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Abstract The magmatic complex along the Marsa Alam-Idfu transect, Central-Eastern Desert of Egypt, represents the northern segment of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS), which developed within the framework of the East African Orogen. The basement rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield have been developed through three distinct phases of magmatic activity: the island-arc, the syn-orogenic, and the post-orogenic phases. Transitioning of the magmatic phases from the syn-orogenic to the post-orogenic, identifies changing the tectonic regime from a compressional to an extensional setting. The scarcity of comprehensive regional geochronological data that rely on precise isochron methods, such as the zircon U-Pb technique, could limit the comprehensive understanding of this region’s geological and tectonic history. That would raise a number of uncertainties ranging from the timing of the different magmatic activities and timing of changes in the tectonic regime to the existence of the pre-Pan-African crust in the CED. Our study provides new insights into the aforementioned uncertainties through zircon U-Pb dating of different rock units along the Marsa Alam-Idfu transect, CED, Egypt. The resulting ages ranged from 729 ± 3 Ma to 570 ± 2 Ma, constraining the temporal evolution of the ANS in the studied region into (1) the island-arc phase, represented by a metamorphic sample with an age of 729 ± 3 Ma. (2) the syn-orogenic phase, represented by calc-alkaline and alkaline granitic samples with ages ranging from 699 ± 4 Ma to 646 ± 2 Ma. These two phases indicate initiation of the compressional subduction regime in the CED since 729 ± 3 Ma and being dominated till 646 ± 2 Ma. (3) the post-orogenic phase, represented by metavolcanics, volcanic rocks, and alkaline plutonic samples with ages ranging from 623 ± 3 Ma to 570 ± 2 Ma. This phase suggests dominance of the compressional-to-extensional tectonic transition setting from 623 ± 3 Ma to 600 ± 1 Ma along with the Dokhan volcanism and activation of post-collision tensional regime activated at 582 ± 3 Ma. Our findings discourage the proposed dominance of the island-arc and syn-orogenic phases in the CED and the classical restriction of older magmatic activity to calc-alkaline granitic rocks and younger magmatic activity to alkaline granitic rocks. Additionally, we identified evidence of local magmatic sources by dating five grains with Mesoproterozoic (pre-Arabian–Nubian Shield) xenocrysts with ages ranging from 1549 ± 4 to 1095 ± 25 Ma.

Abstract Abu Marawat area in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt is a very promising mineralization district located in the Golden Triangle area. The current study provides an integrated approach from multisource datasets including; remote sensing, airborne geophysical spectrometry and magnetic data supported by field studies and spectroscopic analyses for delineating potential mineralization localities. Several remote sensing techniques were adopted including; Band Ratios, Relative Band Depth, Mineralogical Indices, Spectral Angle Mapper, and Constrained Energy Minimization. These techniques showed that the alteration mineral assemblage is mainly, kaolinite, sericite, and iron oxides, with less abundant chlorite, epidote, and carbonates. In addition, the radiometry data were processed to map the localities with the highest possibility of potassic alteration abundance by integrating the potassium distribution, K/eTh ratio, and the F-parameter maps. The surface and subsurface linear structural features were also mapped using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and aeromagnetic data, respectively. The surface linear structures were found exhibiting E-W and NE-SW trends, while, the subsurface structures showed dominant NW–SE trend. All the depicted fault trends match well with the local and regional geological and tectonic setting of the study area suggesting structural control on the mineralization in this area. Integration between the results obtained from both the remote sensing and the geophysical data was conducted by a GIS weighted overlay model. The obtained mineralization potentiality map highlights eight potential localities for mineralization. The accuracy of the adopted methodology was demonstrated through fieldwork and spectral analyses; several alteration indicators were observed, including quartz veins, iron oxides, kaolinite, malachite, montmorillonite, chlorite, talc, and sericite alteration indicator minerals. The adopted remote sensing-geophysical approach showed being very effective for mapping the hydrothermal gold-related alteration zones, and is recommended for other similar investigations.

This study presents a comprehensive account of geochemical data on the granitoids of Ambaji-Sendra Terrain and associated mafic dykes. These granitoids, interpreted as S–type, I-type and A-type, lack a consensual interpretation probably due to the study of only those rocks which are exposed in Sendra region. We identified that these granitoids are A-type (A2- subtype) granites. There are two petrogenetic groups of the granitoids having exclusive crustal and crust-mantle interactive origins which are supported by their mineralogy and structure. The associated dykes also display two distinct geochemical groups one with within-plate character and other with typical arc signatures. Whole body of evidence suggests that magma for the granitoids and dykes was generated during the closure of Delhi Ocean. The simultaneous emplacement of granitoids started during subduction process and culminated after the collision or/ accretion of Delhi arc with eastern crustal block, consequent to the Rodinian assembly mechanism.

Undoubtedly, urbanization has improved human living conditions. However, it has also altered the natural landscape, leading to negative consequences such as increased Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) due to the expansion of Impervious Surface (IS). Much research has been conducted in other countries on the effects of changing urban landscape structures on LST and UHI formation. However, in Sri Lanka, only a few studies have been available on this topic, primarily concentrating on major cities like Colombo. Impervious Surface is absorbing high amounts of solar energy as well, which accelerates the magnitude of UHI in urbanized areas. Remote Sensing indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Buildup Index (NDBI), UHI, and Environmental Criticality Index (ECI) can effectively be used to quantify the intensity of the UHI phenomenon. This study aimed to investigate the effect of spatiotemporal variations in IS and Green Surface (GS) on UHI, LST, and the environmental criticality in Galle Municipal Council (MC), Sri Lanka employing multi-temporal Landsat-5 and 8 data from four different periods: 1996, 2005, 2014, and 2022. Different geospatial techniques including supervised image classification, Urban-Rural Gradient Zone (URGZ) analysis, grid-based analysis, UHI profiles, and regression analysis were used in the study. The findings revealed that Impervious Surface increased by 42.3% (7.34 km2) while Green Surface had a decline of 22.5% (3.91 km2) during the concerned period. This landscape transition led to a 2.74 C increase in mean surface temperature in the study area, along with a 9.5 C increase in the UHI index during 26 years. The results further revealed that Impervious Surface rapidly developed within 4 km (URGZ1-19) from city center, while Green Surface decreased. Newly built-up areas within the 1.5 km gradient (URGZ1-URGZ8) were more affected by increased LST. A positive correlation was identified between NDBI and LST, especially in the year 2022, with an R2 of 0.457, while NDVI and LST reported a negative R2 of 0.257. The grid-based analysis demonstrated an increasingly positive relationship between mean LST and the fraction of Impervious Surface, highlighting the role of built-up areas in raising LST and UHI in the MC. As a result, very high environmental critical areas have been concentrated in and around high-density Impervious Surface. Thus, it can be predicted that the UHI effect and Environmental Criticality (EC) may increase further in the future. In this context, planning agencies should prioritize green urban planning strategies, such as implementing green belts and urban agriculture in the study area, particularly in and around areas with high LST and high environmental criticality. This approach may help protect the natural environment and sustainably ensure the health of the urban community.

