, Lýðheilsa, CLINICAL-TRIALS, Population, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, diseases, ITC-HYBRID, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Mortality, Preschool, Disease burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Klinisk medicin, Newborn, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Áverkar, Systematic analysis, NA, business
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

42. From status inconsistency to revisionism: Russian foreign policy after color revolutions

Author: Emile Kok-Kheng Yeoh, Mohd Aminul Karim, and Esmaeil Mazloomi
Subjects: Sociology and Political Science, Grand strategy, Status quo, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Status inconsistency, 050601 international relations, 0506 political science, Power (social and political), Foreign policy, Political science, Political economy, Perception, Political Science and International Relations, 050602 political science & public administration, Normative, Commonwealth, media_common
Abstract: This paper delves into the shifts in the foreign policy of Russia, considering what has determined Russia's grand strategy orientation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It also attempts to offer an explanation of why Russia becomes discounted with the ‘constitutive and normative structure’, and how its foreign policy shifted toward the anti-status quo orientation, especially after the color revolutions. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the shift in Russia's foreign policy, from the search for the ‘greatpowerness’ status via different enhancement strategies in light of status quo in the ‘revolutionary decade’, to revisionism after the color revolutions in Commonwealth of Independent States region (2003–2005). To substantiate this, the study uses process-tracing and document analysis to show the changes in Russia's foreign policy. As demonstrated in this paper, power rendered is unable of directing or disinclined to direct its policies toward status quo, due to internal effects of perceived ‘status immobility’ resulting from the failure of several status enhancement strategies. Accordingly, the shift in Russia's foreign policy was a result of changing the Russian perception from status inconsistency to status immobility.
Published: 2018

43. Bangladesh: a success case in combating childhood diarrhoea

Author: Sukumar Sarker, Mohd Anisul Karim, Neff Walker, Abdullah Nurus Salam Khan, Sk Masum Billah, Farhana Karim, Robert E. Black, M. Altaf Hossain, Aniqa Hassan, Bianca D Jackson, Shams El Arifeen, Mohammad Masudur Rahman, Afrin Iqbal, Shahreen Raihana, and Nazia Binte Ali
Subjects: Diarrhea, Program evaluation, medicine.medical_treatment, 030231 tropical medicine, Psychological intervention, Breastfeeding, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Infant Mortality, medicine, Humans, Research Theme 4: Control of Childhood Diarrhea Mortality, 030212 general & internal medicine, Oral rehydration therapy, Bangladesh, Government, business.industry, Health Policy, Infant, Newborn, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Achievement, Private sector, Child, Preschool, Child Mortality, Latrine, business, Breast feeding, Program Evaluation
Abstract: Background Bangladesh had a large reduction in childhood deaths due to diarrhoeal disease in recent decades. This paper explores the preventive, promotive, curative and contextual drivers that helped Bangladesh achieve this exemplary success. Methods Primary and secondary data collection approaches were used to document trends in reduction of Diarrhoea Specific Mortality Rate (DSMR) between 1980 and 2015, understand what policies and programmes played key roles, and estimate the contribution of specific interventions that were implemented during the period. Data acquisition involved relevant document reviews and in-depth interviews with key stake-holders. A systematic search of literature was undertaken to explore socio-economic, aetiological, behavioural, and nutritional drivers of diarrhoeal disease reduction in Bangladesh. Finally, we used LiST (Lives Saved Tool) to model the contributions of the relevant interventions during three time periods (1980-2015, 1980-2000 and 2000-2015), and to project the number of lives saved in 2030 (compared to 2015) if these interventions were implemented at near universal coverage (90%). Results The factors which likely had the most impact on DSMR were the coordinated efforts of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) with non-government organizations (NGOs) and the private sector that enabled swift implementation, at scale, of interventions like oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc, promotion of breastfeeding, handwashing and sanitary latrines (WASH), as well as improvements in female education and nutrition. Compared to 1980, we found ORS and reduction in stunting prevalence had the greatest impact on DSMR, saving roughly 70 000 lives combined in 2015. Until 2000, ORS had a higher contribution to DSMR reduction than reduction in stunting prevalence. This proportionate contribution was reversed during 2000-2015. At near universal coverage (90%) of combined direct diarrhoeal disease, nutrition and WASH interventions, we project that an additional 5356 deaths due to diarrhoea could be averted in 2030. Conclusion Bangladesh's achievement in reduction of DSMR highlights the important role of an enabling policy environment that fostered coordinated efforts of the public and private sectors and NGOs for maximal impact. To maintain this momentum, evidence-based interventions should be scaled up at universal coverage.
Published: 2019

