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This article examines how economic growth affects the environment through the lens of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, by testing the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for the case of Algeria during the period 1973–2016. For this, the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is used. The results of the econometric analysis confirm the existence of a positive long-term relationship between CO2 emissions and real GDP and show that the direction of this relationship goes from economic growth to CO2 emissions according to Granger causality tests. Specifically, for a developing country like Algeria, economic growth determines the level of emissions. This implies that an energy policy in favour of the environment can be put in place without risking negative repercussions on economic growth. In addition, the results of the ARDL regression validate EKC’s hypothesis: in the first phase, economic growth leads to a higher level of CO2 emissions, however, when a given threshold (inflection point) is reached, these emissions decrease. JEL Codes: O10, O47, Q50, Q53

PurposeDespite significant progress in schooling, social and spatial inequalities in access to education remain important in Algeria. In the present article, taking into account the geographic dimension makes it possible to identify the links existing between spatial location and disparities in the field of education in Algeria. Also, three types of education indicators (quantity, quality and inequality) are used in the study. The study’s sample includes 48 Algerian provinces, studied between 2008 and 2018.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors used data from the 2008 and 2018 General Census of Population and Housing (GCPH) for 48 provinces. Indeed, the two censuses of 2008 and 2018 (sources of data for this study) were based on questionnaires intended for different categories of the population (households, non-household populations, transit population, etc.). Therefore, the no response rate is assumed to be close to 0. Using spatial econometric techniques.FindingsResults indicate that the indicator used is strong spatial disparity in education in Algeria. The development of a spatial synthetic index (SI) makes it possible to measure more precisely the extent and nature of spatial disparities in the field of education in Algeria. The results also confirm the hypothesis of β-convergence of the performance of the Algerian education system. Consequently, the need for policies to reduce the unfair inequalities between different areas is apparent.Originality/valueWorks that analyze education indicators in a classical perspective (educational performances between different sexes and between rural and urban areas) are abundant (Amaghouss and Ibourk, 2013a). However, very few studies proceed to the analysis of educational variables in a spatial perspective (Catin and Hazem, 2012). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no work has tried to analyze spatial disparities in the field of education in Algeria.

Climate change is a major global issue, which is becoming increasingly important on the international scene. As it has a direct impact on ecosystems and societies. Water is at the heart of these changes. The aim of this article was to capture all the microeconomic and macroeconomic effects of resource availability, and to propose a sequential dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that takes into account long-term changes in the availability of the primary resource (water supply) with regard to population growth (demand). The results show that the very negative effects on the economy of water shortages could be counteracted by the introduction of a marginal cost demand management policy. This makes it possible to better manage the scarcity of this resource. In fact, the model shows that when Algeria is facing water deficits, the marginal cost tariff policy reverses the trends of an economy that would maintain a tariff policy at average cost. Total investment increases, and total welfare deteriorates less. The drop in the price of water (input and final good), generated by the transition from an average cost pricing to a marginal cost pricing, generates an expansion of many sectors, and stimulates economic activity which reduces the rate of unemployment.

The transmission of changes in the exchange rate to macroeconomic performance has led to debates about their impact, particularly on growth economic. Many economists consider the exchange rate as a transmission channel of economic policy for open economies. This article focuses to determining empirically the impact of the exchange rate on economic growth. For this, we will adopt an approach in terms of the vector autoregressive model (VAR) with four variables namely, the real effective exchange rate, economic growth, financial development with credit indicators and finally the money supply. The empirical results allow us to confirm our theoretical expectations that decline in the real effective exchange rate of the dinar increases the growth economy through public spending for consumption and is stimulated by oil taxation.

The paper analyses the impact of foreign trade to GDP growth in Algeria on the basis of cointegration analysis. The aim of the paper is to assess causal relations between exports, oil prices, terms of trade and economic growth. The literature discusses different options: a positive unidirectional relation from exports growth and terms of trade improvement to economic growth (export-led growth), opposite relation from economic growth to export growth and bidirectional causal relations between indicators, negative effects of exports are also discussing. In this paper we firstly provide a statistical overview of the dynamics of foreign trade over the last decade and calculate terms of trade index. Secondly, we conduct an econometric analysis of the interdependence of indicators: GDP growth, exports, terms of trade and the price of oil in terms of vector error correction model (VECM). We consider two model specifications for quarterly and annual data, perform “Granger causality” test for the time series data. We found positive short-term and long-term dependence of economic growth on export and oil prices and long-term dependence on the terms of trade, bidirectional relations was not identified. The results confirm the high dependence of the economy on the external sector and export-led growth hypothesis. Thus, exports and foreign trade should be considered as a source of economic growth for the country, the external sector is important to consider when building the economic growth forecast and modeling of economic policy. Keywords: Economic growth; Algeria, VECM, Foreign trade.

The principal focus of the study is to show the nature and extent of the incentives trade policy liberalisation could provide on the way to further boost the economy of Algeria. It also tries to find out what the economic position would be, should the trade regime be more or fully liberalisation by reducing or elimination the existing tariff. In this study, different types of external price shocks are also considered in order to test the response of the economy. Model results indicate that by reducing tariffs, domestic output increase in almost all the sectors but government revenue and saving decline significantly. Government revenue fall due to the reduction/elimination of tariff could be compensated by reducing net subsides to the corporate sector and also by increasing income tax in a progressive way. Exports also increase showing the justification of the liberalisation and also supporting the argument that tariffs bias exports. But the increase in total import is bigger than the increase in exports which causes a deterioration of the real balance of trade, but the elimination of tariff increase private consumption and total absorption. Export price shocks in petroleum sectors chow a fall in domestic output and consequently a fall in value added and total employment. Domestic terms of trade of exports deteriorate and exports fall. This also causes a fall in GDP, private consumption and total absorption. The government revenue declines and budget deficits worsen. A 10 percent devaluation in the real exchange rate shows a fall in domestic output in aggregate agriculture and service whereas an increase in output in industry. GDP at factor cost also falls simultaneously with a fall in total absorption and private consumption. Devaluation pushes up exports in the majority of the sectors and brings down import in some sectors only. Keywords: External Shocks, trade policies, Algerian Economy, Computable General Equilibrium Model.