Identifying lithology is crucial for geological exploration, and the adoption of artificial intelligence is progressively becoming a refined approach to automate this process. A key feature of this strategy is leveraging population search algorithms to fine-tune hyperparameters, thus boosting prediction accuracy. Notably, Bayesian optimization has been applied for the first time to select the most effective learning parameters for artificial neural network classifiers used for lithology identification. This technique utilizes the capability of Bayesian optimization to utilize past classification outcomes to enhance the lithology models performance based on physical parameters calculated from well log data. In a comparison of artificial neural network architectures, the Bayesian-optimized artificial neural network (BOANN) demonstrably achieved the superior classification accuracy in validation and significantly outperformed a non-optimized wide, bilayer, and tri-layer network configurations, indicating that incorporating Bayesian optimization can significantly advance lithofacies recognition, thus offering a more accurate and intelligent solution for identifying lithology.

Recent research has shown that droughts have intensified in South Asia over the past two decades. As a natural disaster, this has severely impacted people’s livelihoods, especially in the dry zones of Sri Lanka. Thus, to ensure human well-being, security of water resources, and ecosystem health, it is essential to minimize the impacts of droughts using reliable information. Remote sensing (RS) data and techniques help bridge the gap by enabling the analysis of drought phenomena through a diverse array of indices developed in the fields. However, until now, there has been a lack of systematic monitoring and reliable data for accurately characterizing droughts in the study area. As the first comprehensive analysis, we tried to evaluate the spatial–temporal dynamics of drought conditions in two Divisional Secretariat Divisions of the Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka using eight standardized remote sensing-derived indices over a decade (2013–2023) including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). SPI values indicated that the region has experienced notably below-average precipitation. According to SPI results, a significant portion of the Medawchchiya area experienced arid conditions in 2023. All other indices proved that 2018 was the driest year and 2013 was the wettest year among the three time points, as reflected by their low and high index values. However, according to NVSMI and LST, the wettest year is 2023, with only 1.78 % of areas experiencing severe drought and a maximum LST of 31.4 °C. LULC change detection revealed that 14.3 % of agricultural lands and 5.1 % of forest areas were converted into barren lands over a decade. Overall, this conversion may be another leading factor contributing to increased LST and dryness in the area during the concerned period while increasing the mean LST of barren land by around 4.7 °C per decade. Land surface-related and vegetation-related indices, such as NDWI, NDMI, LST, and NDVI, exhibited a more pronounced impact on short-term drought occurrences. The findings revealed that average precipitation coincides with short-term drought episodes in the area, with 2018 standing out as having the least rainfall and the driest year. The study’s findings may provide additional insights for planning authorities, supporting environmental protection and enhancing agricultural production by mitigating droughts’ impacts through short- and long-term strategies. Although, the study focused on a small area, a similar approach could be extended to other areas by incorporating advanced machine learning techniques and additional drought indices in the future.

Reliable information plays a pivotal role in sustainable urban planning. With advancements in computer technology, geoinformatics tools enable accurate identification of land use and land cover (LULC) in both spatial and temporal dimensions. Given the need for precise information to enhance decision-making, it is imperative to assess the performance and reliability of classification algorithms in detecting LULC changes. While research on the application of machine learning algorithms in LULC evaluation is widespread in many countries, it remains limited in Zambia and Sri Lanka. Hence, we aimed to assess the reliability and performance of support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms for detecting changes in land use and land cover taking Lusaka and Colombo City as the study area from 1995 to 2023 using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), and Operational Land Imager (OLI). The results reveal that the RF and ANN models exhibited superior performance, both achieving Mean Overall Accuracy (MOA) of 96% for Colombo and 96% and 94% for Lusaka, respectively. Meanwhile, the SVM model yielded Overall Accuracy (OA) ranging between 77% and 94% for the years 1995 and 2023. Further, RF algorithm notably produced slightly higher OA and kappa coefficients, ranging between 0.92 and 0.97, when compared to both the ANN and SVM models, across both study areas. A predominant land use change was observed as the expansion of vegetation by 11,990 ha (60.4%), primarily through the conversion of 1,926 ha of bare lands into vegetation in Lusaka during 1995–2005. However, a noteworthy shift was observed as built-up areas experienced significant growth from 2005 to 2023, with a total increase of 25,110 ha (71%). However, despite the conversion of vegetation to built-up areas during the entire period from 1995 to 2023, there was still a net gain of over 11,000 ha (53.4%) in vegetation cover. In case of Colombo, built-up areas expanded by 1,779 ha (81.5%), while vegetation land decreased by 1,519 ha (62.3%) during concerned period. LULC simulation also indicated a 160-ha expansion of built-up areas during the 2023–2035 period in Lusaka. Likewise, Colombo saw a rise in built-up areas by 337 ha within the same period. Overall, the RF algorithm outperformed the ANN and SVM algorithms. Additionally, the prediction and simulation results indicate an upward trend in built-up areas in both scenarios. The resultant land cover maps provide a crucial baseline that will be invaluable for urban planning and policy development agencies in both countries.

