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Cardiovascular diseases are one of the major global health issues leading to morbidity and mortality across the world. In the present study Bacopa monniera and its major bioactive component, Bacoside A (Bac-A) was used to evaluate its cytoprotective property in H9C2 cardiomyocytes against tBHP (150 μM) induced ROS-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis. Our results implicate that pre-treatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera (BME) and Bac-A (125 μg/ml and 6 μg/ml respectively) significantly restored oxidative stress by scavenging the free radicals and also elevated phase II antioxidant defensive enzymes such as (SOD, CAT, GR, GPx and GSH). Membrane integrity was estimated by MMP and LDH assays and found 89 and 72% of the protective effect. Further immunoblotting studies confirmed anti-apoptotic effects by regulating protein expression like Bcl2 was up-regulated to 99 and 85% and Bax was down-regulated to 122 and 181%, iNOS by 154.38 and 183.45% compared to tBHP (277.48%) by BME and Bac-A. BME and Bac-A exerts cytoprotective efficacy by attenuation of ROS generated through oxidative stress by an increase in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes and sustain membrane integrity which leads to restoring the damage caused by tBHP.

Soil microorganisms play crucial role in maintaining the global nutrient cycle. Soil health status and its nutrient pool rely upon soil microbial community structure and function. Majority of microbes are associated symbiotically with diverse plant and animal species to maintain the growth of plants as well as their own. Soil microorganisms are highly responsible to regulate the plant metabolism and signaling by producing various metabolic compounds, which facilitate growth of plant and also provides immunity against plant diseases. Bamboo is a taxonomic group of plants which is widely distributed in many tropical and subtropical regions. The rhizospheric microbial communities of the bamboo play significant role in the immobilization of various soil nutrients and also enhances the phytoremediation and environmental restoration capability of bamboo. In this regard, the present review critically spotted light on the plant microbial interactions with major emphasis on the bamboo plantation. The diversity of bacteria and fungi in bamboo cultivated forest and how bamboo cultivation influences the microbial community’s dynamic of the soil are critically discussed in the present review. Furthermore, this review cover-up various advance tools and technologies deployed in characterization of bamboo rhizospheric microbial communities. Finally, this review comprehensively explored the phytoremediation and environmental management aspects of bamboo/bamboo biomass along with prospects for the future research.

The present study was to illustrate the agonistic property of arjungenin and arjunic acid towards farnesoid X receptor protein (FXR).The pharmacokinetic properties like molecular interactions, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) of the ligands were checked through in-silico studies. Protein-ligand docking was carried out using autodock software. Molecular docking analysis confirmed strong binding energy and interaction of arjungenin and arjunic acid with the target protein and the ADMET profiles identified for both compounds were promising.Further in vitro studies were performed in 3T3-L1 adipocyte to verify the agonistic property of arjungenin and arjunic acid. Oil red O staining was done to check differentiation induction. Adiponectin, leptin, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were quantified. The mRNA expression of FXR, Cyp7a1, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c were quantified using fluorescent real-time PCR. Cytotoxicity assay was confirmed that up to 150 μM concentration there is no significant cell death on treatment with arjunic acid and arjungenin. Treatment with arjungenin and arjunic acid confirms increased differentiation of the cells with significant (P 0.05) increase in adiponectin (118.07% and 132.92%) and leptin (133.52% and 149.74%) protein levels compared to the negative control group. After treatment with arjungenin and arjunic acid in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes the mRNA expression of FXR, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c were significantly (P 0.01) increased and cyp7a1 was significantly (P 0.01) decreased when compared with the negative control group. Overall, our results suggest that arjungenin and arjunic acid acts as an FXR agonist and may be useful for rational therapeutic strategies as a novel drug to treat cholesterol mediated metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.