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Aim Polycythemia, also known as erythrocytosis, is an abnormal accumulation of red blood cells, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin that can lead to debilitating symptoms and significant mortality. Polycythemia is estimated to affect 22 people per 100,000. The epidemiology of polycythemia in Iraq is limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and incidence of polycythemia in Babylon City, Iraq, from 2018 to 2022 and to identify populations at high risk. Materials and Methods Due to the relative scarcity of epidemiological studies on polycythemia in Iraq, this study was conducted to identify some epidemiological features of polycythemia patients in Babylon province. A study conducted at the Babylon Central Blood Bank included 220 polycythemia patients. This data was obtained by reviewing all patient documents and the registration book from 2018 to 2022. Participants completed a questionnaire with information about their Sex, age, place of residence, smoking habits, and blood group. Statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and Prism software. Results were presented in numbers and percentages and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results Results indicated that polycythemia increased between 2018 and 2020, with the highest numbers in 2018 and decreasing in 2022. There was a higher frequency in the age group of (41-50) years, and it was more common in males with polycythemia (92.72%) who were smokers (79.09%). Most polycythemia patients had the B blood group (38.2%), while the AB blood group had the lowest percentage (5.5%), and most cases were Rh-positive (91.8%). Conclusion this study provided an overview of the epidemiology of polycythemia in Babylon, Iraq. The findings indicate that polycythemia was more prevalent in men of middle age and with blood group B+. Therefore, further research is needed to examine the relevance of the ABO blood group to polycythemia severity and susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chronic metabolic condition, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) typically presents with hyperglycemia owing to elevated tissue insulin resistance or inadequate insulin release. In addition to the use of pharmaceutical agents and lifestyle changes for the management of T2DM, supplementation with various vitamins and minerals has also been proven to be of benefit. The objective of the present research was to establish the effectiveness of vitamin B12, vitamin C, selenium, and chromium as adjunctive therapy given over 120 days in diminishing insulin resistance. In total, 32 individuals (16 men and 16 women) living with diabetes were enrolled in the study. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum insulin concentrations, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were quantified at baseline and on day 120 of supplementation. Mean FBG and HbA1c levels and insulin concentrations all decreased, i.e. 185.11 ± 22.67 mg/dL vs. 163.57 ± 19.31 mg/dL (P = 0.02), 8.47 ± 0.52% vs. 7.80 ± 0.48% (P = 0.003), and 23.15 ± 3.87 vs. 15.85 ± 1.46 (P = 0.02), respectively. HOMA-IR values remained unchanged. The association between therapy and clinical features was examined using logistic regression analysis. In the subjects with T2DM, FBG, and HbA1c levels were diminished by a factor of 2. It was concluded that vitamin and mineral supplementation was of benefit with respect to glycemic parameters. Nevertheless, high-quality evidence that supports the efficacy of such substances to improve glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in individuals with T2DM in a clinical setting is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cholesterol is a fatty molecule required by the body for the formation of cell membranes. It is produced by the liver and can also be Meat and eggs are examples of animal goods. A cigarette is a considerable risk factor for vascular blood system and respiratory disorders, as well as it is extremely addictive. When compared to non-tobacco users, tobacco users have a considerable rise in total cholesterol levels. AS well as smoking cigarettes is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. The effects of smoking on haematological markers are acute and chronic and impact biological parameters (kidney and liver) functions. The study involved fifty smokers in Baghdad city who smoked between 15 and 25 cigarettes daily. The group consists of 50 smokers between the ages of 18 and 55, as well as 50 non-smokers in about the same age range for combined analysis. Aim: The study's goal is to explain the impact of cigarette smoking on total cholesterol levels compared to a non-smoker and also the study looked at the impact of cigarette smoking on several factors that are thought to be indicators of serious health problems in the blood parameters human body Materials and Methods: A cross-control study was carried out in the outpatient Clinic in Baghdad, Iraq. This outpatient facility is the city's major general center, where a considerably large population is attending. The study was carried out from October 2021 to April 2022. Participants in this study included adult smokers and non-smokers of both genders, serum specimens were pooled from blood specimens from each individual. Each serum specimen was investigated for cholesterol content following, liver functions, and kidney functions [1] and This study included adult smokers and non-smokers, both males and females, who had their whole blood cell count examined by a CELL-DYN 3700 completely automatic haematological