Groundwater potential in Morocco’s Souss-Massa mountainous basin (SMMB) is being identified using geospatial tools and geological data. We deployed four mathematical models, namely Data-Driven Multi-index Overlay (DMIO), Geometric Average (GA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression (LR), to establish data-driven patterns among the nine influencing factors, primarily drainage density, permeability, slope, distance to rivers, elevation, lineament density, distance to lineaments, intersection node density, and rainfall. Based on the Concentration-Area (C-A) fractal approach, the findings of the four models were developed and classified into five levels of potentiality ranging from very low to very high. The regions designated as having high and very high potentialities for the DMIO, GA, SVM, and LR models, respectively, account for 22.44 %, 9.80 %, 19.36 %, and 26.77 % of the overall basin. We validated the models by calculating each model's area under the ROC curve (AUC). The estimated AUC values are more than 70 %, suggesting the model performs well. The four models' performance was compared, revealing that the SVM model outperforms the others. Gravimetric data shows that possible groundwater zones closely coincide with gravimetric lineaments. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights to decision-makers, allowing them to improve decision-making processes and develop holistic groundwater resource management in the Souss-Massa mountainous basin (SMMB).

Detrital and volcanic-detrital rocks from the Ifni Buttonhole and Lakhssas Plateau were analyzed to determine their provenance, compositional maturity, and alteration source. Geochemically, the sediments were classified as arkoses, lithic arenites, grauwackes, sandstones, lithic arenites, and Fe-rich sands, indicating low compositional and mineralogical maturity. A high average SiO2 concentration and low Al2O3 were consistent with a low abundance of shale and clay components. The geochemical signatures of the detrital and volcano-detrital (RDVD) rocks indicate that they have undergone a moderate to low degree of chemical alteration. The CIA study also suggests that the granitic, granodioritic rocks represent the source provenance which, during weathering and transport, supplied the detritus to the supra-crustal units. The major trace element data suggest that these rocks are largely derived from felsic igneous rocks, namely granitoids, with a minor contribution from intermediate sources. The carbonate rocks do not represent a wide variety of facies: dolomitic limestone, calcareous limestone, and calcaro-dolomitic chert. Calcitic and dolomitic samples show a linear increase in SiO2, regardless of their CaO/LOI ratio values, which remain relatively constant. The highest SiO2 contents are observed in the calc-dolomitic chert. Geochemical analysis of RDVD from the Ifni buttonhole determined their origin, maturity, and alteration. Major oxides decreased with higher silica content, indicating quartz control. Samples, formed under semi-arid conditions, show maturity under stable deposition. They suggest a felsic, recycled source, with moderate alteration and zircon enrichment during recycling. In the study area, limestones and dolomites serve as materials applicable in the building sector, suitable for all types of concrete. The Taliwine Formation harbors Lower Cambrian dolomites and limestones, ideal for mosaic aggregates. Described as variable in color, compact, homogeneous, very hard, and resistant to alteration, the plutonic rocks form prominent peaks. They exhibit both subalkaline characteristics in granitoids and an alkaline trend in dolerite dykes. Most samples display minimal alteration, indicating the reliability of their major element compositions for geochemical analyses. These granitoids constitute valuable deposits for ornamental and building rock purposes.

Abstract The Tilt-depth is a popular approach for determining depths of magnetic sources. As this method is based on the distance between contour levels of the tilt angle, it can lead to inaccurate depth estimates when the contour lines are distorted by the presence of noise. In this paper, we stabilize the Tilt-depth method based on the computation of stable vertical derivative obtained by the β-VDR method. The presented method is demonstrated on synthetic magnetic anomalies and real magnetic data from the Arabian Shield. The results obtained from the synthetic examples coincide well with the actual depths. These results proved the utility of the presented method in cases where the field is corrupted by noise. The real example shows that the presented method can provide valuable information on subsurface structures of the area where the Tilt-depth estimates are consistent with the result of the horizontal tilt angle. The findings show that the presented method is less sensitive to noise and can provide source edges and depths more clearly and with higher accuracy.

Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are critical for evaluating global spatiotemporal trends, especially regarding climate change and urbanization. This study investigates the dynamics of Landsat surface temperature (LST) in response to LULC changes and their effects on the seasonal microclimate in Kasur District, Pakistan. Using the Google Earth Engine platform, we employed a random forest algorithm to detect LULC changes (cropland, forest, built-up, fallow, barren, and water) and analyze seasonal spectral indices from Landsat imagery for 1988, 2002, and 2022. Significant LULC changes were observed, including a 9.8% increase in built-up areas, a 4.2% decrease in cropland, and a 1.4% decrease in forested areas, linked to urban heat island effects and population growth. Additionally, there was a 2.7% increase in fallow and open land, contributing to the district's impervious surface area. Significant correlations (p < 0.001) were found between LST and spectral indices—normalized difference vegetation index, enhanced vegetation index, and normalized difference built index (NDBI)—ranging from 0.7 to 0.8 in both winter and summer. In summer, the maximum LST increased from 43 °C in 1988 to 44 °C in 2002, with a linear correlation (R²) increase from 0.57 to 0.75 and a polynomial correlation (R²) increase from 0.63 to 0.76 with NDBI from 1988 to 2022. Understanding these dynamics is crucial as LULC changes and the resulting temperature variations have significant implications for local climate, agriculture, and human health. This study underscores the need for effective LULC policies to mitigate impacts, protect vegetation cover, and ensure sustainable land management. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to balance development with environmental sustainability.

Soil erosion and subsequent sedimentation pose significant challenges in the Sikkim Himalayas. In this study, we conducted an assessment of the impact of rainfall-induced soil erosion and sediment loss in South Sikkim, which falls within the Teesta Basin, employing Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Sediment Yield Index (SYI) models. Leveraging mean annual precipitation data, a detailed soil map, geomorphological landforms, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and LANDSAT 8 OLI data were used to prepare the factorial maps of South Sikkim. The results of the RUSLE and SYI models revealed annual soil loss >200 t ha−1 yr−1, whereas mean values were estimated to be 93.42 t ha−1 yr−1 and 70.3 t ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Interestingly, both models displayed similar degrees of soil loss in corresponding regions under the various severity classes. Notably, low-severity erosion −1 yr−1 was predominantly observed in the valley sides in low-elevation zones, while areas with severe erosion rates >200 t ha−1 yr−1were concentrated in the upper reaches, characterized by steep slopes. These findings underscore the strong correlation between erosion rates and topography, which makes the region highly vulnerable to erosion. The prioritization of such regions and potential conservation methods need to be adopted to protect such precious natural resources in mountainous regions.

