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Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor clinical outcomes. Hence cost-effective drugs with fewer side effects as a standard supportive therapy might yield substantial advantages in efficacy and safety. Kadukkai maathirai (KM) is being used as a supplement in hepatocellular carcinoma . We evaluated whether KM has any preventive action on cancer progression in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) - induced HCC in rats. Methods DEN was injected to produce HCC in rats, which was confirmed after 16 weeks. All the rats were orally administered KM for 4 weeks. Hepatoprotective potential (serum AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin) and anticancer efficacy (body weight, nodule count, tumor progression by histopathology, expression of GSTM1 by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and In-silico analysis of phytoconstituents against β catenin and LRP analysis were evaluated. Results KM prevented cancer progression against DEN-induced HCC by an increase in GSTM1, a phase II detoxifying enzyme. It significantly reversed altered nodule count, relative liver weight, body weight, and histopathological features of HCC. In silico analysis of phytoconstituents of KM showed that they modulate the intracellular transcription process by inhibiting the armadillo repeat region of β catenin. Conclusions Our results elucidate the potential of KM as a supplement in HCC by reducing nodule count, protecting the liver from further damage, GSTM1 expression, and inhibiting armadillo repeat region of β catenin.

Background: Enterococcus Faecalis (E. faecalis) is usually isolated from failed root canal-treated teeth. It can bind to dentin and co-aggregate with other organisms. The organism is resistant to intracanal medicaments and irrigants. It has the ability to produce biofilms and survive within the root canal and it may develop resistance in different phases of the bacterial growth cycle. Objective: To study the effect of chlorine dioxide on different phases of E. faecalis growth cycle for 1 and 3 min durations. Methodology: E. faecalis ATCC strain (29212) was grown in different culture phases on dentinal blocks of extracted human teeth. After treatment with chlorine dioxide, the left out colonies were counted from dentinal shavings. Scanning electron microscopic observations of the remaining biofilm in different phases were made and compared among them. Results: In all 3 phases, in the end of the 1 and 3 min time, significantly fewer (p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively) E. faecalis colonies were observed, compared to the initial count. When comparing the effect of chlorine dioxide on E. faecalis colonies in the three phases, in the end of the 1 min time, significantly fewer (p<0.05) E. faecalis colonies were observed in the exponential phase than in the starvation phase. However, the E. faecalis colony count during the stationary phase was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the colony counts made in both exponential and starvation phases. In the end of the 3 min time, no significant difference in E. faecalis colony count was registered between exponential and starvation phases. However, the E. faecalis colony count during the stationary phase was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the colony counts made in both exponential and starvation phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Axillary artery is known to show different variations mostly in its branching pattern. Similarly, the origin of profunda brachii is often encountered with abnormality. Therefore, when the vascular variations in the upper limb persist, mostly it is confined to its branching pattern followed by its variant origin. But, among all the reported variations of profunda brachii, its variant origin from the 3rd part of the axillary artery with common trunk for the branches of axillary artery is unique. CASE DETAILS: We report here an anomalous origin of profunda brachii as continuation of an arterial trunk arising from 3rd part of the axillary artery. This common trunk at its commencement passed between 2 roots of median nerve and gave branches of 3rd part of axillary artery before it continued as profunda brachii artery. The further course and branching pattern of profunda brachii were normal. CONCLUSION: Since the axillary artery is next choice of artery for arterial canulation in cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, prior knowledge of existence of such variation in its branching pattern helps in avoiding possible diagnostic or interventional therapeutic errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthropometric data describing the palpebral fissure and its position is available for various populations. Unfortunately there is no data available for Malaysian South Indian. Aim: The present study was undertaken to determine the normative values for Malaysian South Indian according to gender. Materials and Methods: Anthropometric measurement was done on standardized photographs taken from 300 MSI aged 18-26 years. The parameters were measured using computerized software. Results: Significant sexual difference was observed in all parameters except canthal index, which includes palpebral fissure width (male, 30.9 mm; female, 29.62 mm), palpebral fissure height (male, 11.06 mm; female, 11.48 mm), palpebral fissure inclination (male, 4.72°; female, 7.04°), outercanthal distance (male, 97.15 mm; female, 91.78 mm), interpupillary distance (male, 68.09 mm; female, 63.6 mm), intercanthal distance (male, 34.1 mm; female, 32.77 mm), and canthal index (male, 35.22 mm; female, 35.86±4.44 mm). Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism was found in all parameters. Comparison of our results with other studies revealed the variation and similarities in key parameters. Establishing normative values and understanding the facial morphology of different ethnic groups is important in designing the treatment planning for an aesthetic oculoplastic procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the variations of the renal system, abnormalities of structure and position of kidney along with the variations of renal vessels are reported most frequently. However, reports on rotational abnormalities and abnormal positions of renal hilum are scanty. During routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall, laterally rotated kidneys with laterally facing hila were observed in about 60-year-old male cadaver. On right side, the hilum was more on the anterior surface of the organ and right renal vein was emerging almost from the middle of the anterior surface at the lateral edge of the hilum. However, the hilum of the left kidney was observed along the lateral border of the organ and left renal artery was crossing transversely anterior to the kidney forming a loop to reach the hilum. It was also observed that because of the lateral position of the hilum, the renal vessels and pelvis where passing over the anterior surface of the kidney. Rotational variations and abnormal locations of renal hilum are of