44. P5505Inflammation implicated in the aetiology of major vascular and non-vascular diseases in East Asians

Author: Liheng Li, Robert Clarke, Michael V. Holmes, Iona Y. Millwood, Christiana Kartsonaki, R G Walters, Canqing Yu, Mohd Anisul Karim, Zheng Bian, Mark A. Hill, Kuang Lin, Z Chen, and Y Guo
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Etiology, Medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Dermatology
Abstract: Background Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies using genetic variants in the IL6R gene encoding the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor have demonstrated that IL-6 plays a causal role in the aetiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) in European populations, with implications for the development of drugs targeting inflammation-related pathways. It is less clear whether IL-6 signalling plays a causal role in vascular disease or major non-vascular diseases in East Asians. Purpose Using an MR approach, we investigated associations of altered IL-6 signalling with subtypes of CHD, stroke, cancer and respiratory disease in a large East Asian cohort. Methods In approximately 150,000 Chinese adults from the China Kadoorie Biobank, we investigated associations of rs7529229 (in strong linkage disequilibrium, r2=0.99, with the IL6R Asp358Ala variant rs2228145) with blood biomarkers and selected disease events in which inflammation has previously been implicated. First, we used linear regression to quantify the per-allele association of rs7529229 with levels in plasma of log-transformed C-reactive protein (CRP) (n=17,866), fibrinogen (n=9,255), and IL-6 protein (n=633). Second, we used logistic regression to evaluate the association of rs7529229 with incidence of CHD, stroke, cancer, and respiratory disease events. All models were adjusted for age, age-squared, sex (except breast cancer), and case ascertainment (for CRP and fibrinogen), and stratified by recruitment region. We assessed significance at a 5% false discovery rate. Results IL6R rs7529229 C-allele was associated with lower log CRP (–0.11 SDs per C-allele; p=4.9x10–25) and log fibrinogen (–0.07 SDs; p=2.2x10–7), and higher log IL-6 (0.15 SDs; p=0.011) (Figure 1), mimicking therapeutic blockade of IL6R. IL6R rs7529229 was associated with a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction (n=4,047 cases; OR: 0.92 [95% CI 0.88–0.96] per C-allele; p=2.8x10–4), with the association similar for fatal and non-fatal cases (Figure 2). There was no evidence of association with ischaemic stroke (n=18,315; OR: 1.00 [0.98–1.03]; p=0.90) or intracerebral haemorrhage (n=7,372; OR: 1.03 [0.99–1.07]; p=0.10). For non-cardiovascular diseases, the IL6R rs7529229 was associated with a lower risk of oesophageal (n=824; OR: 0.88 [0.79–0.97] per C-allele; p=0.013) and colorectal (n=1,151; OR: 0.89 [0.82–0.97]; p=8.3x10–3) cancers, but a higher risk of tuberculosis (n=1,017; OR: 1.15 [1.05–1.26]; p=2.4x10–3). Conclusion The results of the present study are consistent with a causal role for the IL-6 signalling pathway in the aetiology of myocardial infarction and some cancers, but not of stroke. These findings provide further genetic support for drug development targeting inflammation in the prevention and treatment of coronary and selected cancer outcomes. Acknowledgement/Funding Kadoorie Charitable Foundation, UK Wellcome Trust, Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, BHF, CRUK, NIHR
Published: 2019