The concept of ecotourism has experienced a significant surge in popularity over the past two decades, primarily driven by the multitude of adverse impacts associated with mass tourism. The objective of the study was to develop a comprehensive ecotourism suitability index to guide policymakers in implementing tourism development policies. Given the considerable appeal of the study area to both local and international tourists, it is essential to conduct a systematic evaluation to pinpoint suitable areas for ecotourism development. This necessity arises from the study area's placement within a fragile ecosystem and its proximity to a UNESCO World Heritage site. We employed a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrated environment coupled with a fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodology. The GIS-MCDA integrated framework leverages the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a weighted linear combination that seeks to amalgamate many features and criteria to assess ecotourism potential by integrating 20 criteria into six separate categories: landscape, topography, accessibility, climate, forest and wildlife, and negative factors. Weights were allocated to each criterion and factor based on the expert's opinions of their impact on the development of ecotourism. The final ecotourism suitability index comprised five unique classes: very high, high, moderate, less, and not suitable. Results reveal that out of the total areas, 45.4 % (259 km2) are within the high and very high suitable classes. The sensitivity analysis suggested that ecotourism potentials are more favorable to forest and accessibility variables. The generated index can be utilized as a road map since validation verified a 64 % accuracy. Given the dearth of earlier research, this study provides vital support for the development of sustainable ecotourism projects in the study area.

In this study, we have applied a stable downward continuation technique to magnetic anomalies from the global geomagnetic field model MAG2V3 to improve the resolution of magnetic data of the west central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Then, advanced interpretation methods such as the tilt angle of the horizontal gradient (TAHG), horizontal gradient of a modified tilt angle (HGSTDR), and enhanced horizontal gradient (EHGA) have been applied to downward continued magnetic dataset to highlight the main structural features in the region. The observed geologic structures from the magnetic analysis revealed NW-SE, NE-SW, and ENE-WSW orientations in the west central Arabian Shield. The depths of these structures were computed by the analytic signal (AS) technique and the obtained result shows depths varying from 1.2 to 9.2 km. This study provided a new map of the subsurface geological structures for a better understanding of the tectonic evolution of the west central Arabian Shield.

Conceptual Framework: Coastal decrepitude is the loss of topographical resources along the coast as a result of silt, temperature fluctuations, tidal shifts, and wave breaking. Hydraulic activity, scraping, abrasion, and erosion are the major causes of erosion; other factors that affect it include the condition of the shore, rocks, joints, fissures, marine chemical reactions, and wave force. Objectives: The primary objectives of this study are to analyze the coastline changes between 1972 and 2022 utilizing remote sensing and GIS data and forecast the changes in the shoreline in 2032. Methods: The study examined coastal areas from 1972 to 2022 using multi-temporal satellite data from Landsat TM and Landsat OLI/TIRS. Shoreline change and the calculations related to it were examined using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System using near-infrared bands and tasseled cap transformation, to determine the rate of change in the shoreline, the study also employed Shoreline Change Envelope and End Point Rate techniques. Results: Coastal erosion caused substantial damage to the island between 1972 and 2022. The northern, southeastern, and western regions of the coast are seeing the highest levels of coastal erosion. The south coast experiences considerable erosion, whereas the west and southeast coasts experience the least. The EPR of Ghoramara Island has mean, minimum, and maximum changes of −10.59, −4.13, and −35.93, respectively. A notable inshore shift has occurred in the northern portion of Ghoramara, extending from 676 m to 855 m. The study also uses tidal gauge records and Revised Local Reference data from the Haldia Gauge Station to track long-term sea level variations. According to the study, Ghoramara Island's shoreline will change by 2032, with the greatest negative changes expected to occur around the island's western and southern borders. Conclusion: The study shows a significant decrease in Ghoramara's shoreline regions between 1972 and 2022, with a 3,000-population shifted from the place in 2016 due to Lohachara's submergence. Changes in the island's morphology and human activities have reduced cultivation. The study suggests increasing mangrove vegetation to combat coastal erosion and prevent further displacement of people to neighboring islands.

The Kontum massif plays a key role in the tectonic development of the central Vietnam terrane. However, most of the northern part of the Kontum massif is covered by sediments. In this paper, we determine for the first time the subsurface structures of the area using aeromagnetic data. We have evaluated the effectiveness of six enhancement techniques on a synthetic model before applying these techniques to real aeromagnetic data of the study area. The results obtained from these techniques show that the study area is dominated by E-W and ENE-WSW trending lineaments and the depths of most of these structures range from 50 to 550 m. The findings also show some probable granitic intrusions in the study area. Our study provides the first magnetic interpretation for a better understanding of the structural features of the northern Kontum massif.

This study predicts sediment yield on various landuse surfaces within the Calabar River Catchment, Nigeria. Five experimental plots of 31 by 23 cm (representing urban, farm, grass, bare, and forest surfaces) were established on a convex slope series with a 20% gradient, oriented along the slope strike. Rainfall, morphological, and hydraulic stations were derived for each plot. Multiple regressions and Factor analysis were employed to analyse the collected data. The research identifies critical factors influencing sediment yield, such as rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, slope gradient, slope length, sand, silt, clay, vegetation cover, and infiltration capacity. The results (p

The Kalabagh strike–slip fault, which is characterized by right-lateral movement, is part of the northwestern Himalayan foreland fold and thrust belt in Pakistan. This structure marks the western and eastern terminations of the Salt Range and Surghar Ranges, respectively. No significant (>M6) earthquakes have been reported along the Kalabagh Fault in recent decades. Here, we take advantage of space-borne Sentinel-1A SAR interferometry to gain insight into the mechanics of faulting, aseismic creeping, and stress loading of the seismic cycle on the Kalabagh Fault spanning over approximately 7 years. In this study, we also removed the tropospheric effects using the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service data from the rate map. We further resolved the LOS deformation into both horizontal and vertical deformations. Our Bayesian inversion indicates that the fault experiences significant horizontal and vertical displacements. The fault’s southern and northern segments exhibit a creeping rate of approximately ∼4.2 ± 1.3 to 4.8 ± 1.6 mm/year, respectively, while the central section does not display any horizontal creeping. We found that the creeping is confined between 0 and ∼2.7 ± 1.1 km depth at the northern section and 0 and ∼3.9 ± 1.1 km on the southern section of the faults. Nevertheless, we found that the vertical creeping of ∼10 mm/year is confined between 0.5 and 6 km depth in the central segment of the fault. Moreover, our model does not resolve the interseismic slip at depth on the Kalabagh Fault. Our results affirm that Kalabagh Fault is creeping, and the internal deformation due to the presence of a thick salt layer over the decollement facilitates the creeping on this fault. In addition, Coulomb stress modeling depicts that the creeping on the Kalabagh Fault increases the Coulomb stress changes in the northern section of the KBF.