importance in surgical procedures like percutaneous nephrectomy. Further clinical and surgical importance of the case is discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peroneus tertius (PT) is a small muscle with a small single tendon which gets inserted to the dorsal surface of the 5th metatarsal base. Normally, the tendon of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle divides into 4 slips on the dorsum of the foot which go to the lateral 4 toes. Variations in the tendons of these muscles are very rare. We observed a case where the tendon of EDL divided into only 3 slips which were inserted into the 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes through dorsal digital expansion. The PT tendon was quite thick and it divided into 2 slips. The lateral slip was getting inserted to the dorsal surface of the 5th metatarsal base and medial slip was continuing on to the little toe to form the dorsal digital expansion. This variation was observed during routine dissection on the left lower limb of about 55 year old female cadaver. Such anomalies are important clinically to the treating surgeon, being a tendon of importance in normal function and surgeries of the foot. Functional significance and the clinical relevance of the variations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The foramen ovale is an oval opening in the greater wing of sphenoid bone transmitting the mandibular nerve as its major content. It serves as an important landmark for neurosurgeons in certain procedures as to gain access to trigeminal nerve. Therefore, its topographic position in relation to adjacent bony landmarks provides useful tool during these procedures. Aim: To analyse the morphometric measurements of the foramen ovale among South Indian population. Material and Methods: Morphometric analysis was carried out on 104 foramina ovalia of 52 dry human skulls from South India. Following dimensions of foramen ovale were measured: anteroposterior length, transverse width, distance (d1) from tubercle of root of zygoma to the centre of the foramen (CF) and distance (d2) from the midline of the base of the skull to CF. Results: The mean antero-posterior length was 7.0±2.17mm on right side and 6.8±1.40mm on left side, mean transverse width was 5.0±0.42mm and 4.70±0.91mm on right and left side respectively. Mean d1 was 32.58±1.72mm on right side and 32.75±1.76mm on left side. Mean d2 was 25.83±1.26mm on right side and 25.08±1.31mm on left side. Conclusion: Regional variations in the morphometric measures may be useful in neurosurgical procedures like administration of anaesthesia involving the mandibular nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular arteries arise from the abdominal aorta and the inferior suprarenal artery from the renal artery. There are reports about variant origin and course of these arteries. Accessory testicular artery is also a common finding but its providing origin to inferior suprarenal artery is an important observation. During a routine dissection of abdomen of approximately 55-year-old male cadaver, unique vascular abnormality was observed. On the left side, a common arterial trunk originating from abdominal aorta immediately branched to give rise to superior testicular and inferior suprarenal arteries, the former after a short course hooked by the left suprarenal vein. In addition, the left suprarenal vein, second left lumbar vein, and left testicular vein joined to form a common trunk which drained into the left renal vein. A sound knowledge of vascular variations in relation to the kidney and suprarenal gland is important to surgeons dissecting the abdominal cavity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dorsal and ventral divisions of ventral rami of lower lumbar and sacral spinal nerve were found to pass ventral and dorsal to the piriformis muscle respectively. These divisions joined each other below the piriformis muscle to form sciatic nerve. This low formation of sciatic nerve was observed in distal part of left gluteal region of a 50-year-old male cadaver. The sciatic nerve thus formed passed caudally into back of thigh and divided into tibial and common peroneal nerves in the upper part of popliteal fossa. In addition, a communicating nerve from the sciatic nerve was found to join the common peroneal nerve in the popliteal fossa. Such variations may lead to piriformis syndrome or non-discogenic sciatica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Posterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia (PTLF) is the deep fascia of back of the trunk, which connects the trunk, upper limb and lower limb muscles. Very few cadaveric studies of posterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia (PTLF) are found in the literature, which mention the presence of nerve receptors in it but, quantification of the nerve receptors where not found. Providing the morphological and morphometrical data of PTLF may help the exercise physiologists, sports physicians, occupational health assistants and, physiotherapists to modify or invent new protocol of treatment to help the society., Methods: In this study, twenty formalin embalmed human cadavers were used and we have documented the orientation of the PTLF and quantified the number of peripheral nerve endings at the different vertebral levels., Results: Mean distance of PTLF from vertebral spines to the musculofascial junction was at thoracic region 3.38cm and 3.34cm; at lumbar region, it was 7.4cm and 7.36cm and at sacral region it was 2.98cm and 2.96cm on right and left side, respectively. The angulation of PTLF varies from 18-110 degrees at different vertebral levels. The microscopic data shows the thickness of PTLF and number of nerve endings in the sacral level is increased compared to that of thoracic vertebral levels., Conclusions: We have contributed the novel morphological and microscopical details to the limited existing data on PTLF. We also have provided the quantitative data of nerve fibers, which are possible nociceptors of PTLF., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Normally, brachioradialis originates from the upper part of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. Variations in its origin are very rare. We observed the presence of an additional set of fleshy muscle fibers in the lateral part of the anterior compartment of the arm in addition to the other normal muscles. This unusual case was observed at the Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulashekara, Tamil Nadu, India, during routine dissection of the upper limb. The anomalous fleshy fibers were attached proximally to the middle part of the shaft of the humerus, close to the insertion of deltoid. Some of its fibers continued further up to the acromian process of scapula. These fibers passed downwards along with deltoid and joined the fibers from the humerus before getting merged with the brachioradialis distally. These additional muscle fibers were compared with the brachioradialis accessorius and the uniqueness, functional significance and the clinical relevance werediscussed (Fig. 2, Ref. 6). Full Text in PDF www.elis.sk.