Search

The research was conducted at the College of Agricultural Sciences Engineering/University of Sulaimani/ Kurdistan Region-Iraqi to investigate effects of different concentrations of IBA (0, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm) and soaking in water for 24 hours on propagation black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) by hardwood cuttings. In this research the parameters of rooting percentage, root number, root length, sprout bud number, shoot length and shoot diameter were measured. Effect of individual factors showed that the highest rooting percentage (15%) was achieved in cuttings soaked in water for 24 hours, as well as improving other traits. Also, the best (23.33%) rooting was found in cuttings dipped in 4000 ppm IBA. Interaction effects of the two factors showed that cuttings treated with 4000 ppm IBA and soaked in water for 24 hours gave the highest (40%) rooting, and the highest other root and shoot traits were achieved in the same interaction as well.

The study was conducted to determine the best irrigation frequency for rooting hardwood cuttings of some pomegranate genotypes that are cultivated in Halabja province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The hardwood cuttings were collected from 11 genotypes, which were 'Salakhani Trsh' (G1), 'Salakhani Mekhosh' (G2), 'Amriki' (G3), 'Twekl Sury Trsh' (G4), 'Twekl Astury Naw Spy' (G5), 'Hanara Sherina' (G6), 'Kawa Hanary Sherin' (G7), 'Kawa Hanary Trsh' (G8), 'Malesay Twekl Asture' (G9), 'Malesay Twekl Tank' (G10), and 'Sura Hanary Trsh' (G11). The genotypes were subjected to irrigation applications by 1-day, 2-day, 7-day, or 10-day frequencies. Among pomegranates, G11, G6, and G7 produced 95, 90, and 83% rooting percentages, which were significantly higher than the rest of other genotypes. The lowest rooting percentages (28, 36, 38, and 40%) were found in G1, G5, G3, and G10, respectively. The effect of irrigation frequencies on the genotypes confirmed that a 7-day frequency was the best irrigation frequency to achieve the maximum rooting percentages (93, 86, 80, 73, 53, and 40%) in G6, G9, G2, G4, G3, and G1, respectively. In contrast, the minimum rooting percentage (20%) was recorded in G3 with a 1-day frequency and in G1 with 10-day frequency. In this study, it was found that the cuttings of G11, G6, and G7 had the best ability to form roots, and irrigation with a 7-day frequency was the best for the cuttings of all the 11 pomegranate genotypes investigated.

The aqueous extract of Salix spp contains many compounds which may act as root-promoting agents in cuttings. S. alba is a deciduous tree containing variable phytochemicals which are variable throughout the year. So, in this study, one- and two-year-old shoots of S. alba were collected on the 15th of each month in the year 2022, extracted in 2% ethanol at 9 g.L-1, and placed in a water bath at 35 {\deg}C, then they applied to thornless blackberry cuttings for 1.5 hr. The results explained that the highest rooting percentage (66.67%) was obtained in the cuttings soaked in the extract of willow shoots collected on 15th of January. They were not significantly different from control cuttings, but they were different from the cuttings soaked in the extract of willow shoots collected on 15th of August and October (33.33%). The majority of other shoot and root traits were high in the cuttings soaked in the extract of willow shoots collected on 15th of December. The willow shoots collected on 15th of January contained the lowest total phenols (51.4 {\mu}g.mL-1) and total flavonoids (29.07 {\mu}g.mL-1). Moreover, the highest total phenols (57 {\mu}g.mL-1) and IAA (365.17 {\mu}g.mL-1) were recorded in the willow shoots collected on 15th of March, however each total flavonoids (44.96 {\mu}g.mL-1) and salicylic acid (492.61 {\mu}g.mL-1) were the highest in the willow shoots collected on 15th of April. Generally, based on rooting percentage, it is advisable to collect willow shoots on 15th of January and February for extraction and application to the thornless blackberry cuttings.

Budding and grafting are the strategies employed to combat unfavorable environmental conditions and improve some physiological defects in the Pistacia vera tree. Drought and salinity stresses are the most prominent adverse conditions encountered in pistachio production. It has been observed in different studies that various pistachio rootstocks can be used to ameliorate the effect of those two stresses. Besides, rootstock has a role in some physiological performances of pistachios such as nutrient uptake and photosynthesis. Furthermore, nut blank, unsplit nut, and alternate bearing are three physiological disorders found in pistachio. Relationships have been found between the degree of these physiological disorders and the rootstock effect. The impact of rootstock on drought and salinity stresses, physiological performances, and physiological disorders in P. vera will be discussed in this review.