Gravity-based imaging of the subsurface has increased worldwide recently. Improvements in the processing and analysis of gravity data have allowed us to locate the basement surface, map geologic basins, and define structural patterns. In this study, gravity data were analyzed to study the Bahira basin’s underlying geology. The Bahira basin is very important economically. The Ganntour plateau is distinctive due to the importance of the phosphate mining resources. Using gravity data, we mapped the subsurface and determined the underlying structural patterns that affect the study area. In this study, we used several techniques to edge detection including Total horizontal derivative (THDR), first vertical derivative (FVD), tilt derivative (TDR), and its horizontal derivative (THDR_TDR) methods. Accordingly, the geological history of the Bahira basin suggests that the main lineaments/faults trends are NE-SW, NW-SE, ENE-WSW, and WNW-ESE. The 3D Euler deconvolution showed the depth and location of lineaments/faults, and matched edge detection results. The eastern Bahira basin’s sedimentary layer is 2–8 km deeper according to the Euler technique. Two-dimensional forward modeling along three profiles in the Bahira basin revealed a horst-graben basement structure. The outcomes of this study improved the subsurface topographical variations of the Bahira Basin. The information collected so far can help future studies in the area.

The Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) in the Eastern Desert of Egypt encloses the regional thermal-tectonic history from its development till the Oligo-Miocene when the Red Sea rift system was initiated. The application of multi-thermochronometry techniques has proven to be a successful approach to revealing the influence and extent of each regional tectonic event and the recreation of the tectono-thermal development of the studied region through time. Therefore, characteristic samples from the ANS different rock suits of the Gabal Loman area at the western flank of the northern Red Sea were collected. The Zircon fission-track data reveals the Carboniferous cooling ages, while the apatite fission-track cooling ages present two differential time spans of Cretaceous and Eocene-Oligocene. The time-temperature history modeling is integrated with fission-track data to reveal three differentiated cooling events developed in response to regional tectonic events: 1) the Hercynian (Variscan) tectonic event that influenced the ANS vicinity with rock uplifts of ca. 4 km through the Devonian-Carboniferous time, 2) the Gondwana disintegration event which influenced the region with differential rock exhumations, and 3) the northern Red Sea rifting through the Oligo-Miocene which caused a regional ca. 1 km of rift flanks exhumation. This modest rift flank uplift suggests a passive rift of the northern Red Sea rifting in the region of study.

Tropical cyclones, one of the most extreme and destructive meteorological incidents, cause extensive damage to lives and livelihoods worldwide. This study utilized remotely sensed data along with multi-criteria decision-making, geospatial techniques, and major cyclonic events Aila, Amphan, and Yaas to identify the changes in the vulnerability of cyclone-induced floods in the 19 community development blocks of Indian Sundarbans in the years 2009–2010, 2020–2021, and 2021–2022 (the post-cyclonic timespan). The Sundarbans are a distinctive bioclimatic region located in a characteristic geographical setting along the West Bengal and Bangladesh coasts. In this area, several cyclonic storms had an impact between 2009 and 2022. Using the variables NDVI, MNDWI, NDMI, NDBI, BSI, and NDTI, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager, Thermal Infrared Sensor, Resourcesat LISS-III, and AWiFS data were primarily utilized to map the cyclonic flood-effective zones in the research area. The findings indicated that the coastline, which was most impacted by tropical storms, has significant physical susceptibility to floods, as determined by the AHP-weighted overlay analysis. Significant positive relationships (p < 0.05, n = 19 administrative units) were observed between mangrove damage, NDFI, and physical flood susceptibility indicators. Mangrove damage increased with an increase in the flood index, and vice versa. To mitigate the consequences and impacts of the vulnerability of cyclonic events, subsequent flood occurrences, and mangrove damage in the Sundarbans, a ground-level implementation of disaster management plans proposed by the associated state government, integrated measures of cyclone forecasting, mangrove plantation, coastal conservation, flood preparedness, mitigation, and management by the Sundarban Development Board are appreciably recommended.

Aeromagnetic data of the Agadir Melloul region (Morocco) has been previously interpreted to delineate structural lineaments using the tilt angle method. In this study, we show the limitations of the tilt angle method in extracting the boundaries of magnetic sources and reinterpret aeromagnetic data of the Agadir Melloul region using the improved logistic method. Initially, the tilt angle and improved logistic methods are tested on 3D synthetic magnetic models where the results obtained from the improved logistic method show improvements in the delineation of the actual edges of sources compared to the tilt angle method. Then, aeromagnetic data from the Agadir Melloul region has been enhanced by the improved logistic method for delineating structural features. The obtained result provides a new look at the structural lineaments of the study area.

Lineament detector and depth estimation method involving modern aeromagnetic data were employed to study parts of the Obudu Plateau and Lower Benue Trough (southeast Nigeria) with the aim of mapping thermo-tectonic geologic structures and estimating sediment thicknesses. In this investigation, the enhanced horizontal gradient amplitude (EHGA) (applied to both simulated and real data) and tilt depth approaches were operated. The simulated magnetic model employing the EHGA detector generated sharp and properly defined edges of magnetic bodies with the capacity to place peaks over source borders. The tilt depth technique showed thin and thick sedimentations that vary from ∼ 500 to ∼ 1000 m and ∼ 1500 to ∼ 2500 m, respectively. The observed geologic structures trend mainly in the NW and NE, as well as minor NS directions. These structures, generated by the Younger Mesozoic Granitic intrusions of calc alkaline ring complexes, and the Santonian Abakaliki Anticlinorium serve as paths for super enriched hydrothermal fluids migration and deposition. The applied methods can be used to decipher the geologic structures in alike zones around the world.

