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Objectives: To find out the relation between homocysteine levels in peripheral blood and the effectiveness as well as the safety of haloperidol and olanzapine in schizophrenia treatment. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized parallel-group open-label interventional clinical trial was conducted on 40 mild to moderate schizophrenia patients. To compare the efficacy of olanzapine and haloperidol Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score was used. Homocysteine levels of peripheral blood and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale scores were evaluated. Results: BPRS score improved in both groups on day 14 and day 28. But significantly more with olanzapine ( P value =.001). The olanzapine group showed a higher reduction (13.91±0.47 to 9.74±0.5) in homocysteine levels than the haloperidol group. Also, the BPRS scores negatively correlated ( r = –0.66) to homocysteine levels. Conclusion: Therefore, our study shows that peripheral blood homocysteine levels can be used to predict and assess the treatment outcome in schizophrenia patients. Biomarker driven approach in schizophrenia will allow the patients to be treated promptly with the right drug. In this light, personalized treatment holds great potential in the future.

Proton pump inhibitors are very commonly prescribed drugs for gastrointestinal disorders. It is estimated that worldwide a total of 537 million adult populations are affected by diabetes mellitus. The present systematic review was planned to explore an association between PPIs use and the risk of DM occurrence which is unclear yet. We have performed a comprehensive literature search in popular electronic databases such as Pub Med, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov using a comprehensive search strategy from inception to December 2022. Quality analysis was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale system. All Statistical analyses were performed using the “Review Manager 5.4” version. The P value 18-74.9 years. The pooled RR findings have shown that exposure to PPIs is significantly associated with an increased risk of DM occurrence (RR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.31–4.54) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 99%, P

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive condition that affects both the central nervous system and other body parts that are controlled by the nervous system. PD is characterized by brain dopaminergic neurons loss and, at present, there are only symptomatic treatments available to alleviate the effects of the disease. With extensive research, new insights have led to defining PD as a multi-system disorder with immune dysfunction playing a dominant part in the disease pathogenesis as well as its progression. Neuroinflammation in PD leads to neurodegeneration, which is, in turn, regulated by the peripheral adaptive immunity, with CD4+ T cells being a significant player. Patients with PD have diverse CD4+ T cell phenotypes and functional profiles. These phenotypes vary, from being proinflammatory (Th1 and Th17) to anti-inflammatory (Th2 and Tregs). This report focuses on reviewing the expression of CD4+ T cells in PD and its role in the prognosis and treatment of PD.

Microbial plaque that builds up in the gingival crevice area causes inflammation and leads to periodontal disease. Previous research has shown an association between interleukins with periodontitis. The association between interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene polymorphism and periodontitis risk was studied extensively, but the results are contradictory. The aim of this study is to find the association of two IL-18 promoter variants namely -607 C > A (rs1946518) and -137 G > C (rs187238), and the risk of chronic and aggressive periodontal disease by meta-analysis. The databases of PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were all explored to find the appropriate studies. The MetaGenyo software was used to calculate each analysis. Outcomes of the pooled analyses revealed significantly elevated risk for periodontitis for both polymorphisms. There is no significant heterogeneity between studies. No significant publication bias was observed. This meta-analysis provided the evidence of a link between IL-18 gene polymorphism in periodontitis.

The escalating global monkeypox cases since early May 2022, acquired by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double-stranded DNA virus has been declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). Globally as of December 2022, the MPXV was transmitted to more than 100 countries with around 82,550 cases, among which 81577 cases from the 103 countries that are non-endemic to the MPXV with more than 50 deaths. The ripple effect of the Monkeypox outbreak in nonendemic countries globally could potentially bring significant challenges to worldwide health systems if the spread of the virus is not effectively controlled. In this urgent situation, only three antiviral drugs are in use against monkeypox infections and are not specific against monkeypox, hence the scientific communities across the world are in search to explore vaccines or therapeutic antiviral drugs selectively against the monkeypox virus. Here, in the present review, we discuss the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of the ongoing MPX outbreak of 2022 in nonendemic countries globally, from the published and grey literature in PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar. A total of 17 studies with 17,811 of MPX cases were found and included in the final qualitative analysis of the current systematic review.