45. The QUAD Formation: Is It a High-politics Approach? Ramifications for South Asia and Bangladesh.

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Subjects: NUCLEAR submarines, CHINESE people, GEOPOLITICS, SMALL states, NEUTRALITY, DIPLOMACY
Abstract: The formation of the QUAD is making ripples in the region, if not shaking it. Four countries, such as the United States, Japan, India and Australia, have formalized its launching, presumably to constrain China. Although its launching statement talks about lofty ideas, it is basically geared to go for hard power at crunch time. The United States is providing its nuclear submarine technology to Australia so it has become a cause of concern for China. India, obviously, is an active member of the QUAD as the geopolitics of the region dictates so. It has intractable problems, rooted in history, with both China and Pakistan. Nepal is tilting towards China geopolitically. Sri Lanka has huge Chinese investments but India is also focused to control it. Bangladesh, though a small country, is sandwiched between China and India. As the indications suggest, Bangladesh may not join the QUAD as it would seriously impair its relations with China. Bangladesh has to play a smart game of following an equidistance policy or neutrality. Getting entangled in the geopolitics/ fight between China and India may not bode well for Bangladesh. Playing high quality diplomacy supported by a technologically savvy military can be its existential option. A united people's Bangladesh may be the other best option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2022
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46. 21st Century Maritime Power-Politics in the Indian Ocean Region with Special Reference to the Bay of Bengal

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Subjects: 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Sociology and Political Science, Power politics, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Geopolitics, 050601 international relations, 0506 political science, Power (social and political), Indian ocean, Economy, Political science, Political Science and International Relations, BENGAL, Realm, China, Bay
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to project the emerging power-relations in the maritime realm between geopolitical players in the Indian Ocean region. These power-relations involve military shields and spears, infrastructure development, alignment–alliance relations, international trade routes, critical choke points, energy, and above all geopolitical implications. The methods followed in the paper are content analysis, case-method, interview, observation, and so forth. The paper concludes that emerging power polarizations are visible and are gradually taking a tangible shape in the form of military–economic condominium, presumably coming from opposite directions.
Published: 2017

47. Is China Destined to Play High-politics in East Asia?

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Subjects: 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Hegemony, Sociology and Political Science, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Geopolitics, 0506 political science, Nationalism, Limited war, Economy, Political economy, Political Science and International Relations, 050602 political science & public administration, Economics, East Asia, Deterrence theory, High politics, Economic interdependence
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to project China's emerging path towards high politics in East Asia, which is ostensibly spawned by regional geopolitical dynamics. Hegemonic transition, replacing hegemonic stability, is seemingly activating the dynamics. There is almost an inexorable move towards predominance, by the two major powers, that tends to get stimulated by the presence of issues that may trigger conflict, possibly war. These issues range from flashpoints to populist nationalism, economic interdependence, nuclear issues, and alliance relations in the Western Pacific. The paper concludes, by highlighting, likely resultant action–reaction cycles, polarizations, and alignments through the varying array of forces, possibility of war, mutual deterrence, and above all projecting overall power relations.
Published: 2016

48. Political Culture and Institution-Building Impacting Civil–Military Relations (CMR) in Bangladesh

Author: Mohd Aminul Karim
Subjects: Politics, Parliament, media_common.quotation_subject, Political science, Political economy, Corporate governance, Political culture, Political interference, Civil–military relations, Bureaucracy, Institution building, media_common
Abstract: The Bangladeshi political culture is highly confrontational and, on top of that, the society is deeply divided along political lines. Such a culture is, presumably, impacting governance, professionalism, and institution-building in Bangladesh. Institutions are decaying, rather than consolidating, as there is, reportedly, political interference by the ruling political masters. Institutions are seen to be a great check on the excesses of the executive but that may not be happening. Bureaucracy, police, and lower judiciary, as cases in point, are seemingly beleaguered by political interference. Even the parliament appears handicapped because of inherent systemic constraints. The military is presumably not interfered with, at least, in its professional domain. However, there is a mix of objective and subjective controls exercised on the military, depending on the level. This may presumably impact the professionalism and loyalty—depending on the circumstances—of the commanders of the military at the strategic and operational levels. This chapter attempts to explore such a possibility and its consequences.
Published: 2019