Study two cut patterns in hardwood cuttings of (Cydonia oblonga), (Punica granatum) and (Ficus carica). The cuttings have been cut either straight with different internode stub lengths [0 (just onto the basal node as control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 cm below the basal node], or slant with 45 degree angle for each length mentioned above (except the first length (0 cm). Effect of the basal cut directions on rooting percentage and other shoot and root characteristics were not significantly different, while the effect of slant cut pattern on one-side rooting at the basal margin observed in some quince cuttings but it was rarely observed in pomegranate and fig cuttings. Quince cuttings gave no different rooting percentage and other shoot and root characteristics significantly with different internode stub lengths. While, internode stub 1 and 2 cm in pomegranate cuttings, and 0 cm in fig cuttings gave the best rooting percentages 44.44% and 100%, respectively. Also, interaction effects of the two factors on rooting percentage and other shoot and root characteristics were just significantly different in pomegranate and fig cuttings. The best rooting capacity achieved in pomegranate cuttings (49.99%) in those were cut straightly at the base with 1 and 2 cm basal internode stub lengths, and fig cuttings straightly cut at the base with 0 and 1 cm basal internode stub lengths gave the highest rooting capacity (100%).

Cold storage is a strategy mainly used for ornamental cuttings for the purpose of prolonging production duration that provide the cuttings with the best condition at the time of planting. The results have been obtained from cold storage of carnations and chrysanthemums confirmed the fact that the herbaceous cuttings could be stored for about two months at not lower than 0 C and more than 4 C, with similar results of the cuttings directly planted without storage. On the other hand, hardwood cuttings are stored at low temperature in order to improve rooting ability via reducing rooting inhibitors that occur in dormant cuttings which were taken during dormant seasons (late fall or early winter). So, declining in rooting inhibitors has been observed in the hardwood cuttings of deciduous trees and Vitis spp which were subjected to low temperature for around 2-6 months. Consequently, rooting was improved in these species. Also, cold storage of cuttings of some coniferous trees increased rooting at a high rate. Other factors like cultivar and storage method may interact with cold storage duration and temperature degree as well. This review article outlines the information of the studies that have been obtained as a result of cold storage of the cuttings of different species.

The study was conducted at the Collage of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq so as to investigate response hardwood cuttings of Callistemon viminalis to some plant extracts. The hardwood cuttings were taken on 11 March 2021 and soaked separately in 3 and 6 g/L aqueous extracts of moringa leaf, licorice root, willow shoot, fenugreek seed and cinnamon bark for 1 hour. They were compared to the cuttings dipped in 3000 ppm IBA for 10s and control cuttings which were soaked in distilled water for 1 hour. The experiment laid out in CRD with three replications in a greenhouse, and each replication included six cuttings which planted in a mixture of sand and rice husk medium. The results showed that the highest (86.66%) rooting was achieved in the cuttings treated with 6 g/L licorice extract and they were significantly different with control cuttings (53.33%), but they were not significantly different with 3000 ppm IBA (66.66%). Cinnamon 3g/L and fenugreek 3g/L extracts gave the lowest (6.66% and 33.33%, respectively) rooting and other studied parameters. The cuttings dipped in 3000 ppm IBA gave the highest (18.91) root number and the highest (66.66%) survival cuttings after transplanting. The longest root (15.54 cm) was found in cuttings were treated with 6 g/L moringa extract. The longest (5.83 cm) shoot was observed in treated cuttings with 3 g/L willow extract. The highest chlorophyll a and b (10.08 and 4.62 mg/L, respectively) were observed in cuttings treated with 6 g/L willow extract. Moreover, 3000 ppm IBA gave the highest (20.23%) total carbohydrate and (1.77 mg/g) IAA content along with 6 g/L licorice, moringa and fenugreek extracts, after 30 days from planting of the cuttings. Licorice root extract at 6 g/L fairly improved the measurements similar to 3000 ppm IBA throughout the study.

The aim of this study was to determine the germination ability and seedling growth of the apple of Sodom by soaking in water, gibberellin (GA3), naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and salicylic acid (SA), separately. The findings showed that NAA at 50 mgL-1 produced superior germination (77.78%), germination speed (1.43 seeds/time interval), hypocotyl length (1.01 cm), hypocotyl diameter (1.13 mm), leaf number (2.66), and root number (17.25), followed by 50 and 100 mgL-1 GA3, particularly in germination percentage. The best root length (5.33 cm) was detected at 100 mgL-1 SA. In contrast, control seeds and water-soaked seeds showed inferior results. The seeds of the apple of Sodom can be germinated successfully as a result of treatment with NAA at 50 mgL-1, followed by GA3 at 50 and 100 mgL-1.