Since its identification, the novel coronavirus “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 “(SARS-CoV-2) In in late 2019 AT Wuhan, China, by the World Health Organization (WHO), which cause the coronavirus disease 2019, is rapidly spreading, resulting in the global pandemic. As of 19 December 2022, more than 64 million confirmed cases and 6,645,812 deaths have been reported across the world. Over time, the SARS-CoV-2 acquired genetic mutations resulting in multiple types of SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants that have been confirmed. The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant was identified later in November 2021, with enhanced immune escape and was followed with various sublineages due to mutations in the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2. However, rapid resurge in COVID-19 reports by Omicron subvariant BF.7(BA.2.75.2) in China and other countries, alarming global threat. The present systematic review was conducted using the MeSH terms and keywords “Omicron” AND “BA.5.2.1.7” OR “BF.7” in Pub Med, Google Scholar and MedRXiv database and grey literature from the authentic database and websites. We identified a total of 14 eligible studies. We have reviewed all the eligible available studies to understand the viral mutations, and factors associated with the increase in the reports of COVID-19 cases in China and across the world and to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination and monoclonal antibodies against the BF.7 variant.

Since its identification in late 2019 the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) In Wuhan, China, by the World Health Organization (WHO), which cause the coronavirus disease 2019, it is rapidly spreading, resulting in the global pandemic. As of 19 December 2022, a total of 64 million (649,038,437) confirmed cases including 6,645,812 deaths have been reported across the world. Over time, the SARS-CoV-2 acquired genetic mutations resulting in multiple types of SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants that have been confirmed. The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant was identified later in November 2021, with enhanced immune escape and was followed with various sublineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4 and BA.5 and Other sublineages BQ.1, BQ.11, BF.7, BA.2.75, and XBB due to mutations in the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2. In response to the current surge in the COVID-19 reports by Omicron subvariant BF.7 also known as BA.2.75.2, in China and other countries, triggering global alarm. The present review was conducted to understand the virology, factors associated with increased transmissibility with BF.7 and possible urgent preventing strategies to be taken to curtail the novel omicron variants outbreak across the world.

Epilepsy responds to pharmacotherapy in its initial stages. The response of some forms of epilepsy, like the refractory epilepsy, is extremely low. Surgical management of epilepsy is associated with complications, which necessitates the search for novel and modern strategies for the treatment of epilepsy. Neuroprotection and neuronal regeneration are the major targets that must be accomplished by the new strategies. Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSCs) therapy for epilepsy has shown promising results in pre-clinical studies with marginal clinical effects. This review explores the characteristics, mechanism of action, and clinical significance of HSCs therapy for the treatment of epilepsy.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has emerged as a major threat to all healthcare systems across the globe, and it was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). The novel coronavirus affects the respiratory system, producing symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. The association between COVID-19 and coagulation has been previously reported. Due to several inflammatory changes that occur in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections such as alterations in the levels of clotting factors, platelet activation leads to thrombus formation in coronary and cerebral vessels, leading to myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accidents, respectively. Unfortunately, the progression of hypercoagulability in COVID-19 is rapid in patients with and without comorbidities. Hence, the proper monitoring of thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19 is essential to avoid further complications. The implementation of guidelines for antithrombotic treatments based on the presentation of the disease is recommended. This review discusses the symptoms and mechanisms of upregulated coagulation in patients with COVID-19.

Introduction: Caspase 3, an apoptosis executioner, inhibition may be beneficial for diabetes, nephropathies, neurodegenerative disease treatments and in areas of regenerative medicine. Since early traditional medicine, plant extracts comprised the major treatments of many ailments. Phytoconstituents have been a prime source for therapeutics, which are abundantly available resources. Therefore, with the interest to identify potential anti-apoptotic agents in plant extracts, D-galacturonic acid (DGA) was selected for screening anti-caspase 3 activity as it is the major constituent in Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and many other fruits’ pectin composition. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate activity of major phytoconstituent of M. charantia extract, DGA against caspase 3. Materials and Methods: The chemical structure of the ligand was from obtained PubChem database, and the protein structure was procured from PDB database. Molecular docking study was performed using AutoDock version 4.2. Results: This study states the interactions of DGA with GLU’124, LYS’137 and ARG’164 amino acids of caspase 3, where GLU’124, LYS’137 amino acid interactions are important for stability of caspase 3 enzyme. Conclusion: The interactions between DGA and caspase 3 revealed in this study may be helpful in characterizing the medicinal property of this phytoconstituent in the bitter melon extract by future studies.