The southwest part of Cameroon is composed of a range of geological structures and sedimentary basins, whose geological history dates from the Cretaceous, and their establishment would have originated from the opening of the South Atlantic. Among these structures, the most important is the Cameroon Volcanic Line, generally denoted CVL, followed by the southern part of the Central African Shear Zone (CASZ) called the Foumban Shear Zone (FSZ), the Ntem Complex, the Benue Trough, the northern margin of the Congo Craton, and many others. The major structures identified in this part are formed as a result of geodynamic activity between the Oligocene and the recent period, to which we can add the volcanism that exists along with the continental limit. The XGM201e_2159 model is used to highlight the geological structures of Southwestern Cameroon. First, we separated the regional and residual anomalies from Bouguer gravity data. Then, we used a combination of filters to enhance the signature of the residual anomalies in Southwest Cameroon. These filters identified various geological structures in the area. Finally, we applied the enhanced horizontal gradient amplitude (EHGA) and multi-scale horizontal derivative of the vertical derivative (MSHDVD) methods to reveal the geological contacts, allowing us to establish the corresponding structural map of the region. In addition, the results obtained in this study are the first to precisely define the circumferential demarcation of the continental and oceanic expansions of Mount Cameroon, while clearly illustrating the Bao, Bomana, Tiko, and Ekona faults that extend to the Bakassi Peninsula and the Douala outlet. Furthermore, they highlight the strike–slip faults in the summit vicinity. The structural map shows that most of the geological boundaries identified in the area are trending in the NE–SW, NNE–SSW, ENE–WSW, N–S, and NW–SE directions.

This work aims to utilize oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes as tracers for determining the groundwater sources of recharge in the central Nile delta. The analyzed water samples were collected from canals and drains as surface water, soil water and shallow, intermediate and deep zones of the groundwater. The isotopic data indicated that surface water samples have higher isotopic content than recent Nile river water (δ 18O = 2.39‰ and δ2H = 22‰) which reflect the influence of an evaporation process that takes place in surface water bodies during its flow. Soil water samples were affected by evaporation process during water infiltration via soil. It was estimated that soil water samples have higher enrichment isotopic contents than groundwater and less than surface and recent Nile water. Studied groundwater is composed of mixed source from groundwater recharged before and that recharged after High Dam construction. Few groundwater samples have depleted isotopic content which suggested a mixing source between the rainwater and the Nile River water before High Dam construction. The evaporation is indicated in the shallow groundwater by the deviation away from the global meteoric line. In the deep groundwater, more deviation from global meteoric line was noticed which reflects the effect of mixing between freshwater and seawater. The intermediate groundwater samples average line showed an intermediate deviation indicating the effect of both evaporation and seawater intrusion.

The LTHG and EHGA methods are enhancement versions of the gradient amplitude and can outline the edges of shallow and deep anomalous bodies simultaneously. Recently, these techniques have been used in approximating the edges of gravity and magnetic data. In this paper, we apply the LTHG and EHGA methods to the gravity dataset from the global gravity model WGM2012 to extract structural features of Northeastern Laos that appear as lineaments on transformed data maps. We also apply the tilt depth method to this dataset to estimate the depth of these lineaments. The findings showed that most of structures identified in Northeastern Laos are trending in the ENE-WSW, NE-SW, E-W, WNW-ESE and N-S directions with the depth ranging from 1.3 to 2.1 km.

The existing work deals with the structural analysis and detecting basement depth of G. Shilman area, South Eastern Desert (SED), Egypt. This work includes interpreting aeromagnetic data to map out structures within the study area and determine the depth of the magnetic basement which can be an aide to advance exploratory study. The first vertical derivative (1st VD) enhanced the short-wavelength and high-frequency features of the data. The analytic signal (AS) and horizontal gradient magnitude (HGM) maps well the structures of G. Shilman area. Statistical analysis of the delineated structures indicated that the NW, N_S, NNE and NE are the main structural trends controlling the study area. This suggests that the area was dominated by various stress regimes. The source parameter imaging (SPI) method which acts strongly at all magnetic latitudes was applied to the data to map the basement topography of G. Shilman area. The basement depths vary from about 0.1 km to about 1.5 km at the deepest part of the study area. The depth examination indicates that the recent deposits are not thick and reflect the shallow nature of the basement in G. Shilman area. The results of our study gives more accurate interpretation for the structural regime of the study area and can be applied for alike areas.

One major purpose of interpretation of magnetic data is to highlight edges of geology structures. In this paper, we applied the edge methods such as the enhancement of total gradient (ETG), normalized horizontal gradient (TDX), theta map (TM) and fast sigmoid (FSED) methods to delineate geological structures that appear as lineaments in transformed magnetic anomaly maps. Initially, these methods were estimated on a magnetic model for understanding their capability. Further, we applied these methods to real aeromagnetic data for determining lineaments of the Wadi Umm Dulfah area. Additionally, the depths of the magnetic sources in the area were also computed by the tilt depth method. The obtained results indicate the presence in the study area of three major lineament trends in NW–SE, N-S, and NE–SW directions, and most of the lineaments are in the depth range of 0.1 km to 1 km. These results bring a better understanding of the edge methods capability, as well as the geology structures of the Wadi Umm Dulfah area.

Determining the main structures that control sedimentary basins from magnetic and gravity data is an important step for hydrocarbon exploration. In this study, the structural features of the area, east of the Qattara Depression, was deduced utilizing the gravity and magnetic data. Regional-residual separation, lineament analysis, tilt derivative and spectral analysis techniques were utilized to realize this main goal. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was used for regional and residual separation. The structural patterns of the area were outlined by lineament analysis. The bedrock depth was calculated by applying the spectral analysis method on twenty gravity and magnetic profiles. The coupled 2D and 2.5D modeling along the three gravity and magnetic profiles indicated that the region consists of horsts and grabens blocks, consisting of both acidic and basic rocks. Consequently, a structural map was made to identify the main basins and highs. Besides, it was observed that the thickness of the sedimentary cover varies between 2.5 and 5.5 km in the study area.