analyzer. Results: Results revealed that there was a large difference in the average total cholesterol, Non-smokers and smokers have different values. In exclusive cigarette users, daily cigarette smoking total cholesterol levels (271.466 mg/dl). None smoker individual's sera were showing normal cholesterol values. As well as Hemoglobin (Hb, 16.445 g/dl), packed cell volume (PCV, 59.489 %), and platelets (PLT, 219.127 x1012/L) all showed substantial increases in the study compared to non-smoking. About serum biochemical measures, similar results were seen in kidney function (urea, 56.240 mg/dl; creatinine, 2.361 mg/dl) as well as liver function (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 140.890 U/l; aspartate transaminase (AST) 145.291U/l; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 210.2000U/l). Conclusion: Cholesterol levels are upregulation in current smokers of a cigarette compared to non-smokers, which is similar to findings in other populations. Furthermore, current cigarette smokers have higher levels of bad total cholesterol, which is linked to adverse cardiovascular consequences than non-smokers. Smoking influences blood and biochemical markers, according to our findings. The bulk of the parameters showed that smokers had greater values than non-smokers. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), and platelets were the most common (PLT). renal functions, a liver enzyme. The direct source of the observed variances in our study is still unknown, with the hope that future research will shed light on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the alteration of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-a) and interleukin-19 (IL-19) at different clinical disease stages, lymph node metastasis, and ductal carcinoma in women with breast cancer. Serum samples were collected from 90 individuals with an age range of 25-61 years. These individuals were divided into a control group (healthy people), consisting of 31 individuals, and a breast cancer patients (BCP) group, consisting of 59 individuals. The pathological data (tumour stage, lymph node metastasis, and ductal carcinoma) was obtained from the medical record of patients and confirmed by experienced histopathology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) technology was used to measure the serum concentrations of IL-19 and TNF-a. The results showed significant differences (P=0.002) in the mean of BMI, interleukin-19, and TNF-a in BCP compared to controls, while the age factor did not play an important role. The stages of breast cancer caused clear differences in the levels of TNF-a and IL-19. According to the findings, BCPs had a greater level of TNF-a in lymph node metastases than healthy persons. The concentration of serum IL-19 in BCP with lymph node metastasis was significantly different in non-lymph node metastasis patients and healthy people. Additionally, BCP with ductal carcinoma showed significant differences in the mean levels of IL-19 and TNF-a in comparison with healthy people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan parasite that is increasingly recognized among immunocompetent hosts as a leading cause of childhood diarrhea in lower source settings and of waterborne diarrheal outbreaks in high income countries. C. parvum, which infects bovines, wild animals and humans, account for the majority of human infections. Cryptosporidium oocysts are transmitted via the fecal oral route, including by person to person spread, from contaminated food or water, or from contact with infected animals. 300 Stool samples were collected from patients in Hilla city from different hospitals. DNA extracted from stool samples, PCR amplification of DNA. Genotyping of HSP70 gene and DHFR Gene was performed using a polymerase chain reaction technique, followed by DNA sequencing. Accordingly, these DNA polymorphisms were confirmed using DNA sequencing. The sequencing results showed the presence of many SNPs determined in the HSP70 gene and DHFR gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study included (29) patients with gallstones who were visiting the New Kirkuk Hospital and whose condition was confirmed by conducting pathological examinations and ultrasound examination (sonar) in comparison to (29) healthy subjects. This study aimed on estimating of some chemical variables in blood serum, including measurement of total Bilirubin, direct and indirect Bilirubin. In addition, measuring the activities of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/GPT), blood sugar, in relation to the percentage of patients consuming soft drinks, and the state of intestines and stool samples in both male and female for different age groups. A comparison was made between patients with gallstones and was confirmed to have jaundice and patients with gallstones who did not develop jaundice. A significant increase in blood sugar, the levels of total Bilirubin, direct and indirect Bilirubin, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/ GPT) was observed regardless to the patient’s gender, rate of soft drink consumption, and the bowel condition didn’t have effect in forming gallstone in comparison to healthy subjects. Comparison between patients with gallstones and healthy people has revealed the presence of significant differences in the bowel condition between two groups. Very high levels of total Bilirubin, direct and indirect Bilirubin, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) in patients with lethargy of the intestine and indigestion. However, there were no significant differences in the percentage of blood sugar or the amount of