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Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with direct or indirect effects on obesity and asthma. More data are required to understand the effect of ghrelin on the control and pathogenesis of these diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate ghrelin levels in selected groups of children to identify the association between serum ghrelin, obesity, and the severity of asthma. The study included 401 school children selected from the Najran area and grouped into non-obese asthmatics, obese asthmatics, obese non-asthmatics and controls (non-obese non-asthmatics). Blood levels of ghrelin, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-21 were determined by ELISA. The mean ghrelin values were insignificantly increased in obese children compared with non-obese children. The highest blood ghrelin values were in the non-obese asthmatic group. Serum ghrelin, IL-4 and IL-21 levels were significantly increased in asthmatic children compared with non-asthmatic children (p &lt, 0.05), and there were significant positive correlations between ghrelin and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-21 in asthmatic children. Furthermore, ghrelin, IL-4, and IL-21 levels were significantly higher in uncontrolled asthmatics compared with controlled-asthmatic children (p &lt, 0.05). Asthma was the only significant risk factor for high ghrelin values. This study provides evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory role of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of asthma. Asthma might be considered as an important determinant of high ghrelin values in children.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to a significant mental health crisis and caused a widening economic crisis, growing financial loss, and numerous uncertainties. This pandemic brought alarming implications and overall increased risk for psychiatric illness. This study explores the psychological impact experienced by patients who tested positive from coronavirus in the Najran region, Saudi Arabia. Design and methods This exploratory analysis included 210 COVID-19 positive patients. The study was conducted during a six-month period starting from March to September 2020, in two tertiary government hospitals in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Samples were selected using purposive sampling; survey questionnaire and face-to-face interview to collect the data. Statistical data were calculated using IBM SPSS v. 2.0 to compute the following statistical formulas: percentage distribution, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-square test of independence. Results The findings of this study revealed that the majority of COVID-19 positive patients were middle-aged adults (n=98 or 46.7%), male (n=178 or 84.8%), and were non-Saudi nationals (n=132 or 62.9%). It was found out that COVID-19 patients experienced bothersome behaviour at a very high level ([Formula: see text]=2.63±0.6734). Meanwhile, depression ([Formula: see text]=2.51±0.7070), worry ([Formula: see text]=2.23±0.8811), and anxiety ([Formula: see text]=2.21±0.8719) was only at a high level. Conclusions The study revealed that the majority of participants had high levels of depression, anxiety and bothersome behaviours. However, demographic characteristics like age, sex, and nationality were not significantly related to coronavirus patients’ psychological health problems. Assessments and interventions for psychosocial concerns, integration of mental health considerations, and treatment for severe psychosocial consequences must be administered in COVID-19 care facilities.

Various plant extracts have great potential against infectious agents and can be used for therapeutic purposes. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of peppermint (Mentha piperita) extracts against 10 multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacterial clinical isolates.The antibacterial activities of ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform peppermint extracts were assessed using the standard minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Overall, the ethyl acetate extract of peppermint had strong growth inhibitory effects on the tested pathogens, followed by the chloroform, ethanol and methanol extracts. The inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate extract against all Gram-negative pathogens was higher than that of chloroform (10–80 mg/ml), methanol (10– > 80 mg/ml) and ethanol (40– > 80 mg/ml). The lowest MIC value was seen for Streptococcus pyogenes (1.25 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract), followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) and Enterococcus faecalis (2.5 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract).The MBC values of all extracts were higher than the corresponding MIC values for the majority of pathogens. This study highlights the potential antibacterial activity for M. piperita extracts, especially the ethyl acetate extract, against MDR S. pyogenes, E. faecalis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), MRSE and carbapenem-resistant E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia clinical isolates. Further in vitro and in vivo studies on a large number of clinical isolates of MRSA, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are necessary to further investigate and standardize the inhibitory effect of peppermint extracts against these emerging pathogens.