The flood hazard risks and vulnerability in the urban areas alongside major rivers of India have been gradually increasing due to extreme climatic events. The present study is intended to assess flood hazard vulnerability and potential risk areas and aims to ascertain the management strategies in Nabadwip Municipality, a statutory urban area of West Bengal. The multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) of selected criteria and geospatial techniques have been employed to determine the urban flood vulnerability in the study area. The study has been conducted using secondary datasets including relevant remotely sensed data and participant observation. The potential flood-affected zones have been determined using the normalized difference flood index (NDFI) and flood vulnerability index (FVI). The analysis of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) of 20 years of monthly precipitation shows the variability of seasonal rainfall distribution in the study area. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the composite Ibrahim index of socio-economic development accents that the urban development of the study area was uneven. The municipal wards situated in the central and northeastern portions of Nabadwip Municipality were extremely vulnerable, whereas the western and southwestern wards were less vulnerable. It is also revealed from the strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–challenges (SWOC) of the principal management strategies of the flood situation analysis that the unplanned sewerage system is one of the most effective weaknesses in the area. All-embracing and integrative flood management strategies need to be implemented in the study area considering the intra-regional vulnerability and development for the resilient and sustainable development of the study area.

Landslides are prevalent in the Western Ghats, and the incidences that happened in 2021 in the Koottickal area of the Kottayam district (Western Ghats) resulted in the loss of 10 lives. The objectives of this study are to assess the landslide susceptibility of the high-range local self-governments (LSGs) in the Kottayam district using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy-AHP (F-AHP) models and to compare the performance of existing landslide susceptible maps. This area never witnessed any massive landslides of this dimension, which warrants the necessity of relooking into the existing landslide-susceptible models. For AHP and F-AHP modeling, ten conditioning factors were selected: slope, soil texture, land use/land cover (LULC), geomorphology, road buffer, lithology, and satellite image-derived indices such as the normalized difference road landslide index (NDRLI), the normalized difference water index (NDWI), the normalized burn ratio (NBR), and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). The landslide-susceptible zones were categorized into three: low, moderate, and high. The validation of the maps created using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) technique ascertained the performances of the AHP, F-AHP, and TISSA maps as excellent, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) value above 0.80, and the NCESS map as acceptable, with an AUC value above 0.70. Though the difference is negligible, the map prepared using the TISSA model has better performance (AUC = 0.889) than the F-AHP (AUC = 0.872), AHP (AUC = 0.867), and NCESS (AUC = 0.789) models. The validation of maps employing other matrices such as accuracy, mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) also confirmed that the TISSA model (0.869, 0.226, and 0.122, respectively) has better performance, followed by the F-AHP (0.856, 0.243, and 0.147, respectively), AHP (0.855, 0.249, and 0.159, respectively), and NCESS (0.770, 0.309, and 0.177, respectively) models. The most landslide-inducing factors in this area that were identified through this study are slope, soil texture, LULC, geomorphology, and NDRLI. Koottickal, Poonjar-Thekkekara, Moonnilavu, Thalanad, and Koruthodu are the LSGs that are highly susceptible to landslides. The identification of landslide-susceptible areas using diversified techniques will aid decision-makers in identifying critical infrastructure at risk and alternate routes for emergency evacuation of people to safer terrain during an exigency.

Wildfires are one of the gravest and most momentous hazards affecting rich forest biomes worldwide; India is one of the hotspots due to its diverse forest types and human-induced reasons. This research aims to identify wildfire risk zones in two contrasting climate zones, the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats and the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary in the Himalayas, using geospatial tools, analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and fuzzy-AHP models to assess the impacts of various conditioning factors and compare the efficacy of the two models. Both of the wildlife sanctuaries were severely battered by fires in the past, with more than 100 fire incidences considered for this modeling. This analysis found that both natural and anthropogenic factors are responsible for the fire occurrences in both of the two sanctuaries. The validation of the risk maps, utilizing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method, proved that both models have outstanding prediction accuracy for the training and validation datasets, with the F-AHP model having a slight edge over the other model. The results of other statistical validation matrices such as sensitivity, accuracy, and Kappa index also confirmed that F-AHP is better than the AHP model. According to the F-AHP model, about 22.49% of Kedarnath and 17.12% of Wayanad fall within the very-high risk zones. The created models will serve as a tool for implementing effective policies intended to reduce the impact of fires, even in other protected areas with similar forest types, terrain, and climatic conditions.

Increasing agricultural production is a major concern that aims to increase income, reduce hunger, and improve other measures of well-being. Recently, the prediction of soil-suitability has become a primary topic of rising concern among academics, policymakers, and socio-economic analysts to assess dynamics of the agricultural production. This work aims to use physico-chemical and remotely sensed phenological parameters to produce soil-suitability maps (SSM) based on Machine Learning (ML) Algorithms in a semi-arid and arid region. Towards this goal an inventory of 238 suitability points has been carried out in addition to14 physico-chemical and 4 phenological parameters that have been used as inputs of machine-learning approaches which are five MLA prediction, namely RF, XgbTree, ANN, KNN and SVM. The results showed that phenological parameters were found to be the most influential in soil-suitability prediction. The validation of the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve approach indicates an area under the curve and an AUC of more than 0.82 for all models. The best results were obtained using the XgbTree with an AUC = 0.97 in comparison to other MLA. Our findings demonstrate an excellent ability for ML models to predict the soil-suitability using physico-chemical and phenological parameters. The approach developed to map the soil-suitability is a valuable tool for sustainable agricultural development, and it can play an effective role in ensuring food security and conducting a land agriculture assessment.

Identification of lateral boundaries for the subsurface structures is a popular topic in many applications of geoscience. For this purpose, many edge detection and enhancement methods have been introduced to determine the lineaments of subsurface structures. In this study, the improved parabola-based method has been applied to reveal the lineaments of subsurface structures of Nam Dinh province. The obtained results have shown that there are NW–SE trending structures in this region and most of the lineaments are in the depth range of 2 km to 8 km. These results provide a new perspective to help us better understand the structural framework and tectonic settings of the study area.