soft drinks consumed between two groups. Gender has no effect on the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study evaluated the level of few antioxidant enzymes through the variation in these enzymatic biomarkers in type II diabetes. Objectives: The present study aimed to report the variation of some enzymatic antioxidant parameters level as uncompensated response to the oxidation stress in type II diabetes patients. Materials and Methods: 45 diabetic patients and 44 healthy subjects were recruited (aged 20- 71 years) in Kirkuk province northern Iraq. The levels of (HbA1c) and (FBS), (SOD), (TAS), (GP) and (GPX), were evaluated. The glucose was measured in the patient's serum after 12 hours of fasting following a standard procedure in the kit from (Rondo. United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd), while HbA1c calculated using Stanbio kit (USA). The Antioxidant enzymes, SOD, TAS, GP and GPx were assessed in serum samples using colorimetric Randox kit (Randox, laboratories, Ltd). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using spscific formula and classifying normal weight as (BMI 18.5- 24.9) Kg/M2, obesity as (BMI 30-39.9) Kg/M2 and morbid obesity as (BMI > 40) Kg/M2).The waist circumference was measured at the narrowest point of the torso width-wise, usually just above the belly button, which is ≤ 102 cm in male and<88 cm in female. Results: Plasma (HbA1c) concentrations and (FBS) are higher in patients than in controls (P = 0.04* and 0.001*, respectively). Surprisingly, the amount of (GPx) and (SOD) are lower in patients group comparing to control group (P < 0.002* and P < 0.05*, respectively). Concentrations of (TAS), in contrast, is significantly lower in patients than controls group (P = 0.002*), while no change is noticed in the level of (GR) in patients groups (P = 0.73). There are significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in a mean of age, BMI, waist circumference, (FBS), (GPx), (TAS) and (HbA1c) among female and male of two groups. There are no other statistically significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between gender in health and patient groups in relation to the serum levels of (GR) and (SOD) enzymes. In addition, data showed there is no significant correlation (P ≥ 0.05) (HbA1c) and antioxidant enzymes concentration in type ii diabetes patients. Conclusions: Enzymatic biomarkers can be used to monitor the uncompensated response to the oxidation stress as shown by lower antioxidant level in type II diabetes patients in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the correlation between the serum IGF-1 concentrations hormone and their gene polymorphism with excess adiposity (obese adults) in Babylon province. The study has performed on 50 participants divided into obese (n=30) and control (n=20) groups with age range (20-40 years). No significant differences have been reported in the concentrations of IGF-1 hormone in obese group. However, the results showed that genotype distribution of AA and AB in IGF-1 gene polymorphism was represented by 83.3% and 16.7%, respectively. While in control group, it was 90.0% and 10.0%, respectively. Furthermore, in obese group, the allele frequency of A and B in IGF-1 gene polymorphism was represented by 91.65% and 8.35%, respectively, whereas the control group presented as 95.0% and 5.0%, respectively. Moreover, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained between the two resolved haplotypes and between the IGF1 genes. The results demonstrate that there is no association between AA and AB polymorphisms in the obese group (OR=0.87, CI [0.71-1.17]) as compared with the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the serum concentration levels and the association between the levels of ferritin or vitamin D with thyroid dysfunction in Hypothyroid Patients. 90 participants were involved in this study; 47 healthy people (controls) (18 males and 29 females) and 43 hypothyroid patients (16 males and 27 females). Both groups have a mean age (age ± standard error) and body mass index (BMI) (BMI ± standard error) of 34.36. ± 1.19 years and 27.55± 0.52 kg/m2, respectively. The obtained results indicated that the age of participants played an ignorable role in this investigation (P ˃0.05), while significant differences were noticed between the patients and controls (P <0.05) in terms of BMI, 25(OH) vit D, ferritin, TSH, T3 and T4. There was also a significant difference (P<0.05) between male and female patients in terms of ferritin, TSH, T3 and T4 in comparison with the controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the present study were to determine the association between IGF-1gene polymorphism with obese individuals. This case- control analysis was performed on 50 subjects ,obese (n=30) and control (n=20) groups for age ranged (20-40 year).The results showed that genotype distribution of AA and AB in IGF-1 gene polymorphism were 83.3% and 16.7% respectively in the patients of obese group, while it was 90.0% and 10.0% respectively in the control group .Meantime the allele frequency of A and B in IGF-1 gene polymorphism were 91.65% and 8.35% respectively in obese group, whereas it was 95.0% and 5.0% respectively in the control group. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), was obtained between the two resolved haplotypes and between the IGF1 gene, exon3 Primer3 plus reference of the study. The results demonstrate that there is no association between AA and AB polymorphisms with in obese (OR=0.87,CI[0.71-1.17]) as in comparison with control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]