49. Opportunities and Challenges of Waqf in Bangladesh: The Way Forward for Socio-Economic Development

Author: Abu Umar Faruq Ahmad and Mohd Fazlul Karim
Subjects: Consumption (economics), Economic growth, education.field_of_study, Poverty, Population, Socioeconomic development, Business, education, Administration (probate law), Social progress, Waqf, Islamic finance
Abstract: Bangladesh has a population of over 160 million, which made it the 8th most populous nation in the world. Besides, it has the fourth largest Muslim population and the third largest Muslim majority country in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan. The huge amount of national waqf assets of Bangladesh, consisting a significant amount of underutilized funds, has the enormous potentials to contribute to its socio-economic developments. The key objective of this paper is to explore the areas that need a fresh look at the revival and consumption of waqf funds to foster sustainable economic development and social progress in Bangladesh. In line with this objective, the study seeks to (1) examine the issues and challenges of waqf management in Bangladesh; (2) identify the role of waqf in stimulating socio-economic development of the country; and (3) suggest legal, institutional, and functional reforms in the waqf sector for its further development to rejuvenate the economy of Bangladesh. The study suggests that should the assets held by the waqf estates in Bangladesh be utilized more efficiently it would eliminate poverty through making the necessary changes in the waqf management to cater for the need of the time. The study recommends for using innovative Islamic finance products, for empowering the poor through waqf funds which would make the poor segments of the country an integral part of the development process. The Waqf administration may consider it as its primary goal to engage the poor in country’s socio-economic development activities. It also comes with some more specific recommendations that deserve serious consideration for waqf developments in Bangladesh.
Published: 2019

50. Experiences and Lessons of Cash Waqf in Bangladesh and Other Countries

Author: Mohd Fazlul Karim, M. Sydul Karim, and M. Kabir Hassan
Subjects: Finance, business.industry, Corporate governance, Cash, media_common.quotation_subject, Measures of national income and output, Asset (economics), business, Economic Justice, Waqf, Economic problem, Social capital, media_common
Abstract: Islam guides us in poverty alleviation based on the principles of justice and equitable distribution of wealth implementable via both the market and non-market mechanisms. Islamic finance provides a model that identifies individual differences not only from the perspective of equitable opportunities for all but also from providing other means for addressing economic problems. This paper takes a deep dive into “Waqf” as a rewarding economic system. We present an alternative view of waqf integrating it as a component of the traditional economic system. We explain how waqf increases aggregate consumption, expenditure, and expand national income. A cross-country review of current state of waqf practices is included for comparative analysis. It helps to grasp a complete understanding of challenges and issues in waqf globally. Lack of trust in waqf managers and institutions is the key factor why, despite being the best social capital model, the practice of waqf is relatively low in Muslim majority countries. Evidence is there that in many cases financial greed takes over the financial objective creating a fear of permanent loss among the endowers. Moreover, investments of waqf fund are not well diversified and not invested properly to generate income to support waqf assets. To get the most out of waqf asset, strategic alignments of waqf funds and stakeholders are necessary at the institutional level. In the final section of this presentation, we suggest a comprehensive legal framework that adequately addresses major financial, agency, and governance issues pertaining to waqf. A waqf friendly legal environment coupled with preferential tax treatment for the endowed funds is crucial in achieving the intended goal of Islamic finance through waqf as its vehicle.
Published: 2019

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