Ten detailed sections have been logged and studied from the “Infra-Cenomanian’’ to the Cenomanian–Turonian deposits in the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin between Tazzouguerte and Anounizme(SE Morocco). They show variations in their lithology and microfacies that reflect changes in the depositional environment from the base to the top of the sedimentary record. Indeed, depositional setting grades from a fluvial environment marked by sandstone deposits of the Ifezouane Formation to an alluvial plain and coastal lagoon environment comprising an alternation of red clay, gypsum, and green marl beds of the Aoufous Formation and, finally, towards shallow to moderately deep marine environments with the deposition of the carbonates of the Akrabou Formation. Correlations between the studied sections show variations in the thickness of strata throughout the basin. The variations recorded in the so-called “Infra-Cenomanian” series may be related to the structuration of the basement. The Cenomanian–Turonian carbonate platform shows deeper marine and thicker sediments towards the east, while it thins towards the west until its disappearance in Anounizme. This reflects the global Cenomanian–Turonian transgression in the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin from the eastern Tethyan realm towards the west. The regional correlation of the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin with the Ouarzazate and Agadir basins shows an eastward thinning of the Cenomanian–Turonian marine deposits of Agadir. This suggests the presence of a paleorelief at the Anounizme locality. This could be the boundary between the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin, with Tethyan influence, to the east and those of Ouarzazate and Agadir, with Atlantic affinity, to the west.

Extensive geophysical and geodetic measurements were carried out to evaluate the groundwater aquifer, trace the basement relief, as well as detect the igneous intrusions and structural elements (mainly faults) that affect the occurrence of groundwater in the study area. The fieldwork included resistivity sounding, a geomagnetic survey, and Global Positioning System measurements. The magnetic results showed the presence of a group of main faults in East-west trend at the western part of the area and major fault at the northern part of the area of NW-SW trend. The findings also showed the presence of two igneous rock intrusions located in the middle of the eastern part of the valley. Pronounced differences in the depths of basement rocks have been identified, ranging between 0 and 900 m from the surface. Both high horizontal movements and high shear strain rates have been found to be concentrated at the southeast of the study area and it was noted that high stress was accumulated along the main observed faults and at the main groundwater aquifers. The geoelectrical results confirmed the presence of two aquifers; a shallow aquifer (Quaternary aquifer) that narrows northwards and a Nubian sandstone aquifer, which considered the main aquifer. The Nubian sandstone aquifer carries groundwater in the region, which overlies the last geoelectric unit represented by the basement complex layer and geological structures affecting the potential availability of groundwater in the study area, as proved by the geomagnetic survey and stress accumulation.

During the last decade, climate change has generated extreme rainfall events triggering flash floods in short periods worldwide. The delimitation of flood zones by detailed mapping generally makes it possible to avoid human and economic losses, especially in regions at high risk of flooding. The Taguenit basin, located in southern Morocco, is a particular case. The mapping of the flood zones of this basin by the method of the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) in a GIS geographic information systems environment was based on the multi-criteria analysis, taking into consideration the seven parameters influencing these extreme phenomena, namely rainfall, slope, flow accumulation, drainage network density, distance from rivers, permeability, and land use. Average annual rainfall data for 37 years (1980 to 2016) was used in this study for floodplain mapping. A weight was calculated for each parameter using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The combination of the maps of the different parameters made it possible to draw up a final map classified into five risk intervals: very high, high, moderate, lower and very lower presenting, respectively, 8.04%, 20.63%, 31.47%, 15.36%, and 24.50% of the area of the basin. The reliability of this method was tested by a Flood susceptibility analysis. The results generated by the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) model are similar to those of previous historical events. Realistic and applicable solutions have been proposed to minimize the impact of these floods as much as possible.

India is a land of rivers and Narmada is one of the principal river systems and is ascribed as the lifeline of Central India. Freshwater ecosystems such as rivers across the globe are facing degradation due to multitude of anthropogenic stress factors. Holistic and sustainable approach is prerequisite for monitoring, risk assessment and management of such multitude of problems and critical challenges. Geographical Information System (GIS) has emerged as a powerful tool for carrying out scientific and unbiased monitoring and assessment studies as well as understanding the degradation of ecosystems. The present study focuses on decadal land use changes along the upper catchment area of Narmada river basin. Vegetation was spatially analyzed for digitally classifying numerous imageries using the maximum likelihood algorithm (MLA). Six land cover types were identified which includes dense mixed forest, Sal dominated forests, barren landscapes, agricultural fields, water bodies as well as habitation and commercial spaces. The vegetation structure and species composition are important ecological attributes of the ecosystem. Our study area has faced intensification in anthropogenic stress factors, which is observable in our temporal variations study as well. Increasing urbanization and deforestation in river valley regions is alarming and testimony of the fact. Therefore, in order to maintain the river health advocacy at policy level is needed. The current study is an attempt in that direction. It is therefore essential in developing a road-map for sustainable development of this important riparian ecosystem.

The Chichali Formation encountered in Chanda 01 well, located in the Shakardara Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan has been studied in detail as a source for hydrocarbon. Nine drill cuttings of the formation were subjected to geochemical analyses and organic petrography. Various screening techniques including TOC analysis by using Leco-CS analyzer, Rock Eval pyrolysis and organic petrography were used to determine the quality, quantity, maturity and depositional environment of the organic matter. The total organic carbon (TOC) of samples from Chichali Formation ranging from 0.47 to 2.76 wt% indicate fair to very good source rock. Pyrolysis parameters resulted in S1values ranging from 0.21 to 0.83 mg/g of rock, S2 0.44 to 0.61 mg/g rock, PI 0.32–0.51 and Tmax 442–448 °C. The Tmax and vitrinite reflectance data (0.72–0.84 Ro %) indicate that Chichali Formation is effective source rock and is in the process of generating hydrocarbons and falls within oil window. Geochemical parameters Hydrogen index (HI), Oxygen index (OI), Tmax along with organic petrography analyses (maceral) are used for kerogen type evaluation. The calculated HI ranges between 31 and 54 mg HC/g TOC and OI 30–96 mg O2/g TOC. Using modified Van Krevlen diagram between HI vs OI of Rock Eval pyrolysis and maceral analyses, kerogen type II/III and transition between anoxic to oxic depositional environments is interpreted for the studied Chichali Formation.