It is of interest to document the views of medical professionals on the application of artificial intelligence (using known data for the prediction of unknown events) in clinical trials using a web survery with a structured questionnaire from 377 subjects. The questionnaire contained 17 statements which were categorised into awareness (1,2 statements), perception (3-10 statements) and opinion (11-17 statements). The data obtained was compared between the subjects using two tailed Fisher's exact test with p-value0.05 for data significance analysis. Data shows that majority of professionals have possitive views on the application of artificial intelligence in clinical trials. This will accelarrate the drug evaluation process. However, the use of emerging tools such as AI will not replace human subjects in this context.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) is a malignant primary liver cancer which has poor treatment outcomes in advanced stages, and many of the HC patients present with advanced stages. The incidence of death due to HC increase as a result of ineffective treatments for advanced stage disease. Early diagnosis and management has proven benefits in both survival and quality of life. Currently very few biomarkers are available to provide diagnostic and prognostic benefits in HC patients. The present review elaborates the association of cardiac markers in HC disease. The HC disease pathology includes many cardiovascular events like hypoxia and other parameters discussed in this review which have a role in disease advancement, and also may help as diagnostic and / or prognostic markers. The scientific lacuna in association / role of cardiac markers in HC disease is also stated in this review which may be helpful for future research studies and develop cost effective biomarker for early diagnosis of HC.

Breast and cervix cancers are major diseases among women with increasing incidence worldwide. Apart from disease burden, costs related to treatments and diagnoses of breast and cervical cancers put a major stress on the health and economic status of patients as well as the countries they are from. In most low- and middle-income countries, treatments of these diseases cause a larger economic burden on patients. The introduction of pharmacoeconomics reduces the economic burden of disease management on both patient and governments. This chapter discusses the worldwide cost burden and cost-effective treatments of breast and cervix cancer, which may be a pharmacoeconomic input.

Recent researches have suggested 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor may attenuate motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD). The antiparkinsonian activity of ODQ were studied on motor abnormalities induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to provide a better understanding of this drug group. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of ODQ on behavioral parameters such as Beam walk test, Adhesive removal test and to assess the biochemical changes due to ODQ against MPTP induced PD mice model. Eighteen C57BL/6J male mice were included in the study, divided into three groups of 6 each. Group A mice were treated with vehicle (Normal saline). Group B mice were subjected to MPTP sub acute protocol. Group C mice were treated with MPTP as according to sub acute protocol and administered with ODQ subcutaneous injection after final MPTP dose. Behavioral tests like Beam walk test, Adhesive removal test, along with Biochemical correlation were done using standard methods. Narrow beam walk and adhesive removal behavior were significantly reversed, and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were enhanced in ODQ treated group compared to MPTP intoxicated mice group. Soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ, could be a potential treatment for maintaining the balance of antioxidant and oxidant biochemical environment during oxidative stress which may be helpful for treating PD, targeting one or more factors of its multiple etiological factors.

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a type of lyase enzyme with profoundly increasing importance in treatments of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Modulation of sGC activity demonstrated beneficial effects against Parkinson's disease by reducing glutamate excitotoxicity. It is of interest to evaluate the pharmacological activity of Momordica charantia phytoconstituent (DGalacturonic acid) and ODQ with catalytic domain of sGC enzyme, using Autodock version 4.2 programs. Docking results revealed the binding ability of ODQ at the allosteric sites of sGC. D-galacturonic acid also shows binding interaction at the same allosteric sites in the catalytic domain of sGC like ODQ. Results show that both the ligands have efficient binding to THR 474 amino acid residue of beta 1 subunit of the enzyme. The drug likeliness score further implies the suitability of D-Galacturonic acid as a drug-like molecule. The binding property of ODQ and D-Galacturonic acid with the catalytic domain help to inhibit sGC activity having pharmacological effects. Moreover, ODQ interaction with heme site of sGC is already known while its interaction with the catalytic domain is shown in this report.

Among all cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer. Colorectal cancer is associated with various risk factors which may alter the physiological pathways and induce genetic mutations. The risk factors, genetic variations, gene related toxicities with treatment regimens of CRC, clinically relevant biomarker of CRC were discussed in this review. The aim of the present review is to provide a current update on the risk factors and their pathways, biomarkers and their association with treatment efficacy and toxicity in CRC, which may provide a view for the Precision Medicine in CRC.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of dopaminergic striatal neurons in basal ganglia. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) through dopamine replacement strategies may provide improvement in early stages and this treatment response is related to dopaminergic neuronal mass which decreases in advanced stages. This treatment failure was revealed by many studies and levodopa treatment became ineffective or toxic in chronic stages of PD. Early diagnosis and neuroprotective agents may be a suitable approach for the treatment of PD. The essentials required for early diagnosis are biomarkers. Characterising the striatal neurons, understanding the status of dopaminergic pathways in different PD stages may reveal the effects of the drugs used in the treatment. This review updates on characterisation of striatal neurons, electrophysiology of dopaminergic pathways in PD, biomarkers of PD, approaches for success of neuroprotective agents in clinical trials. The literature was collected from the articles in database of PubMed, MedLine and other available literature resources.